Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices and herbs. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like [1] Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco-Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense route[2] and the Roman-India routes. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. The Greco-Roman or Graeco-Roman World, as understood by medieval and modern scholars geographers and miscellaneous writers refers to those geographical regions and countries The Incense Route or the Incense Road was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across Egypt to India through Arabia. Roman trade with India through the overland caravan routes via Anatolia and Persia though at a relative trickle comparative to later times antedated the southern trade route via the Red [3]
Overland routes helped the spice trade initially, but maritime trade routes led to tremendous growth in commercial activities. [1] During the medieval period Muslim traders dominated maritime spice trading routes throughout the Indian Ocean, tapping source regions in the Far East and shipping spices from trading emporiums in India westward to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, from which overland routes led to Europe.
The trade was transformed by the European Age of Discovery,[4] during which spice trade became an influential activity for European traders. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored [5] The route from Europe to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope was pioneered by European navigators, such as Vasco Da Gama, resulting in new maritime routes for trade. Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca [6]
This trade - driving the world economy from the end of the middle ages well into the modern times - [5] ushered an age of European domination in the East. The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c [6] Channels, such as the Bay of Bengal, served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures[4] as nations struggled to gain control of the trade along the many spice routes. The Bay of Bengal is a bay that forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. [1] European dominance was slow to develop. The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient and difficult to dominate routes, ports, and nations. The Dutch were later able to bypass much of these problems by pioneering a direct ocean route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Sunda Strait in Indonesia.
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Background
Spices such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, and turmeric were known, and used for commerce, in the Eastern World well into antiquity. Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 The name cardamom (or cardamon is used for herbs within two genera of the Ginger family Zingiberaceae, namely Elettaria and Amomum Ginger is commonly used as a cooking spice throughout the world Turmeric ( Curcuma longa) is a Rhizomatous Herbaceous Perennial plant of the Ginger family Zingiberaceae The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " [1] These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Common Era, where the true sources of these spices was withheld by the traders, and associated with fantastic tales. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [1] The Egyptians had traded in the Red Sea, importing spices from the "Land of Punt" and from Arabia. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. See also Puntland The Land of Punt, also called "Pwenet" by the Ancient Egyptians at times synonymous with Ta netjer, the 'land of The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) [7] Luxury goods traded along the Incense Route included Indian spices, ebony, silk and fine textiles. In Economics, a luxury good is a good for which Demand increases more than proportionally as income rises in contrast to a "necessity good" The Incense Route or the Incense Road was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across Egypt to India through Arabia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Ebony ( Diospyros ebenum) also known as India Ebony or Ceylon Ebony depending on its origin is a Tree in the genus Diospyros Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. [2]
The spice trade was associated with overland routes early on but maritime routes proved to be the factor which helped this trade grow. [1] The Ptolemaic dynasty had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports. The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family [8] With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans further developed the already existing trade. Ægyptus redirects here See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Roman trade with India through the overland caravan routes via Anatolia and Persia though at a relative trickle comparative to later times antedated the southern trade route via the Red [8] As early as 80 BC, Alexandria became the dominant trading center for Indian spices entering the Greco-Roman world. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια The Greco-Roman or Graeco-Roman World, as understood by medieval and modern scholars geographers and miscellaneous writers refers to those geographical regions and countries [1] Indian ships sailed to Egypt. The thriving maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power,[9] but through various systems eastern spices were brought to the major spice trading port of Calicut in India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District.
