The term sperm is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed") and refers to the male reproductive cells. A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and actively consuming energy in the process Sperm cells are the smaller gametes involved in fertilization in anisogamy and oogamy. A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. Anisogamy (also called Heterogamy) refers to a form of Sexual reproduction involving Gametes of different sizes Oogamy is a form of Anisogamy ( Heterogamy) in which the female Gamete (e In these types of sexual reproduction, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or sperm cell. The Evolution of sexual reproduction is a major puzzle The first Fossilized evidence of sexually reproducing Organisms is from Eukaryotes of the Stenian A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is also referred to as spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as spermatium. Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and actively consuming energy in the process A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but they can fuse with egg cells during fertilization to form a totipotent zygote with the potential to develop into a new organism. An ovum (plural ova) is a Haploid Female reproductive cell or Gamete. Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an Organism, including extraembryonic tissues For other meanings see Zygote (disambiguation. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zugōtos "joined" or "yoked" Mammalian sperm cells can live for up to 3 days inside the female unless it is exposed to air or is mixed with another liquid.
The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) through meiosis. Spermatogenesis is the process by which male Spermatogonia develop into mature Spermatozoa. The gonad is the organ that makes Gametes The gonads in males are the Testes and the gonads in Females are the Ovaries. The testicle (from Latin testiculus, diminutive of testis, meaning "witness" virility plural testes) is the male In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia (antheridia) through mitosis. In Plants and Algae that undergo Alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the multicellular structure or phase that is Haploid, containing A gametangium (plural gametangia is an organ or cell in which Gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular Protists Algae An antheridium (plural antheridia) is a Haploid structure or organ producing and containing male Gametes (called antherozoids or Sperm Mitosis is the process in which a Eukaryotic cell separates the Chromosomes in its Cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei In flowering plants, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of
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Motile sperm cells
Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require water in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. A flagellum ( plural flagella) is a tail-like structure that projects from the Cell body of certain Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells and it The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) produced in most animals are referred to as spermatozoa, and are known to vary in size. A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known
Motile sperm are also produced by many protists and the gametophytes of bryophytes, ferns and some gymnosperms such as cycads and ginkgo. Protists (ˈproʊtɨst are a diverse group of eukaryotic Microorganisms Historically protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this In Plants and Algae that undergo Alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the multicellular structure or phase that is Haploid, containing Bryophytes are all Embryophytes ('land Plants) that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems but they lack Vascular tissue A fern is any one of a group of about 20000 Species of Plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta Gymnosperm (Gymnospermae are a group of Spermatophyte seed-bearing Plants with Ovules on the edge or blade of an open Sporophyll, which are Cycads are a group of Seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. Ginkgo is a genus of highly unusual non-flowering plants with one extant species G The sperm cells are the only flagellated cells in the life cycle of these plants. In many ferns and lycophytes, they are multi-flagellated (carrying more than one flagellum). The Division Lycopodiophyta (sometimes called Lycophyta) is a tracheophyte subdivision of the Kingdom Plantae It is the oldest extant (living [1]
In nematodes, the sperm cells are amoeboid and crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell. The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common Amoeboids are Unicellular lifeforms that mainly consist of Contractile vacuoles, a nucleus, and cytoplasm as their basic structure [2]
Non-motile sperm cells
Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. Spermatia are produced in a spermatangium. A gametangium (plural gametangia is an organ or cell in which Gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular Protists Algae [1]
Because spermatia cannot swim,they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Some red algae, such as Polysiphonia, produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release. The red algae (Rhodophyta ˌroʊdəˈfaɪtə roʊˈdɒfɨtə from Greek: ῥόδον (rhodon = rose + φυτόν (phyton = plant thus red plant are Polysiphonia is a Genus of Red algae with about 19 Species on the coasts of the British Isles It is in the Order Ceramiales [1] The spermatia of rust fungi are covered with a sticky substance. Rusts are Fungi of the order Uredinales. Many of these species are plant Parasites. They are produced in flask-shaped structures containing nectar, which attract flies that transfer the spermatia to nearby hyphae for fertilization in a mechanism similar to insect pollination in flowering plants. Nectar is a Sugar -rich liquid produced by plants It is produced either by the Flowers in which it attracts pollinating animals or by extrafloral True flies are Insects of the Order Diptera ( Greek: di = two and pteron = wing possessing a single pair of A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long branching filamentous cell of a Fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. See also Pollination syndrome Entomophily is a form of pollination whereby Pollen is distributed by Insects particularly Bees The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group [3]
