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See also the closely related articles: emergence and self-organization. For other uses see Emergence (disambiguation, Emergent, and Emergency. Self-organization is a process of Attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a System, normally an open system, increases

Spontaneous order is a term that describes the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is also a social theory that describes the emergence of various kinds of social order from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order. Supporters of the theory tend to believe that spontaneous order is superior to any kind of order that can be created by a plan or design.

The evolution of life on Earth, human language, rules of the road, and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Atheists and naturalists often point to the inherent "watch-like" precision of uncultivated ecosystems and to the universe itself as ultimate examples of this phenomenon, while creationists such as William Paley and deists believe that these intricate arrangements could not have arisen accidentally and must have been devised by a divine consciousness or "watchmaker". Atheism Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants animals and micro-organisms( Biotic factors in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical ( The Universe is defined as everything that Physically Exists: the entirety of Space and Time, all forms of Matter, Energy "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. William Paley (July 1743 &ndash 25 May 1805) was a British Christian apologist, Philosopher, and utilitarian. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the The watchmaker analogy, or watchmaker Argument, is a Teleological argument for the Existence of God.

Spontaneous order is also used as a synonym for any emergent behavior of which self-interested spontaneous order is just an instance. For other uses see Emergence (disambiguation, Emergent, and Emergency.

Contents

History of the theory

According to Murray Rothbard, Chuang-tzu (369-c. Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2 1926 – January 7 1995 was an American economist of the Austrian School who helped define modern Libertarianism For the book with the same name see Zhuangzi (book Zhuangzi ( was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th 286 B. c. ) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order, before Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Hayek. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (ˈpruːd ɒn in British English, dɔ̃ in French) ( 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist The Taoist Chuang-tzu said, "Good order results spontaneously when things are let alone. Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions For the book with the same name see Zhuangzi (book Zhuangzi ( was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th " . [1] Proudhon said, "The notion of anarchy in politics is just as rational and positive as any other. It means that once industrial functions have taken over from political functions, then business transactions alone produce the social order. "[2] Proudhon's position was that freedom is prerequisite for spontaneous order to take place, rather than liberty being the result of spontaneous order. Hence his statement, liberty "is not the daughter but the mother of order. "[3]

The thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment were the first to seriously develop and inquire into the idea of the market as a 'spontaneous order' (the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design", as Adam Ferguson put it first [1]). The Scottish Enlightenment was the period in 18th century Scotland characterised by an outpouring of intellectual and scientific accomplishments Adam Ferguson, also known as Ferguson of Raith (20 June 1723 ( O

The Austrian School of Economics, lead by Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, would later refine the concept and use it as a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates This article is about the economist not about his son the mathematician Karl Menger. Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (ˈluːtvɪç fɔn ˈmiːzəs ( September 29, 1881 – October 10, 1973) was an Austrian Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist

Most Austrian School thinkers and other libertarian figures such as Milton Friedman concurred with Proudhon's position mentioned above, although they supported the existence of a minimal state to maintain the liberty requisite for spontanous order to take place. Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. In Civics, minarchism, sometimes called minimal Statism, small government, or limited-government Libertarianism

Examples

Markets

Many advocates of laissez-faire economics, such as Friedrich von Hayek, have argued that market economies are creative of a spontaneous order - "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve. Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Friedrich August von Hayek CH ( May 8, 1899 March 23, 1992) was an Austrian British Economist A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a "[4] They claim this spontaneous order is superior to any order human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required. Centralized statistical data cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation. [5] In a market economy, price is the aggregation of information acquired when people are free to use their individual knowledge. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than they could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority. Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved. This is illustrated in the concept of the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. The invisible hand is a Metaphor coined by the Economist Adam Smith. Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the Magnum opus of the Scottish economist Adam Smith. Thus in this view by acting on more information than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient and free society can be created.

Game theory

The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern game theory. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, As early as in the 1940s, historian Johan Huizinga wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. Johan Huizinga (joːhɑn hœyzɪŋxaː ( December 7, 1872 - February 1, 1945) a Dutch Historian, was one of the founders All are rooted in the primeval soil of play". Following on this in his book The Fatal Conceit, Hayek notably wrote that "A game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order".

