Spiš (-Slovak; Latin: Scepusium, German: Zips, Hungarian: Szepesség, Polish: Spisz) is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern Poland. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Spiš is an informal designation of the territory (like Burgundy), but it is also the name of one the 21 official tourism regions of Slovakia. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The region is not an administrative division in its own right, but between the late 11th century and 1918 it was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary, (see separate article Szepes county). The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Szepes ( Slovak: Spiš; Latin: Scepusium, Polish: Spisz, German: Zips) is the Hungarian name of the
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Geography
The region is situated between the High Tatras and the Dunajec River in the north, the springs of the Váh River in the west, the Slovenské rudohorie Mountains (Slovak Ore Mountains) and Hnilec River in the south, and a line running from the town of Stará Ľubovňa, via the Branisko mountain (under which lies the 4,822 m long Branisko Tunnel, currently the longest in Slovakia), to the town of Margecany in the east. The ruins of Spiš Castle ( Slovak:, Hungarian: Szepesi vár, German: Zipser Burg) in eastern Slovakia form one of High Tatras or High Tatra (Slovak and Czech Vysoké Tatry, Polish Tatry Wysokie) are a Mountain range on the borders between Slovakia The Dunajec (Dohnst is a River running through northern Slovakia and southern Poland. The Slovenské rudohorie or Slovak Ore Mountains is an extensive Mountainous region of Slovakia 's Spiš region within the Carpathians The Hnilec (Gölnic Göllnitz is a River in Slovakia. Its source is located below the Kráľova hola hill Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia Branisko (or Branyiszko) is a mountain range in eastern Slovakia, between the Spiš and Šariš regions The Branisko Tunnel is a road Tunnel in eastern Slovakia. It is located on the D1 motorway at Beharovce - Fričovce section Margecany (Margitfalva is a village and municipality in the Gelnica District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. The core of the Spiš region is formed by the basins of the rivers Hornád and Poprad, and the High Tatra Mountains. Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a High Tatras or High Tatra (Slovak and Czech Vysoké Tatry, Polish Tatry Wysokie) are a Mountain range on the borders between Slovakia Throughout its history, the territory has been characterized by a large percentage of forests - in the late 19th century, as much as 42,2% of Spiš was forest.
History
Early history
The history of the region until 1918 is given in more detail at Szepes county. Szepes ( Slovak: Spiš; Latin: Scepusium, Polish: Spisz, German: Zips) is the Hungarian name of the
Traces of settlement in the Neanderthal era have been found in remains at Gánovce (Gánóc) and Bešeňová (Besenyőfalu). The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from Gánovce (Gánóc Gansdorf is a village in the Poprad District of the Prešov Region in northern Slovakia, situated 3 km south-east from the town Bešeňová is a Village and Municipality in Ružomberok District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia.
The territory of Spiš was later populated first by Celts. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts It belonged to the state of Great Moravia (Veľká Morava), and after its dissolution became part of Poland. Great Moravia (see Name section was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe from the 9th century to the early 10th century Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The southern part of the territory was conquered by the Kingdom of Hungary at the end of the 11th century, when the border of the Kingdom ended near the modern town of Kežmarok (Késmárk). The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Kežmarok ( German: Kesmark/Käsmark, Késmárk Kieżmark Latin: Kesmarkium) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia The royal county of Szepes (comitatus Scepusiensis) was created in the 2nd half of the 12th century. A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an In the 1250s the border of the Kingdom of Hungary shifted to the north to Podolínec (Podolin) and in 1260 - in the northwest - to the Dunajec River. Podolínec (Pudlein Podolin Podoliniec is a town in the Stará Ľubovňa District, Prešov Region in northern Slovakia. The Dunajec (Dohnst is a River running through northern Slovakia and southern Poland. The northeastern region around Hniezdne (Gnézda) and Stará Ľubovňa (Ólubló), the so-called "districtus Podoliensis", were incorporated only in the 1290s. Hniezdne (Gnézda is a Village and Municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia. Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia The northern border of the county stabilized in the early 14th century. Around 1300, the royal county became a noble county. A comitatus (vármegye less frequently a comitat, or inaccurately a county; for the various names their origin and use see here) is the name of an
Many of the towns of Spiš developed from German colonization. This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans The German settlers had been invited to the territory from the mid-12th century onwards. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The settlements founded by them in the southern Spiš were mainly mining settlements (later towns). Consequently, until World War II Spiš had a large German population (see Carpathian Germans). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Carpathian Germans (Karpatendeutsche Felvidéki németek Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci) sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German Slowakeideutsche
Many smaller settlements were populated by settlers from Poland. In 1412, under the Treaty of Lubowla 13 main cities passed to Poland. Treaty of Lubowla of 1412 was a treaty between Władysław II, King of Poland, and Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary. Among the cities that for 360 years belonged to Poland, were: Stará Ľubovňa, Podolínec, Spišská Sobota (Szepesszombat), Poprad (Poprád) and Spišská Nová Ves (Igló). Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia Podolínec (Pudlein Podolin Podoliniec is a town in the Stará Ľubovňa District, Prešov Region in northern Slovakia. Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Spišská Nová Ves ( (Zipser Neu(endorf Igló Nowa Wieś Spiska Romany: Noveysis) is a Town in the Košice Region of Slovakia In 1772 all were annexed by Austria as a part of Partitions of Poland. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the