According to the The Cambridge History of Africa (1975):[10]
| “ | The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain Eudoxos, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes II (died 116 BC). Another article treats of Eudoxus of Cnidus. Eudoxus of Cyzicus ( fl Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II ( Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs) (c Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the Sabaean kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by Himyarite Kingdom around 115 BC. See also Ancient history of Yemen The Sabaeans ( Arabic: السبأيين were an ancient people speaking an Old South Arabian language who The Himyarite Kingdom or Himyar (in Arabic مملكة حِمْيَر) anciently called Homerite Kingdom by the Greeks and the Romans Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface | ” |
The trade between India and the Greco-Roman world kept on increasing;[11] within this trade spices were the main import from India to the Western world,[12] bypassing silk and other commodities. The Greco-Roman or Graeco-Roman World, as understood by medieval and modern scholars geographers and miscellaneous writers refers to those geographical regions and countries The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings [13]
In Java and Borneo, the introduction of Indian culture created a demand for aromatics. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. [14] These trading outposts later served the Chinese and Arab markets as well. [14] The Greek document Periplus Maris Erythraei names several Indian ports from where large ships sailed towards east to Khruse. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greek Periplus, describing navigation and trading opportunities [15]
Pre-Islamic Meccans continued to use the old Incense Route to benefit from the heavy Roman demand for luxury goods. [16] The Meccan involvement saw the export of the same goods: Arabian frankincense, East African ivory and gold, Indian spices, Chinese silk etc. Frankincense or olibanum ( Arabic language: لبٌان, lubbān) is an aromatic Resin obtained from trees of the genus [16]
Middle ages
The Indian commercial connection with South East Asia proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and Persia during the seventh century and the eighth century. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. [14] The Abbasids used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and China. Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat (دمياط is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Siraf (also called Bandar-e Si-raf Ta-hiri Taheri Bandar-i Tahiri was a legendary ancient Sassanid Port, destroyed around 970 AD which was located [17] Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of musk, camphor, ambergris and sandalwood to Ibn Ziyad, the sultan of Yemen. Musk is the name originally given to a substance with a penetrating Odor obtained from a Gland of the male Musk deer, which is situated between its } Camphor is a waxy white or transparent solid with a strong aromatic odor Ambergris ( Ambra grisea, Ambre gris, ambergrease, or grey Amber) is a solid waxy flammable substance of a dull gray or blackish for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (عبيد الله بن زياد was a son of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya [17]
Moluccan products shipped across the ports of Arabia to the Near East passed through the ports of India and Sri Lanka. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island [18] After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports were sometimes shipped to East Africa, where they would be used for many purposes, including burial rites. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. [18]
Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (fourteenth century). [18] Chinese traveler Hsuan Tsang mentions the town of Puri where "merchants depart for distant countries. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Puri is a city in the east Indian state of Orissa. "[19]
The islands of Molucca also find mention in several records: Meluza or Melucha is mentioned by a member of the Brazil-India expedition under Cabral;[20] Amerigo Vespucci mentions Maluche in a letter to Lorenzo de Medici (1501);[20] a Javanese chronicles (1365) mentions the Moluccas and Maloko;[21] and navigational works of the fourteenth century and the fifteenth century contain the first unequivocal Arab reference to Moluccas. The Maluku Islands (also known as the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands, the Spice Islands or simply Maluku) are an Archipelago |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was The Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was the first person to demonstrate Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance [21] Sulaima al-Mahr writes: "East of Timor [where sandalwood is found] are the islands of Bandam and they are the islands where nutmeg and mace are found. Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential The islands of cloves are called Maluku . This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. . . . . "[21]
Rome briefly played a part in the spice trade during the 5th century, but this role, unlike the Arabian one, could not last through the middle ages. [1] The Republic of Venice became a formidable power, and a key player in the Eastern spice trade. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica [1] Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability. [1]
The New World
One of the major consequences of the spice trade was the discovery of the American continent by European explorers. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Until the mid 15th century, trade with the east was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire and the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa acting as a middle man. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English In 1453, however, the Ottomans took Constantinople and so the Byzantine Empire was no more. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Now in control of the sole spice trade route that existed at the time, the Ottoman Empire was in a favorable position to charge hefty taxes on merchandise bound for the west. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Western Europeans, not wanting to be dependent on a non-Christian power for the lucrative commerce with the east, set about to find an alternate sea route around Africa.
The first country to attempt to circumnavigate Africa was Portugal, which had, since the early 15th century, begun to explore northern Africa under Henry the Navigator. The Infante Henrique Duke of Viseu ( Porto, March 4, 1394 – Sagres, November 13, 1460) pron Emboldened by these early successes and eyeing a lucrative monopoly on a possible sea route to the Indies the Portuguese first crossed the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 on an expedition led by Bartolomeu Dias. The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c [22] Just nine years later in 1497 on the orders of Manuel I of Portugal, four vessels under the command of navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to Malindi to sail across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. Manuel I (mɐnuˈɛɫ Archaic Portuguese: Manoel I, English: Emmanuel I) the Fortunate ( Port Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the district with the same name see Kozhikode District. [6] The wealth of the Indies was now open for the Europeans to explore; the Portuguese Empire was one of the early European empires to grow from spice trade. The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta [6]
It was during this time of discovery that explorers working for the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns first set foot on the New World. Christopher Columbus was the first when, in 1492, in an attempt to reach the Indies by sailing westward, he made landfall on an island in what is now The Bahamas. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Believing to have in fact reached India, he named the natives "Indians". [23] Just eight years later in 1500, the Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral while attempting to reproduce Vasco da Gama’s route to India was blown westwards to what is today Brazil. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld After taking possession of the new land, Cabral resumed his voyage to India, finally arriving there in September 1500 and returning to Portugal by 1501. [24]
By now the Portuguese had complete control of the African sea route and as such, the Spanish, if they were to have any hope of competing with Portugal for the lucrative trade, had to find an alternate route. Their first, early, attempt was with Christopher Columbus, but he ended up finding a continent in between Europe and Asia. The Spanish finally succeeded with the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan . Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu On October 21, 1520 his expedition crossed what is now known as the Strait of Magellan, opening the west coast of the Americas for exploration. The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande On March 16, 1521 the ships reached the Philippines and soon after the Spice Islands, effectively establishing the first westward spice trade route to Asia. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP This article covers the historical role of the Maluku Islands as a source of spices since early history when the islands where known as the Spice Islands Upon returning to Spain in 1522 aboard the last remaining ship of the expedition, the survivors of the expedition became the first humans to circumnavigate the globe.
