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Seed Plants
Fossil range: ???
Welwitschia mirabilis a member of the Gnetophyta
Welwitschia mirabilis a member of the Gnetophyta
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Divisions

The spermatophytes (from the Greek word "Σπερματόφυτα") (also known as phanerogams) comprise those plants that produce seeds. The Plant division Gnetophyta or gnetophytes comprise three related families of Woody plants grouped in the Gymnosperms The gnetophytes differ from Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species G The Plant division Gnetophyta or gnetophytes comprise three related families of Woody plants grouped in the Gymnosperms The gnetophytes differ from The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Bennettitales (the cycadeoids) is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Triassic period and became extinct toward In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored They are a subset of the embryophytes or land plants. The embryophytes are the most familiar group of Plants They include Trees Flowers Ferns Mosses and various other green The living spermatophytes form five groups:

In addition to the taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many extinct taxa of seed plants. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridospermae) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late Paleozoic. Pteridospermatophyta, also called seed ferns, is an extinct Spermatophyte group of the Plantae kingdom. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" Glossopteris was the most prominent tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana during the Permian period. Glossopteris ( Greek glossa (γλώσσα meaning "tongue" because the leaves were tongue-shaped is the largest and best-known Genus A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the Cretaceous, when angiosperms radiated. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Another Late Paleozoic group of probable spermatophytes were the gigantopterids. Gigantopterids ( Gigantopteridales) is the name given to Fossils of a group of plants existing in the Late Permian, until some 250 million years ago

Relationships and nomenclature

Further information: Evolutionary history of plants

Seed-bearing plants were traditionally divided into angiosperms, or flowering plants, and gymnosperms, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Plants have evolved through increasing levels of complexity, from the earliest Algal mats through Bryophytes Lycopods Ferns The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are Older morphological studies have shown a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms,[1] in particular based on vessel elements. A vessel element is one of the cell types found in Xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological[2] and fossil[3] papers) have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are For example, one common proposed set of relationships is known as the gne-pine hypothesis and looks like:[4][5][6]

angiosperms

gymnosperms

cycads [7]


Ginkgo




Pinaceae (the pine family)


gnetophytes



other conifers




The relationships between these groups should not be considered settled. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species G The family Pinaceae ( pine family) is in the order Pinales and includes many of the well-known Conifers of commercial importance such as Cedars The Plant division Gnetophyta or gnetophytes comprise three related families of Woody plants grouped in the Gymnosperms The gnetophytes differ from [1][8]

A traditional classification grouped put all the seed plants in a single division, with classes for our five groups:

A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the Superdivision Spermatophyta):

References

  1. ^ a b Jeffrey D. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species G The Plant division Gnetophyta or gnetophytes comprise three related families of Woody plants grouped in the Gymnosperms The gnetophytes differ from Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species G The Plant division Gnetophyta or gnetophytes comprise three related families of Woody plants grouped in the Gymnosperms The gnetophytes differ from The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase (2004). "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view". American Journal of Botany 91: 1437–1445.  
  2. ^ James A. Doyle (January 2006). "Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms". The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 (1): 169–209. doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:SFATOO]2.0.CO;2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  3. ^ Zi-Qiang Wang (2004). "A New Permian Gnetalean Cone as Fossil Evidence for Supporting Current Molecular Phylogeny". Annals of Botany 94 (2): 281–288. doi:10.1093/aob/mch138. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  4. ^ Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 4086-4091
  5. ^ Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 4092-4097. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United
  6. ^ Soltis, Douglas E. , Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. American Journal of Botany 89: 1670-1681. The American Journal of Botany ( is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which includes research papers on all aspects of plant biology
  7. ^ Chung-Shien Wu, Ya-Nan Wang, Shu-Mei Liu and Shu-Miaw Chaw (2007). "Chloroplast Genome (cpDNA) of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of Extant Seed Plants". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (6): 1366–1379. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm059. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  8. ^ Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (August 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration When Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
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