| Special Administrative Region | |
|---|---|
|
|
|
| A map showing the locations of the Special Administrative Regions (green dots) | |
| Chinese name | |
| Traditional Chinese: | 特別行政區 |
| Simplified Chinese: | 特别行政区 |
| Hanyu Pinyin: | tèbié xíngzhèngqū [[Listen]] |
| Portuguese name | |
| Portuguese: | Região administrativa especial [[Listen]] |
A Special Administrative Region is a highly autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Each SAR has a gubernatorial chief executive as head of the region and head of government. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Chief Executive is a term used for certain Gubernatorial offices expressing the nature of their job being analogous to a head of government Each region's government, however, is not fully independent, in as much as foreign policy and military defense are retained as the province of the nation and its central government. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Defence
The People's Republic of China, at present, has two Special Administrative Regions, Hong Kong and Macau, and they should not be confused with Special Economic Zones, which are regions fully under the administration of the Central People's Government. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs located in Mainland China. The Central People's Government is the Central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China authorizes the National People's Congress to create Special Administrative Regions. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China ( is the highest law within the People's Republic of China. A similar term is "National Congress" which is a less common translation of People's Political Consultative Conference.
Contents |
Special situation
Two Special Administrative Regions Hong Kong and Macau (created in 1997 and 1999 respectively) each have a Basic Law which provides the region with a high degree of autonomy, a separate political system and a capitalist economy under the principle of "one country, two systems", which was proposed by Deng Xiaoping. The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to " Constitution " implying it is a temporary but necessary measure without formal enactment " One country two systems " is an idea originally proposed by Deng Xiaoping during the early 1980s then Paramount Leader of the People's Republic Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer Both are pragmatic concessions to the fact that each was a formerly treaty territory under long-term leases or cession, in practice de facto they were colonies left over from the era of European Imperialism and so were administered under western colonial laws by their respective European powers during the lease period. Most broadly cession (to cede) is the assignment of Property to another entity Power in international relations is defined in several different ways When Great Britain and Portugal's long lease-hold neared expiration, fear arose among the local citizens toward Communist Law due to incidents such as Tiananmen Square Massacre and Cultural Revolution [1]; consequently locals were reluctant to abandon western laws. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 culminating in the Tiananmen Square Massacre (referred to in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, to avoid confusion with two The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into After rounds of negotiations, Chinese officials agreed to allow most of the local laws to remain in place after the transfer of the sovereignty of the territories.
High degree of autonomy
| Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China |
| Province level |
|---|
| Provinces |
| Autonomous regions |
| Municipalities |
| Special Administrative Regions (SARs) |
| Prefecture level |
| Prefectures Autonomous prefectures |
| Prefecture-level cities Sub-provincial cities |
| Leagues |
| County level |
| Counties Autonomous counties |
| County-level cities Sub-prefecture-level cities |
| City districts |
| Banners Autonomous banners |
| Township level |
| Townships (ethnic) Sumu (ethnic) |
| Towns |
| Subdistricts |
| County districts (defunct) |
Currently, the two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for all issues except acts of state like diplomatic relations and national defence: consequently, they have their own judiciaries and courts of final appeal, their own legislature, immigration policies, currencies and extradition processes. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division An autonomous region ( is a first-level administrative subdivision of China. Direct-controlled municipality (直辖市 zhíxiáshì) is the highest level classificiation for Cities used by Chinese governments with status equal to Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and A sub-provincial city ( Chinese: 副省级城市 (or deputy-provincial city in the People's Republic of China, is a Prefecture-level city A league ( ayimaɣ or historically čiɣulɣan; Chinese: 盟 Pinyin: méng is an administrative unit in Inner Mongolia, In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' A county-level city ( is a county-level administrative division of Mainland China. A sub-prefecture-level city (副地級市 or vice-prefecture-level city, is an administrative division of China The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. This article is about a type of administrative division in Inner Mongolia China In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' Sum, sumu, sumon, and somon ( sumuud) are a type of administrative district used in China, Mongolia, and Russia In a similar fashion to the former Soviet Union 's Titular nations a number of areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities are designated as '''autonomous''' When referring to Political Divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 鎮 (simplified 镇; pinyin zhèn Wade-Giles The subdistrict ( Chinese: 街道 Pinyin: Jiēdào is one of the smallest Political divisions of China. The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The Court of Final Appeal ( is the court with the final adjudication power on the laws of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal The pre-existing legal systems, namely common law in Hong Kong and civil law in Macau, are preserved except consequential to establishment of courts of final appeal. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law or continental family of legal systems
With listed exceptions, national laws applying in the mainland do not apply in a SAR. These listed exceptions must involve diplomacy, national defence or something beyond the scope of the SAR's autonomy.