In 1868, 21 Spiš settlements sent their demands, the 'Spiš Petition', to the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary, requesting special status for Slovaks within the Kingdom. } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is
Spiš after the creation of Czechoslovakia
In 1918 (and confirmed by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920), the county became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia. The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty concluded at the end of World War I by the Allies of World War I, on one side and Hungary, seen as a successor Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. A tiny part of the territory (situated in today's Poland below the Rysy), amounting to 195 km² after an internal border dispute had been confirmed to be part of Galicia (Central Europe) (at that time the western part of Austria-Hungary) as early as 1902. Rysy (Tengerszem-csúcs Meeraugspitze is a mountain in the crest of the High Tatras, at the Polish - Slovak border Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, After World War I northern Spiš was united with Poland and became the subject of a long-running border dispute between Poland and Czechoslovakia. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland (See separate article, Czechoslovak-Polish border dispute (1918-1947)). Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia began in 1918 between the Second Polish Republic and Czechoslovakia, both freshly created states In 1923 Slovak Spiš was divided between the newly formed Sub-Tatra county (Podtatranská župa) and Košice county (Коšická župa). In 1928-1939 and 1945-1948 it was part of the newly created Slovak Land (Slovenská krajina).
During World War II, when Czechoslovakia was split temporarily, Spiš was part of independent Slovakia and formed the eastern part of Tatra county (Tatranská župa) between 1940 and 1945. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 Because the Slovak army took part in German aggression against Poland, the Polish part of Spiš (together with the Polish part of the county of Orava) was transferred to Slovakia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Árva ( Slovak: Orava, Polish: Orawa, German: Arwa) is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus During this period many thousands of Jewish residents of Spiš were deported to Nazi extermination camps, and the longstanding presence of Jews in the region came to an end. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become At the end of World War II, most of the Spiš Germans were evacuated between mid-November 1944 and 21 January 1945 in order to escape the Red Army approaching from the East (see also Carpathian Germans). Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Carpathian Germans (Karpatendeutsche Felvidéki németek Slovak: Karpatskí Nemci) sometimes simply called Slovak Germans (German Slowakeideutsche Their property was confiscated after the war (see Beneš decrees). The Beneš decrees is a current popular term (officially they are called Decrees of the President of the Republic - dekrety presidenta republiky) for a series of
After World War II the prewar borders of Spiš were restored with the most of the county belonging to Czechoslovakia again and a small part to Poland. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In 1948, it became part of the newly created Košice Region (Košický kraj ) and Prešov Region (Prešovský kraj), whose borders however were completely different from those of the present-day regions of the same name. The Košice Region (Slovak Košický Kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. The Prešov Region (in Slovak Prešovský Kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. From July 1960 it became part of the newly created Eastern Slovak region (Východoslovenský kraj), which ceased to exist in September 1990.
In 1993, Czechoslovakia was split and Spiš became part of Slovakia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million
Nationalities
According to censuses carried out in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1869 (and later in 1900 and 1910) the population of Szepes county comprised the following nationalities: Slovaks 50. The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Szepes ( Slovak: Spiš; Latin: Scepusium, Polish: Spisz, German: Zips) is the Hungarian name of the 4%, (58. 2%, 58%), Germans 35% (25%, 25%), Ruthenians/Ukrainians 13. 8% (8. 4%, 8%) and 0. 7% (6%, 6%) Magyars (Hungarians). (People identified as Tóts (Slovaks) is some part spoke dialects that belongs rather to Polish language. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Hardly any Hungarians lived in the territory during the existence of the Kingdom of Hungary. The sudden increase after 1869 is due to statistical interpretation (use of "most frequently used language" as criterion) and extensive Slovakization which entailed assimilation, especially of Germans. Slovakization (or Slovakisation; Hungarian: szlovákosítás Rusyn: Словакізація is a term used to describe a cultural change in which The figures thus do not make clear how Jews were categorised, but their numbers must have been substantial as many of the towns had synagogues (one survives in Spišské Podhradie (Szepesváralja)) and Jewish cemeteries still survive in Kežmarok (Késmárk), Levoča (Lőcse) and elsewhere. Spišské Podhradie (Kirchdorf Szepesváralja is a Town in Spiš in the Prešov Region of Slovakia. Kežmarok ( German: Kesmark/Käsmark, Késmárk Kieżmark Latin: Kesmarkium) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia Levoča ( Lőcse Leutschau Lewocza is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14600
The present breakdown of population in the region would however be very different. The Germans were effectively deported in the years following World War II. As mentioned above, virtually all the local Jews were deported to extermination camps during the First Slovak Republic. The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939
Present day Spiš has a number of Roma settlements and the Roma people are a substantial minority of the region's population. The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins
There is also a very small minority of Gorals (Slovak: Gorali; literally Highlanders). The Gorale (Górale Gorali Cieszyn Silesian: Gorole; literally "highlanders" are a group of Indigenous people found along southern Although a negligible number in census terms, the Gorals have their own distinctive culture and dialect.
