Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. In Linguistics ( Articulatory phonetics) manner of articulation describes how the tongue lips and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A spoken language is a human Natural language in which the Words are uttered through the Mouth. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, and computer science. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of Sound, Ultrasound and Infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases liquids and solids Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Speech-language pathology is the study of disorders that affect a person's Speech, Language, cognition voice swallowing ( Dysphagia) and the rehabilitative Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their

Contents 1 Speech production 2 Speech perception 3 Problems involving speech 4 See also

Speech production

Main article: Speech production

In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. In Linguistics ( Articulatory phonetics) manner of articulation describes how the tongue lips and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants.

Speech perception

Main article: Speech perception

Speech perception refers to the processes by Ύwhich humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. A spoken language is a human Natural language in which the Words are uttered through the Mouth. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and l

Problems involving speech

See also: Speech pathology

There are several biological and psychological factors that can affect speech. Speech-language pathology is the study of disorders that affect a person's Speech, Language, cognition voice swallowing ( Dysphagia) and the rehabilitative Among these are:

1. Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections, vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The vocal folds, also known commonly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of Mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the Larynx. Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function A vocal cord nodule (or "Nodules of vocal cords" is a Nodule or mass of tissue that grows on the Vocal folds (vocal cords Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled
2. Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production. The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain In Psychology, alogia (Greek α- “without” and λόγος “speech” or poverty of speech, is a general lack of additional unprompted content seen in normal Dysarthria is a motor Speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, characterised by poor articulation (cf Dystonia is a neurological Movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures Speech processing is the study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals
3. Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion can lead to phonological problems. Otitis media is Inflammation of the Middle ear, or middle ear infection (the word otitis is Greek and it means “inflammation of the ear” and media
4. Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. A lisp ( OE wlisp, stammering is a Speech impediment, historically also known as sigmatism. Cleft lip (cheiloschisis and cleft palate (palatoschisis which can also occur together as cleft lip and palate are variations of a type of clefting Congenital Ataxia (from Greek α- as a negative prefix + -τάξις, meaning "lack of order" is a neurological sign and symptom consisting A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech. Tourette syndrome (also called Tourette's syndrome, Tourette's disorder, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, GTS or more commonly simply Tourette's A tic is a sudden repetitive nonrhythmic stereotyped motor movement or vocalization involving discrete muscle groups
5. In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain types of dyslexia can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Dyslexia is considered to be a Learning disability. It manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language particularly with Reading and Spelling Hearing impairments and deafness can be considered to fall into this category.

See also

• Esophageal speech
• Speech synthesis
• Speech recognition
• Speech encoding
• Speech delay
• Vocalization
• Oracy
• phonation
• human voice
• vocology

en:Speech

Esophageal speech (or voice) is an alternate method for Speech production without the oscillation in the Vocal folds. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition) converts spoken words to machine-readable input (for example to keypresses Speech coding is the application of Data compression of Digital audio signals containing Speech. Speech delay refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech The term oracy was coined by Andrew Wilkinson a British researcher and educator in the 1960s Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of Phonetics. Vocology, originally coined by voice scientist Ingo R Titze has been defined as the science and practice of voice habilitation.

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