Suffrage in the National People's Congress
Like other administrative divisions of the PRC, Hong Kong and Macau are represented in the National People's Congress, although suffrage is not well-defined and is not open to the general public. A similar term is "National Congress" which is a less common translation of People's Political Consultative Conference. However, their representation is not prescribed in the constitution of the PRC, unlike provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the People's Liberation Army. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China.
Before Hong Kong and Macau became Special Administrative Regions of the PRC, they were under colonial rules by Britain and Portugal respectively. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. They had representation in the National People's Congress of the PRC through Guangdong Province, which shares the borders with Hong Kong and Macau. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the [2]
External affairs
Special Administrative Regions are empowered to contract a wide range of agreements with other countries and territories such as mutual abolition of visa requirement, mutual legal aid, air services, extradition, handling of double taxation and others. In diplomatic talks involving a SAR, the SAR concerned may send officials to be part of the Chinese delegation.
The two territories compete separately from mainland China in international sporting events.
Defense and military
The People's Liberation Army is garrisoned in both the SARs. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The garrison and its members must obey all SAR laws as well as national laws applicable to them. They do not participate in the governance of the SAR but the SAR may send for them in times of emergency such as natural disasters. According to the basic laws, defense is the responsibility of the Central People's Government. The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to " Constitution " implying it is a temporary but necessary measure without formal enactment There is no law providing for enrollment of Hong Kong and Macau residents in the forces during ordinary times, and no Hong Kong and Macau residents are currently enrolled.
Immigration and nationality
Each of the SARs issue passports on its own, only to its permanent residents who are concurrently nationals of the PRC, that is, PRC nationals satisfying one of the following conditions:
- born in the SAR;
- born anywhere while either parent was a permanent resident of the SAR;
- resided continuously for seven or more years in the SAR.
Apart from affording the holder consular protection by the People's Republic of China, these passports also specify that the holder has right of abode in the issuing SAR. The right of abode refers to an individual's freedom from immigration control in a particular Country.
The National People's Congress has also put each SAR in charge of administering the PRC's Nationality Law in its respective realms, namely naturalisation, renunciation and restoration of PRC nationality and issuance of proof of nationality. For other uses see Chinese nationality. The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China ( regulates Citizenship in the People's Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born
Offer to Taiwan
The People's Republic of China (PRC) has offered Taiwan a similar status to that of an SAR if Taiwan accepts PRC sovereignty. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. However, most surveys indicate that only around 10 percent of the electorate in Taiwan support the proposition. The proposed Taiwan SAR give up its de facto independent status while keeping its own armed forces rather than receiving a garrison. The Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan maintains a large and technologically advanced military establishment which accounted for Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops The promise of a high-degree of autonomy, as afforded to Hong Kong and Macau, among other things, is stated in the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China enacted in 2005. The Anti-Secession Law ( is a Law of the People's Republic of China. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Under the proposal, the Taiwanese would give up their right to self-determination, a right that the People's Republic of China does not recognize the Taiwanese people having. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their [3]
According to the proposal, the government of a Taiwan SAR would retain its own administrative and legislative powers, an independent judiciary and the right of adjudication, although it will not be considered a separate government of China. While there will be no interference by the PRC in Taiwan's political system, there may be representatives from the Taiwan SAR that will be appointed to the central government in Beijing by the Taiwan SAR. The provincial legislature would still be elected legislature, multi-party system would still exist within the legislature, and political and socio-economic systems would remain unchanged.
Tibet
The Dalai Lama has proposed that Tibet become a Special Administrative Region of the PRC, saying that this is more realistic than independence. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European This has also been suggested by ethnic Tibetan and retired Communist Party official, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme. Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme ( Chinese: 阿沛·阿旺晋美 Pinyin: Āpèi Āwàng Jìnměi born 1st Feb However, the PRC has continued to reject this proposal, as it states that Tibet is not eligible to become a Special Administrative Region as it has always been a part of China. [4][5]
References
- ^ CNN - Final Hong Kong memorial for Tiananmen massacre? - June 4, 1997
- ^ Baum, Richard (December), “Enter the Dragon: China's Courtship of Hong Kong, 1982–1999”, Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32 (4): 417-436, DOI doi:10. 1016/S0967-067X(99)00019-7
- ^ Proposal for Taiwan as an SAR China. org.
- ^ Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous
- ^ 'Seeking unity through equality' - www.phayul.com
See also
- One country, two systems
- Special Administrative Region (Republic of China)
- Autonomous regions of China
- Political divisions of China
- Special Economic Zone
- Hong Kong Basic Law
- Macau Basic Law