Economy
Historically economic activity in the region has been principally based on agriculture (and in former times mining) and it remains one of the relatively poorer regions of Slovakia. However tourism has always been an asset, with the sanatoria and the winter sports in the High Tatras and Low Tatras, areas of natural beauty such as the Slovak Paradise (Slovenský raj) in the southwest and Pieniny at the Slovak-Polish border, and the region's many historic sites. A sanatorium (also sanitorium, sanitarium) is a medical facility for long-term illness typically Tuberculosis. A winter sport is a Sport commonly played during Winter. As a formal term it refers to a sport played on Snow or Ice, but informally can refer High Tatras or High Tatra (Slovak and Czech Vysoké Tatry, Polish Tatry Wysokie) are a Mountain range on the borders between Slovakia The Low Tatras or Low Tatra (Nízke Tatry Alacsony Tátra is a Mountain range in central Slovakia. Slovak Paradise ( Slovak: Slovenský raj) is a mountain range in central Slovakia Pieniny is a Mountain range in Poland and Slovakia. The Pieniny mountain range is divided into three parts &ndash Pieniny Spiskie (Spišské These include Spiš Castle and the nearby sites of Spišské Podhradie, Spišská Kapitula and Žehra (all of which are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites), the towns of Levoča and Kežmarok, and Stará Ľubovňa Castle. The ruins of Spiš Castle ( Slovak:, Hungarian: Szepesi vár, German: Zipser Burg) in eastern Slovakia form one of Spišské Podhradie (Kirchdorf Szepesváralja is a Town in Spiš in the Prešov Region of Slovakia. Spišská Kapitula, (Szepeshely or Szepesi Káptalan both (meaning the " Spiš Chapterhouse" is an exceptionally well-preserved ecclesiastical town on the outskirts For a list of people and places with the name Zehra or its variants see Zehra (name Žehra (Schigra is a Village and Municipality in the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Levoča ( Lőcse Leutschau Lewocza is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14600 Kežmarok ( German: Kesmark/Käsmark, Késmárk Kieżmark Latin: Kesmarkium) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia The tourism industry is now developing swiftly, aided by the introduction of international flights to the airport at Poprad and improving rail and road connections. Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a
Spiš today
Spiš today is one of Slovakia's 21 tourist regions. It no longer however represents, as did its predecessor, an administrative region.
Since 1996, Spiš has been divided between the modern Košice Region and Prešov Region and is covered approximately by the following six administrative districts: Poprad, Kežmarok, Stará Ľubovňa, Spišská Nová Ves, Levoča and Gelnica, except for the eastern half of the Stará Ľubovňa District and three villages of the Poprad district (Štrba including Tatranská Štrba, Štrbské Pleso and Liptovská Teplička from Liptov county. The Košice Region (Slovak Košický Kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. The Prešov Region (in Slovak Prešovský Kraj) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Kežmarok ( German: Kesmark/Käsmark, Késmárk Kieżmark Latin: Kesmarkium) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia Spišská Nová Ves ( (Zipser Neu(endorf Igló Nowa Wieś Spiska Romany: Noveysis) is a Town in the Košice Region of Slovakia Levoča ( Lőcse Leutschau Lewocza is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia with a population of 14600 Gelnica (Göllnitz Gölnicbánya is a town in the Košice Region of Slovakia. Stará Ľubovňa (Altlublau Ólubló Latin: Lublovia; Stara Lubowla is a Town with approximately 16000 inhabitants in northeastern Slovakia Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Štrba (Tschirm Csorba is a village in the Poprad District, Prešov Region, northern Slovakia. Štrbské pleso ( Hungarian: Csorbató or Csorba-tó, German: Tschirmer See, Polish: Szczyrbskie jezioro Liptovská Teplička (Teplicska Zeplitschke is a large Village and Municipality in Poprad District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia Liptov is an informal designation of region in Slovakiam part of the former Kingdom of Hungary Liptó county. )
The present population of the Spiš region is about 320,000; almost half the population lives in towns, the largest of which are Poprad (55,000), Spišská Nová Ves (39,000) and Kežmarok (17,000). Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Spišská Nová Ves ( (Zipser Neu(endorf Igló Nowa Wieś Spiska Romany: Noveysis) is a Town in the Košice Region of Slovakia Kežmarok ( German: Kesmark/Käsmark, Késmárk Kieżmark Latin: Kesmarkium) is a town in the Spiš region of eastern Slovakia
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