Transparency

The bubble in dotcom and telecom stock prices in the late 1990s, which led to a flurry of corporate scandals in the United States in 2001-2003, led many observers to stress the importance of "transparency" as a condition of the efficient development of spontaneous order in the financial world. The " dot-com bubble " (or sometimes the " IT bubble " was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 (with a climax on March 10 The idea is that a corporation cannot be a black box into which investors pour money in the hope of returns -- they have to be able to see through the box, into the books and records of their company.

Advocates of broad application for the concept of spontaneous order have argued that the aforementioned corporate scandals could have been avoided through the alleged self-correcting tendencies of the private sector. This argument is centered on the actions of a private sector agency, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, who warned against certain practices that were distorting balance sheets and enabling a stock price bubble. As early as 1993, the FASB issued a rule that would have required corporations to count the value of employee stock options on their books as an expense – a rule that might by itself have done a good deal to moderate the still-then-forming bubble, according to its advocates. However, when the U. S. Congress held hearings and called the more conscientious accountants to the carpet, the FASB backed down from its initiative.

According to the advocates of spontaneous order, the FASB initiative could have been a successful example of spontaneous order in practice, leading to self-regulation in the private sector. They criticize the actions of Congress for ensuring an unregulated period of easy money in some industries, while also ensuring an eventual bursting of the bubble and consequent scandal.

Anarchy

Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order. Symbolic interactionism is a major sociological perspective that is influential in many areas of the discipline " [6]

Sobornost

The concept of spontaneous order can also be seen in the works of the Russian slavophile movements and in specific the works of Dostoevsky. A Slavophile is an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, The concept of an organic social manifestation as a concept in Russia expressed under the idea of sobornost. Sobornost (Russian definition Spiritual community of many jointly living people Sobornost was also used by Tolstoy as an underpinning to the concept of Christian Anarchy. This article is about the Tolstoy family, for other meanings see Tolstoy (disambiguation Tolstoy, or Tolstoi Lenin also later exploited the concept of sobornost as a foundation for his own reforms. The concept was used to describe the uniting force behind the peasant or serf Obshchina in pre Soviet Russia. Obshchina (община literally "commune" were peasant communities as opposed to individual farmsteads or Khutors in Imperial Russia.

References

  1. ^ Rothbard, Murray. Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)
  2. ^ Proudon, Pierre-Joseph. The Federal Principle.
  3. ^ Proudhon, P. J. Proudhon's Solution to the Social Problem. New York: Vanguard, 1927, p. 45
  4. ^ Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2
  5. ^ Hayek cited. Boaz, David. The Libertarian Reader. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220
  6. ^ Marshall, Gordon; Diane Barthel, Ted Benton, David Bouchler, Joan Busfield, Tony Coxon, Ian Craib, Fiona Devine, Judith Ennew, Diana Gittins, Roger Goodman, George Kolankiewicz, Catherine Hakim, Michael Harloe, David Lee, Maggy Lee, Mary McIntosh, Dennis Marsden, Maxine Molyneux, Lydia Morris, Sean Nixon, Judith Okely, Ken Plummer, Kate Reynolds, David Rose, Colin Samson, Alison Scott, Jacqueline Scott, Nigel South, Oriel Sullivan, Bryan Turner, Richard Wilson, Anthony Woodiwiss [1994] (1998). Gordon Marshall CBE, FBA is a sociologist and the current Vice Chancellor of the University of Reading in England. Maxine Molyneux (born May 24, 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan) is a Sociologist whose work focuses on the Women's movement. in Gordon Marshall: Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, 2 (in English language), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19-20. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, ISBN 0-19-280081-7.  

See also

External links

The Austrian School, also known as the “ Vienna School ” or the “ Psychological School ” is a heterodox school of economics that advocates Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business For other uses see Emergence (disambiguation, Emergent, and Emergency. A free price system or free price mechanism (informally called the price system or the price mechanism) is an economic system where prices are set by the I Pencil is Leonard Read 's most famous essay The full title is "I Pencil Leonard E Read ( September 26, 1898 May 14, 1983) was the founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, which was the first Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Self-organization is a process of Attraction and repulsion in which the internal organization of a System, normally an open system, increases The Library of Economics and Liberty (Econlib is a free online library of Economics books and articles and is sponsored by Liberty Fund, a non-profit organization
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