Trade under colonialism
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica 2002: "Ferdinand Magellan took up the quest for Spain in 1519. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu Of the five vessels under his command, only one, the Victoria, returned to Spain, but triumphantly, laden with cloves. Victoria (or Nao Victoria, as well as Vittoria) was the first ship to successfully circumnavigate the world "[1]
The first Dutch expedition left from Amsterdam (April 1595) for South East Asia. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west [25] Another Dutch convoy sailed in 1598 and returned one year later with 600, 000 pounds of spices and other East Indian products. This article refers to the region in the Indian subcontinent. [25] The United East India Company forged alliance with the principal producers of cloves and nutmeg. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian [25] The British East India Company shipped substantial quantities of spices during the early seventeenth century. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar [25]
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica 2002:[1]
| “ | In 1602 the Dutch East India Company came into existence by authority of the Estates-General of the Netherlands. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian In 1664 the French East India Company was organized by state authorization under Louis XIV. The French East India Company ( French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Other European nations granted charters to East India companies with varying success. There followed struggles and conquests to gain advantage and monopolistic control of the trade. For more than 100 years Portugal was the dominant power, eventually yielding to English and Dutch enterprise and conquest; by the 19th century British interests were firmly rooted in India and Ceylon, and the Dutch were in control over the greater part of the East Indies. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island | ” |
The growing competition led to rival nations resorting to military means for control of the spice trade. [25] In 1641, Portuguese Molucca was captured by the Dutch. [25] The capture saw concentrated plantation on cloves and nutmegs and then - using the Treaty of Batavia (1652) - an attempt to destroy trees on all other islands in order to keep the supply in check and control the important markets of spices. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. [25] This attempt disrupted the ancient patterns of trade and even led to depopulation of entire islands, notably Banda. The Banda Islands (Kepulauan Banda are a group of ten small volcanic Islands in the Banda Sea, about 140km south of Seram island and about 2000km east of [25]
The Moluccas became the principal entry ports for the spice trade, and according to Robin A. Donkin (2003):[26]
| “ | Trade by Europeans between different parts of South and East Asia was often more profitable than supplying the home countries. In the 1530s, the Portuguese shipped substantially more cloves, nutmegs, and mace to India and Hormuz than to Portugal. Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located The buyers in Hormuz were "Moorish merchants who pass[ed] it on, over Persia, Arabia and all Asia as far as Turkey. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches " From at least the seventeenth century, the same products were taken to Bengal by the Portuguese and the Dutch. Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang English merchants found that they sold "Exceedingly well in Surratt" and other Indian and Persian stations. The Dutch between 1620 and 1740 marketed one-third or more of their spices, notably cloves, in Asia: Persia, Arabia, and India. Year 1740 ( MDCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Japan was served by the Portuguese from Macau and later by the Dutch, but the demand for cloves and spices generally was said in the early seventeenth century to be relatively small and prices were consequently low. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. | ” |
Penang, a British colony, was established as a pepper port in 1786. Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [27] During the Eighteenth century, French possessions in India were seized by the British, who then moved on to aggressively check Holland in the Far East. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of [28] The status the Dutch East India Company weakened as a result of the growing British influence. [28]
In 1585, ships from the West Indies arrived in Europe with a cargo of Jamaican ginger, a root originating in India and South China, which became the first Asian spice to grow successfully in the New World. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. [29] Notions of plants and trees not growing successfully outside of their native lands, however, were harbored until the mid eighteenth century, championed by eminent botanists of the day, such as Georg Eberhard Rumpf (1627-1702). Georg Eberhard Rumphius (ca November 1 1627 in or near Hanau - June 15 1702 Ambon) the "blind seer of Ambon" was a German -born Botanist [29] Rumpf's theory was discredited by a series of successful transplantation experiments carried out in Europe and the Malay Peninsula during the early Eighteenth century. [30]
By 1815, the first shipment of nutmegs from Sumatra had arrived in Europe. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two [27] Furthermore, islands of the West Indies, like Grenada, also became involved in spice trade. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. [27]
Sandalwood from Timor and Tibetan incense gained status as prized commodities in China during the early eighteenth century. Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system [31] East Asia displayed a general interest in sandalwood products, which were used to make images of the Buddha and other valuable artifacts. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder [31]
