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Spectral music (or spectralism) refers to a musical composition practice where compositional decisions are often informed by the analysis of sound spectra. Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new Computer based sound spectrum analysis using a Fast Fourier transform is one of the more common methods used in generating descriptive data. Using FFT analysis, features of a particular sound spectrum can be visualized using a spectrogram. The spectrogram is the result of calculating the Frequency spectrum of Windowed frames of a compound signal. This particular style of composition originated in France in the early 1970s and the techniques were primarily developed, and later refined, at Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique, Paris, by composers such as Gerard Grisey and Tristan Murail. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. IRCAM ( Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique) is a European institute for Science about music and sound and avant garde electro-acoustical Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Gérard Grisey ( June 17, 1946 in Belfort, France – November 11, 1998 in Paris, France) was a Tristan Murail (born March 11, 1947 in Le Havre, France) is a French composer associated with the " spectral " technique of Murail has described Spectral music as an attitude towards composition rather than a set of techniques, an aesthetic rather than style. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called This attitude being that "music is ultimately sound evolving in time" [1]. However, it has been suggested that a number of major practitioners of this compositional method consider the term inappropriate, misleading, and reductive [2].

Contents

Composers

The term "spectral music" was coined by Hugues Dufourt in an article published in 1979. Hugues Dufourt is a French composer and philosopher associated with the Spectral school of composition. [3] Dufourt, a trained philosopher as well as composer, was the author of several interesting flagship articles associated with this movement, although the relationship of his own music to this trend has remained ambiguous. In any case, it was the better part of a decade before the term was in very wide circulation. It was initially associated with composers including Dufourt, Horatiu Radulescu, Iancu Dumitrescu, Gérard Grisey, Tristan Murail, Michael Levinas, and the late Claude Vivier. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Horaţiu Rădulescu (January 7 1942–September 25 2008 was a Romanian-French composer best known for the spectral technique of composition Iancu Dumitrescu (born July 15, 1944 in Sibiu, Romania) is a Romanian avant-garde composer Gérard Grisey ( June 17, 1946 in Belfort, France – November 11, 1998 in Paris, France) was a Tristan Murail (born March 11, 1947 in Le Havre, France) is a French composer associated with the " spectral " technique of Claude Vivier (14 April 1948 - 7 March 1983 was a Canadian composer Since the mid eighties, the movement has broadened out into one of the most important contemporary compositional trends. Among recent composers building on the spectral idea are Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Phillippe Leroux, Phillippe Hurel, Joshua Fineberg and Julian Anderson. Magnus Lindberg (born June 27, 1958) is a Finnish Composer. Lindberg was born in Helsinki. Kaija Saariaho (ˈkɑijɑ 'sɑːriˌɑho (born October 14, 1952) is a Finnish Composer. Joshua Fineberg (born July 26, 1969) is an American Composer of Contemporary classical music. Julian Anderson (born April 6, 1967 in London) is a British Composer.

Origins

Early traces can be found in Hermann von Helmholtz's On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music. [4] Early in the twentieth century, Ferruccio Busoni published in 1907 "Entwurf einer neuen Ästhetik der Tonkunst" (later translated as "Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music"), describing (amongst other things) microtonal music. Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni (April 1 1866 &ndash July 27 1924 was an Italian Composer, Pianist, musical educator and conductor. Microtonal music is Music using microtones — intervals of less than an equally spaced Semitone. [5] Along similar lines, Henry Cowell published in 1930 New Musical Resources, establishing a relation between acoustics, perception and composition. Henry Cowell ( March 11, 1897 – December 10, 1965) was an American Composer, musical theorist, Pianist [6]

Busoni lamented the traditional music "lawgivers", and predicted a future music that included the division of the octave into more than the traditional 12 degrees. His philosophy that "Music was born free; and to win freedom is its destiny," greatly influenced his students Luigi Russolo, who would take part in the Futurist movement and introduced noise music. Luigi Russolo ( April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and Composer, and the author of Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Busoni also influenced Edgard Varèse, who played a major role in the twentieth-century opening of music to all sound. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse

Proto-spectral composers include Varèse, Olivier Messiaen, György Ligeti, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Iannis Xenakis,[7] as well as André Jolivet, Friedrich Cerha, Giacinto Scelsi, and, to some degree, La Monte Young. Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης (May 29 1922 - February 4 2001 was a Greek modernist composer musical theoretician and architect André Jolivet (8 August 1905 &ndash 20 December 1974 was a French composer Friedrich Cerha (born February 17, 1926 in Vienna) is an Austrian composer and conductor Giacinto Scelsi (ʤaˈʧinto ˈʃelsi Count of Ayala Valva ( La Spezia, January 8, 1905 – Rome, August 9, La Monte Thornton Young (born October 14 1935) is an American Composer and musician Theoretical predecessors include some of the composers mentioned and Harry Partch, Henry Cowell, and Paul Hindemith [8]

