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Intervention:
Spinal fusion
ICD-10 code:
ICD-9 code: 81.0
MeSH D013123
Other codes:

Spinal fusion, also known as spondylosyndesis is a surgical technique used to combine two or more vertebrae. The International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI is a system of classifying Procedure codes being developed by the World Health Organization. ICD-9-CM Volume 3 is a system of Procedural codes. It is a subset of ICD-9-CM (volumes 1 and 2 are used for Diagnostic codes. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Procedure codes are numbers or alphanumeric codes used to identify specific health interventions taken by medical professionals Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of Surgery concerned with injuries to or conditions involving the A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column Supplementary bone tissue (either autograft or allograft) is used in conjunction with the body's natural osteoblastic processes. An allograft or allogeneic transplant or homograft is a transplant in which transplanted cells, tissues, or organs are sourced from An osteoblast (from the Greek words for " Bone " and "germ" or embryonic is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation This procedure is used primarily to eliminate the pain caused by abnormal motion of the vertebrae by immobilizing the vertebrae themselves. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm


Contents

Reasons for spinal fusion

Spinal fusion is done most commonly in the lumbar region of the spine, but it is also used to treat cervical and thoracic problems. In Anatomy, lumbar is an Adjective that means of or pertaining to the Abdominal segment of the Torso, between the diaphragm and In Human anatomy, the vertebral column ( backbone or spine) is a column of 34 Vertebrae the Sacrum, Intervertebral In Vertebrates cervical vertebrae (singular vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (posterior to the Skull. The 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the Vertebral column, between the Cervical vertebrae and the Lumbar vertebrae. People rarely have problems with the thoracic spine because there is little normal motion in the thoracic spine. Patients requiring spinal fusion have either neurological deficits or severe pain which has not responded to conservative treatment.

Conditions requiring spinal fusion:

Types of spinal fusion

There are two main types of lumbar spinal fusion, which may be used in conjunction with each other:

Posterolateral fusion places the bone graft between the transverse processes in the back of the spine. Degeneration of the Intervertebral disc, which is often called " degenerative disc disease " (DDD of the spine, is a condition that can be painful and can Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic A bone fracture (sometimes abbreviated # or Fx or Fx) is a medical condition in which a Bone is cracked or broken Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side and may also be rotated Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a humpalso called "hunch back" in general terms is a common condition of a Curvature of the upper (thoracic spine Spondylolisthesis describes the anterior displacement of a Vertebra or the vertebral column in relation to the vertebrae below Not to be confused with Spondylitis, Spondylolysis or Spondylolisthesis. Posterior Ramus Syndrome, also referred to as Thoracolumbar Junction Syndrome, Maigne Syndrome and Dorsal Ramus Syndrome is caused by the unexplained activation The transverse processes of a Vertebra, two in number project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior These vertebrae are then fixed in place with screws and/or wire through the pedicles of each vertebra attaching to a metal rod on each side of the vertebrae.

Interbody fusion places the bone graft between the vertebra in the area usually occupied by the intervertebral disc. A vertebra (plural vertebrae) is an individual Irregular bone in the spinal or Vertebral column ( aka ischis a flexuous and flexible column Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. In preparation for the spinal fusion, the disc is removed entirely. A device may be placed between the vertebra to maintain spine alignment and disc height. The intervertebral device may be made from either plastic or titanium. The fusion then occurs between the endplates of the vertebrae. In Anatomy, endplates are the parts of the Vertebra that come in direct contact with the Intervertebral disc to form an article (not found in Using both types of fusion is known as 360-degree fusion. Fusion rates are higher with interbody fusion. Two types of interbody fusion are:

In most cases, the fusion is augmented by a process called fixation, meaning the placement of metallic screws (pedicle screws often made from titanium), rods or plates, or cages to stabilize the vertebra to facilitate bone fusion. The fusion process typically takes 6-12 months after surgery. During in this time external bracing (orthotics) may be required. External factors such as smoking, osteoporosis, certain medications, and heavy activity can prolong or even prevent the fusion process. If fusion does not occur, patients may require reoperation.

Some newer technologies are being introduced which avoid fusion and preserve spinal motion. Such procedures, such as artificial disc replacement, are being offered as alternatives to fusion, but have not yet been adopted on a widespread basis in the US. Intervertebral disc arthroplasty, or artificial disc replacement, is a type of Arthroplasty. Their advantage over fusion has not been well established. Minimally invasive techniques have also been introduced to reduce complications and recovery time for lumbar spinal fusion.

See also

References

External links

Arthrodesis, also known as artificial Ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of Joint Ossification between two Bones Back pain (also known " dorsalgia " is Pain felt in the back that usually originates from the Muscles Nerves Bones Low back pain (sometimes referred to generally as lumbago) is a common symptom of musculoskeletal disorders or of disorders involving the Lumbar vertebrae.
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