Merchants from Salem, Massachusetts traded profitably with Sumatra during the early half of the nineteenth century. Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar [32] The kingdom of Aceh became a powerful entity in the South Eastern spice trade, with the Acehnese resisted Dutch invasions and forged trading relationships with the traders from Salem. See also Sultanate of Aceh Aceh (ʔaˈtɕɛh generally anglicized as ˈɑːtʃeɪ is a special territory ( daerah istimewa) of Indonesia [33] In 1818, a number of uneventful voyages were made to Sumatra from Salem. [34] This trend continued until a series of pirate attacks caused widespread alarm throughout the trading community, further spread by stories of Indian and European sailors meeting terrible fate at the hands of the pirates. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering [34] The United States of America resorted to punitive measures following piracy and other hostilities upon the New Englanders, especially after the murder of five crewmen of the trading ship Friendship, regarded as the worst act of hostility in the trade between Sumatra and Salem. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the [34]
The mid nineteenth century saw the advent of artificial refrigeration, which resulted in a decline in the overall status of spice consumption, and trade. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable [35]
Cultural exchanges
Hindu and Buddhist religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with economic activity and commerce as patrons entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economy by estate management, craftsmanship and promotion of trading activities. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [36] Buddhism, in particular, traveled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art and literacy. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices [37] Islam spread throughout the East, reaching the Malay Archipelago in the 10th century; Muslim merchants played a crucial part in the trade. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. [38] Christians missionaries, such as, Saint Francis Xavier, were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the East. Saint Francis Xavier ( Konkani / Konknni: Sam Fransisku Xavier/ Sanv Fransisk Xavier Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa Spanish: San Francisco Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings [38] Christianity competed with Islam to become the dominant religion of the Moluccas. [38] However, the natives of the Spice Islands accommodated aspects of both the religions easily. [39]
The Portuguese colonial settlements saw traders such as the Gujarati banias, South Indian Chettis, Syrian Christians, Chinese from Fujian province, and Arabs from Aden involved in the spice trade. According to the Indian caste system, Vanika ( Sanskrit) or Bania ( Hindi, Punjabi and other Indian languages is a trader or merchant This article addresses the Saint Thomas Christians and the various churches and denominations that form the Nasrani people. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Aden (ˈeɪdən Arabic: عدن) is a city in Yemen, 170 kilometers east of Bab-el-Mandeb. [40] Epics, languages, and cultural customs were borrowed by Southeast Asia from India, and later China. [4] Knowledge of Portuguese language became essential for merchants involved in the trade. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. [41]
Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast Asia, notable present day Malaysia and Indonesia, where spice mixtures and curries became popular. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. [42] European people intermarried with the Indians, and popularized valuable culinary skills, such as baking, in India. Baking is the technique of prolonged Cooking of Food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an Oven, [43] The Portuguese also introduced vinegar to India, and Franciscan priests manufactured it from coconut toddy. [44] Indian food, adapted to European palate, became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India. [45]
Recent Trends
The table below shows total global spice production in 2004 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations statistics):
| World Spice Production in tons, 2003–2004, data from FAOSTAT | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | 1 600 000 | 86% | ||
| China | 66 000 | 4% | ||
| Bangladesh | 48 000 | 3% | ||
| Pakistan | 45 300 | 2% | ||
| Turkey | 33 000 | 2% | ||
| Nepal | 15 500 | 1% | ||
| Other countries | 60 900 | 3% | ||
| Total | 1 868 700 | 100% | ||
See also
| Part of a series on Trade routes |
|---|
| Amber Road | Hærvejen | Incense Route | Kamboja-Dvaravati Route | King's Highway | Roman-India routes | Royal Road | Salt Road | Siberian Route | Silk Road | Spice Route | Tea route | Varangians to the Greeks | Via Maris | Triangular trade | Volga trade route | Trans-Saharan trade | Old Salt Route | Hanseatic League | Grand Trunk Road |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l spice trade (Encyclopedia Britannica 2002)
