An animation of an Aston Martin speedometer, showing how an eddy-current speedometer indicates the vehicle's speed. Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a British manufacturer of luxury performance cars, whose headquarters are at Gaydon, England. A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous Speed of a land vehicle Vehicles, derived from the Latin word vehiculum, are non-living Means of transport.

A speedometer is a device that measures the instantaneous speed of a land vehicle. Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position often expressed as Distance d traveled per unit of

Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the 1900s, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. ^[1]

Speedometers for other vehicles have specific names and use other means of sensing speed. For a boat, this is a pit log. Pitometer logs (also known as pit logs are devices used to measure a ship's speed relative to the water For an aircraft, this is an airspeed indicator. The airspeed indicator or airspeed gauge is an instrument used in an Aircraft to display the craft's Airspeed, typically in knots, to the

The speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Josip Belušić (1847 - ? was a Croatian Inventor. In 1888 Josip Belušić invented and designed the first electric Speedometer.

Operation

Eddy current

An eddy-current speedometer gauge on a car, showing the speed of the vehicle in kilometres per hour. Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position often expressed as Distance d traveled per unit of (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. Also shown is the tachometer, which displays the rate of rotation of the engine's crankshaft. A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion A two- Dimensional object rotates around a center (or point) of rotation An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an Engine which translates reciprocating Linear

The eddy-current speedometer has been used for over a century and is still in widespread use. Until the 1980s and the appearance of electronic speedometers it was the only type commonly used.

Originally patented by a German, Otto Schulze on 7 October 1902,^[2] it uses a rotating flexible cable usually driven by gearing linked to the tail shaft (output) of the vehicle's transmission. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting A cable is one or more Wires or Optical fibers bound together typically in a common protective jacket or sheath The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.

A small permanent magnet affixed to the rotating cable interacts with a small aluminum cup (called a speedcup) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy currents in the cup, which themselves produce another magnetic field. An eddy current (also known as Foucault current) is an electrical phenomenon discovered by French physicist Léon Foucault in The effect is that the magnet 'drags' the cup -- and thus the speedometer pointer -- in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them. ^[1]

The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine spring. The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet (which, recall, is driven by the car's transmission. ) Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. When the torque due to the eddy currents in the cup equals that provided by the spring on the pointer shaft, the pointer will remain motionless and pointing to the appropriate number on the speedometer's dial.

The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. Calibration is the process of establishing the relationship between a measuring device and the units of measure This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tailshaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the differential, and the diameter of the driven tires. This article deals with the concept of a differential in mechanical engineering. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires. The speedometer mechanism often also drives an odometer plus a small switch that sends pulses to the vehicle's engine computer. An odometer (often known colloquially as a mileometer or milometer) is a device used for indicating Distance traveled by an Automobile or other

Electronic

Many modern speedometers are electronic. Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical A rotation sensor, usually mounted on the rear of the transmission, delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the rotational speed of the driveshaft. The sensor is typically a toothed metal disk positioned between a coil and a magnetic field sensor. The Hall effect refers to the Potential difference ( Hall voltage) on the opposite sides of an Electrical conductor through which there is an Electric As the disk turns, the teeth pass between the two, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring. ^[1]

A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically-controlled, analog-style needle or a digital display, the latter of which is more common nowadays. A display device is an Output device for presentation of Information for Visual or Tactile reception acquired stored or transmitted Pulse counts may also be used to increment the odometer. An odometer (often known colloquially as a mileometer or milometer) is a device used for indicating Distance traveled by an Automobile or other

Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavors to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle-driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms.

Error

Speedometers are not totally accurate, and most speedometers have tolerances of some 10% plus or minus due to wear on tires as it occurs. Modern speedometers are said to be accurate within 5% but as this is legislated accuracy, this may not be entirely correct. This can make it difficult to accurately stay on the speed limits imposed; most countries allow for this known variance when using RADAR to measure speed, although levels of some 3 km/h or 3% are also used in areas of tough enforcement. This causes many arguments due to motorists complaining that they were not doing the speed as reported. Revenue^[3] is being increasingly blamed for these stricter measures. There are strict United Nations standards in place but it seems not being enforced leaving this matter in limbo for many countries. Excessive speedometer error after manufacture can come from several causes but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the

percent error = 100x("standard diameter"/"new diameter" - 1).

Nearly all tires now have their size shown as "T/A_W" on the side of the tire (See: Tire code), and the tire's

diameter in inches = TxA/1270 + W. Tire code or Tyre code - Automobile Tires are described by an alphanumeric code, which is generally molded into the Sidewall of the

For example, a standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 185x70/1270 + 14 = 24. 196850 in. Another is "195/50R15" with 195x50/1270 + 15 = 22. 677165 in. Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" wheels), a speedometer reads 24. 19. . /22. 67. . =1. 0670139 times the correct speed or 6. 7% too high.

International agreements

In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 39^[4] which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval which relate to speedometers. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE or ECE was established in 1947 to encourage economic cooperation among its member States The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country in which it is to be sold.

European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The ones covering speedometers ^{[5] [6][7]} are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that:

• The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed, i. e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading.
• The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus 4 km/h at specified test speeds. For example, at 80 km/h, the indicated speed must be no more than 92 km/h.

The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process, for example that the test measurements should be made (for most vehicles) at 40, 80 and 120 km/h, and at a particular ambient temperature. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle.

The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass produced following type approval. The upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus 6 km/h for cars, buses, trucks and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus 8 km/h for two or three wheeled vehicles which have a maximum speed above 50 km/h (or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a heat engine, of more than 50 cc). A heat engine is a physical or theoretical device that converts Thermal energy to mechanical output European Union Directive 2000/7/EC, which relates to two and three wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production.

Australia

All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39. ^[8]

The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 (or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off-road passenger vehicles) must conform to the previous Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of +/- 10% at speeds above 40 km/h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km/h. There is also the added problem of cars not complying with the United Nations standards, being imported and allowed to be registered, making the situation even more complicated. This needs further investigation.

^[9] State assemblies may also set their own requirements but (as of 2004) none specified tighter limits on the accuracy. ^[10] This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that he is speeding should his vehicle be fitted with an under-reading speedometer. ^[11]

United Kingdom

The amended Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75/443 (as amended by Directive 97/39) or UNECE Regulation 39. ^[12]

The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001^[13] permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph (or the vehicles' maximum speed if it is lower that this), the indicated speed must not exceed 110% of the actual speed, plus 6. 25 mph.

For example, if the vehicle is actually travelling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61. 25 mph or less than 50 mph. There is also the added problem of cars not complying with the United Nations standards, being imported and allowed to be registered, making the situation even more complicated. This needs further investigation.

United States

As of 1997, Federal standards in the United States allowed a maximum 5% error on speedometer readings (per "Auto Tutor", American Automobile Association of California magazine, Oct. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 17, 1997). Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy.

GPS

Main article: Automotive navigation system

GPS devices may indicate the true speed of travel on the user interface. An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in Automobiles. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth Unlike instrumental speedometers which provide a continuous reading, most GPS speed readouts have a one-second update interval.

The reading is based on reception of data from the satellites in orbit, and is therefore independent of the car's transmission components. Discrepancies between the two readings may be caused by instrument error (on the vehicle), or by changing directly influential factors, such as tire sizes.

See also

• Airspeed indicator
• Odometer
• Hubometer
• Pit log
• Tachometer
• Taximeter
• Vehicle instrument
• Digital speedometer

References

External links

• Autoblog: Gauging changes
• Visual Tyre Size Calculator with speedometer error
• Repair of speedo failure