This music began to emerge in the 1970s both in France amongst the composers of the Groupe de l'Itihe, influenced by work of composers such as Maurice Ravel and Olivier Messiaen, both of whom created harmonies and orchestrations based on the harmonic and inharmonic partials contained in complex sounds, such as multiple-stop organ tones, bell sounds, and bird song. Harry Partch ( June 24, 1901 &ndash September 3, 1974) was an American Composer and instrument creator Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 &ndash 28 December 1963 was a German Composer, Violist, violinist teacher music theorist and conductor. Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. A bell is a simple Sound -making device The bell is a Percussion instrument and an Idiophone. Bird vocalization includes both Bird calls and bird songs In non-technical use bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear Spectral music simply carries this principle much further and with more radical precision, made possible with the aid of computerized FFT analysis. The music of Scelsi, with its concentration on long-held, single tones, continuously mutating in timbre and other parameters, is also another important contribution to spectral music. Giacinto Scelsi (ʤaˈʧinto ˈʃelsi Count of Ayala Valva ( La Spezia, January 8, 1905 – Rome, August 9,

Philosophically, the spectralists' attitude of rigorous objectivity in the exploration of sound and the application of their discoveries to composition can be considered a continuation of traditional modernism. Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Spectral music at the time of its origin was also received as a direct affront to the claim of the serialists and post-serialists (including Boulez himself) to the vanguard of serious musical composition and compositional technique. In Music, serialism is a technique for composition that uses sets to describe musical elements, and allows the manipulation of those WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Pierre Boulez (pjɛʁ buˈlɛz (b

Julian Anderson considers Danish composer Per Norgaard's Voyage into the Golden Screen for chamber orchestra (1968) to be the first "properly instrumental piece of spectral composition" [9]. Julian Anderson (born April 6, 1967 in London) is a British Composer. Per Nørgård (b July 13, 1932 in Gentofte, Denmark) is one of the most important Danish composers of the twentieth century

Compositional technique

The "panoply of methods and techniques" used are secondary, being only "the means of achieving a sonic end" [10]. The composition of spectral music is concerned with timbral structures, especially when decisions about timbre are informed by a mathematical analysis known as a Fast Fourier Transform. In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different FFTs can be used to provide graphs that illustrate details about the timbral structure of a sound, which might not be initially apparent to the ear. FFTs can also be used in creating sounds with computers, in order to transform the timbre of a sound in various ways, such as creating hybrid timbres through a collection of processes known as cross-synthesis, or applying a room reverberation to a sound through a process known as convolution. In Mathematics and in particular Functional analysis, convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions f and If the music is to be performed by live musicians (as opposed to being played electronically via computer through speakers), then these novel effects must be translated into an extended traditional notation that can be read and executed by a human being with some additional training. The fine gradations of pitch are usually rounded off to the nearest quarter-tone or even eighth-tone—dividing the octave into 24 or 48 discrete pitches, instead of the usual twelve for Western music. A quarter tone is an interval about half as wide (aurally or logarithmically as a Semitone, which is half a Whole tone. In Music, an octave ( is the the use of which is "common in most musical systems In Music, a scale is a group of musical notes collected in ascending and descending order that provides material for or is used to conveniently represent part or all Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Temporal aspects and dynamics are subject to similarly fine controls, creating additional notational hurdles.

Formal concepts important in spectral music include process, though "significantly different from those of minimalist music" in that all musical parameters may be affected [11]. Process music or systems music is music that arises from a Process, and more specifically music that makes that process audible These processes most often achieve a smooth transition through interpolation. In the mathematical subfield of Numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a Discrete set of [12]

Notable works

Characteristic spectral pieces include Gérard Grisey's Partiels, Tristan Murail's Gondwana [13], Stockhausen's Stimmung, and Jean-Claude Risset's Mutation. Gérard Grisey ( June 17, 1946 in Belfort, France – November 11, 1998 in Paris, France) was a Partiels is a defining piece of Spectral music by Gérard Grisey whose opening is derived from an electronic sonogram analysis of the attack Tristan Murail (born March 11, 1947 in Le Havre, France) is a French composer associated with the " spectral " technique of Gondwana is a defining Musical composition of Spectral music for large orchestra composed by Tristan Murail using simulated synthesis to create Stimmung, for six vocalists and six microphones is a piece by Karlheinz Stockhausen, written in 1968 and commissioned by the City of Cologne for the Collegium Jean-Claude Risset ( March 18, 1938 in Le Puy France) is a French Composer, best known for his pioneering contributions to Computer music John Chowning's Stria (1978) and Jonathan Harvey's Mortuos Plango Vivos Voco are examples of electronic pieces that embrace spectral techniques. John M Chowning (born 1934 in Salem New Jersey) is an American musician inventor and professor best known for his work at Stanford University Jonathan Harvey (born 1968 is a British Playwright whose work has earned multiple awards

References

  1. ^ Fineberg 2000, 2.
  2. ^ Anderson 2000, 7.
  3. ^ Fineberg 2000, 2.
  4. ^ Helmholtz 1863.
  5. ^ Busoni 1907.
  6. ^ Cowell 1930.
  7. ^ Rose 1996, 6.
  8. ^ Anderson 2000, 8-13.
  9. ^ Anderson 2000, 14.
  10. ^ Fineberg 2000, 2.
  11. ^ Fineberg 2000, 107
  12. ^ Fineberg 2000, 107.
  13. ^ Fineberg 2000, 128.

See also

Bibliography

External links

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