- ^ a b Traders of the Gold and Incense Road (HTML). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo The Amber Road was an ancient Trade route for the transfer of Amber. Hærvejen ( Danish, literally the army road, German: Ochsenweg, literally oxroad) is the name given to an Ancient trackway The Incense Route or the Incense Road was a series of major ancient trading routes stretching across Egypt to India through Arabia. Kamboja-Dvaravati Route was the name of an ancient high road running from the port of Dvaraka in Anarta ( Gujarat) in western India to Kamboja The King’s Highway was a Trade route of vital importance to the ancient Middle East. Roman trade with India through the overland caravan routes via Anatolia and Persia though at a relative trickle comparative to later times antedated the southern trade route via the Red The Persian Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius I of Achaemenid Empire in the 5th Century BC A Salt Road (Route du Sel is any of the prehistoric and historical Trade routes by which essential Salt has been transported to regions that The Siberian Route ( Sibirsky trakt, Сибирский тракт also known as the Moscow Route (ru ''Moskovsky trakt'' Московский тракт and The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The Ancient Tea Route ( Simplified Chinese: 茶马古道 Traditional Chinese: 茶馬古道 was a network of mule caravan paths winding through the mountains of The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (Путь «из варяг в греки» Put iz varyag v greki) was a Trade route, which connected Scandinavia Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient Trade route, dating from the early Bronze Age, linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Triangular trade is a historical term indicating Trade between three ports or regions In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River Trans-Saharan trade is trade across the Sahara between Mediterranean countries and West Africa. The Old Salt Route (German Alte Salzstraße) was a medieval trade route in northern Germany for the transport of salt. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road is one of South Asia 's oldest and longest major roads Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin.
- ^ Fage 1975: 164
- ^ a b c Donkin 2003
- ^ a b Corn & Glasserman 1999: Prologue
- ^ a b c d Gama, Vasco da. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.
- ^ Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
- ^ a b Shaw 2003: 426
- ^ Lach 1994: 13
- ^ Fage 1975: 164
- ^ At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. Gaius Cornelius Gallus (ca 70 BC&ndash26 BC Roman Poet, Orator and Politician, was born of humble parents at Forum Julii ( Fréjus The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Aswan (formerly spelled Assuan (in standard أسوان Aswān) Egyptian: Swenet ( trade) Coptic: Swān; Greek The Aksumite Empire or Axumite Empire (sometimes called the Kingdom of Aksum or Axum ( Ge'ez: አክሱም was an important trading Myos Hormos was a Red Sea port constructed by the Ptolemies around the 3rd century BC Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra - Strabo (II. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. 5. 12. ); The Geography of Strabo. Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917..
- ^ Ball 2000: 131
- ^ Ball 2000: 137
- ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 59
- ^ Donkin 2003: 64
- ^ a b Crone 2004: 10
- ^ a b Donkin 2003: 91-92
- ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 92
- ^ Donkin 2003: 65
- ^ a b Donkin 2003: 87
- ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 88
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Bartolomeu Dias Retrieved November 29, 2007
- ^ The First Voyage of Columbus Retrieved November 29, 2007
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Pedralvarez Cabral Retrieved November 29, 2007
- ^ a b c d e f g h Donkin 2003: 169
- ^ Donkin 2003: 170
- ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999: 217
- ^ a b Corn & Glasserman 1999: 214
- ^ a b Corn & Glasserman 1999: 214
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 214
- ^ a b Donkin 2003: 162-163
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 265
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 252
- ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999: 279
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999
- ^ Donkin 2003: 67
- ^ Donkin 2003: 69
- ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 105
- ^ Collingham 56: 2006
- ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 203
- ^ Collingham 245: 2006
- ^ Collingham 61: 2006
- ^ Collingham 69: 2006
- ^ Collingham 129: 2006
References
- "spice trade". Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2002). Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Donkin, Robin A. (August 2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 0871692481.
- Corn, Charles; Glasserman, Debbie (March 1999). The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade. Kodansha America. ISBN 1568362498.
- Collingham, Lizzie (December 2005). Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195172418.
- Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120615492.
- Fage, John Donnelly; et al. John Donnelly Fage (1921-2002 was a British Historian noted for his work on African history. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521215927.
- Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521011094.
- Crone, Patricia (2004). Patricia Crone, PhD, (born 1945 Denmark) is a Scholar, Author and historian of early Islamic history working at the Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593331029.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). Dr Ian Shaw is an Egyptologist and senior lecturer in Egyptian Archaeology at the University of Liverpool. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192804588.
- Ball, Warwick (2000). Warwick Ball is an Australian born Near Eastern archeologist In the past 30 years Ball has mainly excavated in Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Syria Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0415113768.
- Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1. . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226467317.
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