Fungal spermatia (also called pycnidiospores) may be confused with conidia. Conidia, sometimes termed conidiospores, are asexual, non-motile Spores of a Fungus; they are also called mitospores due Conidia are spores that germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia are gametes that are required for fertilization. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions A gamete (from Ancient Greek γαμέτης; translated gamete = wife gametes = husband is a cell that fuses with another gamete In some fungi, such as Neurospora crassa, spermatia are identical with microconidia as they can perform both functions of fertilization as well as giving rise to new organisms without fertilization. Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota. [4]
Sperm nuclei
In many land plants, including most gymnosperms and all angiosperms, the male gametophytes (pollen grains) are the primary mode of dispersal, for example via wind or insect pollination, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female. The embryophytes are the most familiar group of Plants They include Trees Flowers Ferns Mosses and various other green The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group In Plants and Algae that undergo Alternation of generations, a gametophyte is the multicellular structure or phase that is Haploid, containing Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes ( pollen grains) which produce the male Gametes (sperm cells of Biological dispersal refers to those processes by which a Species maintains ecosystem Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on the stigma of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing a pollen tube through the carpel. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. The pollen tube of most Seed plants acts as a conduit to transport sperm cells from the Pollen grain, either from the stigma (in Flowering plants A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. Before the tube reaches the ovule, the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization. Ovule literally means "small egg." In Seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells Ovule literally means "small egg." In Seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells [1]
In some protists, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube. Protists (ˈproʊtɨst are a diverse group of eukaryotic Microorganisms Historically protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed Oomycetes form sperm nuclei in a syncytical antheridium surrounding the egg cells. Oomycetes also known as Water molds (or water moulds: see spelling differences) are a group of filamentous unicellular Heterokonts physically In Biology, a syncytium ( plural syncytia) is a large cell-like structure filled with Cytoplasm containing many nuclei An antheridium (plural antheridia) is a Haploid structure or organ producing and containing male Gametes (called antherozoids or Sperm The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants. [1]
Sperm quality
A study by the University of California has suggested that folate may protect sperm cells from aneuploidy. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Folic acid (also known as Vitamin M and Folacin) and Folate (the Anionic form are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9 Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of Chromosomes Syndromes caused by an extra or missing chromosome are among the most widely recognized Genetic disorders [1]
Market
On the global market, Denmark has a well developed system of sperm export. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This success mainly comes from the reputation of Danish sperm donors for being of high quality and, in contrast with the law in the other Nordic countries, gives donors the choice to remain anonymous to the receiving couple. [5] More than 50 countries worldwide are importers, including Paraguay, the US, Kenya and Hong Kong. [5]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f Raven, Peter H. Ejaculation is the ejecting of Semen from the Penis, and is usually accompanied by Orgasm. Female sperm is a term that traditionally refers to a sperm that contains an X chromosome (since when such a sperm fertilizes an egg a female daughter is born produced in the usual way In biology polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Physiological aspects Internal and external fertilization Depending on the Species, spermatozoa can fertilize Sperm competition is " competition between Sperm of two or more Males for the Fertilization of an Ovum " (Parker 1970 Sperm donation is the name of the practice by which a Man, known as a sperm donor, provides his Semen with the intention that it be used to produce a baby ; Ray F. Evert, Susan E. Eichhorn (2005). Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
- ^ Bottino D, Mogilner A, Roberts T, Stewart M, Oster G (2002). "How nematode sperm crawl". J. Cell. Sci. 115 (Pt 2): 367–84. PMID 11839788.
- ^ Sumbali, Geeta (2005). The Fungi. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. . ISBN 1842651536.
- ^ Maheshwari R (1999). "Microconidia of Neurospora crassa". Fungal Genet. Biol. 26 (1): 1–18. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 10072316.
- ^ a b Assisted Reproduction in the Nordic Countries ncbio. org
| Preceded by None |
Stages of human development Sperm |
Succeeded by Zygote |
Dictionary
sperm
-noun
- (countable, cytology) The reproductive cell or gamete of the male; the spermatozoon.
- (uncountable) The semen.
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