| Spanish people Pueblo español |
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1st row: Isabella of Castile • Ferdinand II of Aragon • Cortés • Loyola • Charles V • Teresa of Ávila |
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Spanish |
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 Spain 40 million (Spanish descent only) |
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| Spanish, and other languages of Spain. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American The Languages of Spain are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Portuguese, Italians, and French. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Portuguese people (os Portugueses literally the Portuguese) are the Ethnic group or Nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( |
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Spanish people or more properly Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Spanish people have somewhat varied origins apart from the indigenous Iberian peoples, due to Spaniards long history of migrations. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo Substantial populations descended from Spanish colonists and immigrants also exist in other parts of the world, most notably in Latin America. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term A more orthodox analysis would be used to class these groups as Spanish, based on common language, culture and a shared ancestry.
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Historical background
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000-40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence
Celtic tribes arrived in Iberia between the 9th century BC and the 6th century BC. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. The Celts merged with the Iberians in central Spain, creating a local hybrid culture known as Celtiberian. The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians were a Celtic people of Hallstatt culture In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain and who are believed to have developed a separate civilization of Phoenician influence. Tartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city and its surrounding culture on the south coast of the The Turdetani were an ancient (pre- Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania) living in the valley of the Guadalquivir in what Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. [25]
The Roman Republic annexed Iberia during the 2nd century BC and transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of local languages, with the exception of Basque, stem from a type of vulgarized Latin that was spoken in Hispania (Roman Iberia), which evolved into the modern languages of the Iberian peninsula, including Castilian, which became the unifying language of Spain, and now known in many countries as Spanish. From its origin as a city-state in Italy in 9th century BC the rise as an empire covering much of Eurasia and North Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Iberian languages is a generic term for the languages currently or formerly spoken in the Iberian peninsula. Castilian is a noun and adjective that refers to the region and former kingdom of Castile in Spain; in particular it may refer to a native person Hispania (including Spain, but also Portugal) emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian and Seneca. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c
The Germanic Vandals and their subordinates the Iranic Alans arrived around 409 AD, but were displaced to North Africa by another Germanic tribe, the Visigoths who conquered the region around 415 AD and became the dominant power in Iberia for three centuries. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Vandals may have given their name to the region, which was originally "Vandalucia" or land of the Vandals (which would be the source of Al-Andalus the Arab name of this Iberian region). Iberian-Roman culture eventually romanized the Visigoths and other tribes. Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization. Romanization was a gradual process of Cultural assimilation, in which Another Germanic tribe, the Suebi (including the Buri), who arrived at roughly the same time as the Vandals, became established in the old North western Roman province of Gallaecia a kingdom which survived until late 6th century when it too was integrated by the Visigoths. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East
In 711, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by Muslim Arab-Berbers, popularly known as the Moors, who conquered nearly all the peninsula except the Kingdom of Asturias in the very northern part and subsequently ruled part of the region as Al-Andalus, but were driven south during their reign, ruling areas from between three to nearly eight centuries, ending with their defeat in 1492. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Umayyad conquest of Hispania ( 711 – 718) began as an army of the Umayyad Caliphate consisting largely of Berbers inhabitants The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Abu 'abd-Allah Muhammad XII (أبو عبد الله محمد الثاني عشر (b These Muslim invaders were mainly of Berber origin with prominent Arab tribal leaders mixed in and they converted many locals to Islam to the point that at certain points in time Muslims outnumbered Christians. The initial Arab Muslim conquests (632–732 (فتح Fatah, literally opening, also referred to as the Islamic conquests or Arab Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Arabs are a Semitic people descending from various Old North Arabian tribes For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Muslims of Hispanic origin were generally known as Muladis (or Muwalladin in Arabic), "those born of foreign parentage" (though the idea "foreign" in this case meant "foreign" to the Arab and Berbers). The Muladi (muladí, pl muladíes or muwallad (pl muwalladun or muwalladeen) were Muslims of ethnic Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Muslim Iberia was known as Al-Andalus. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Ultimately, most Muslims and Sephardi Jews were either converted to Christianism or expelled after the Christian reconquest (Reconquista). Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
The union of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon and the conquest of Granada led to the formation of the Spanish state as we know it today and thus to the development of Spanish identity in the form of one people.
Ethnicities and regions
Spain's nationalities
Spain itself consists of various regional nationalities including the Castilians[26], the Catalans, Valencians and Balearics (speakers of a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain), the Basques (a distinct people inhabiting the Basque country), and the Galicians, who speak a language which is very close to Portuguese. A former kingdom, Castile (Castilla kasˈt̪iʎa or) gradually merged with its neighbors to become the Crown of Castile and later the Kingdom of Spain Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Regional diversity is important to many Spaniards, and some regions (other than the ones associated with the different nationalities) also have strong local identities and dialects such as Asturias, Navarre, Aragon, the Canary Islands, and Andalucia. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
The Roma
Spain is home to around 700,000 Spanish-Roma (Gitanos). The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Romani people in Spain are generally known as Gitanos. Spanish Roma tend to speak Caló which is basically Andalusian Spanish with a large Roma are a formerly-nomadic group, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa and Europe, reaching Spain in the 15th century. Gitanos, for a number of historical and cultural reasons are not considered a separate or "foreign" population in Spain, but a distinct ethnicity which overlaps with the wider Spanish ethnicity. Indeed, Gitanos play an important role in particularly Andalusian folklore, music and culture. There are no official statistics on the Gitano population in Spain. Estimates range from 600 000 to 700 000, making Spain, together with Romania and Bulgaria, home to one of the largest Roma communities in Europe. Over 40% of Gitanos live in the region of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish "gitanos" also live in Southern France, especially in the region of Perpignan. Perpignan ( French: Perpignan, pɛʀpiɲɑ̃ Catalan Perpinyà,) is a commune and the Préfecture (administrative
Ancestry
The ancestry of the Iberian peoples is largely consistent with the geographic position of the Iberian peninsula, located on the extreme southwest of Europe. There are clear connections with the Mediterranean peoples as well as with those of Atlantic and Western Europe. }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Still, the basic elements in the Spanish population point mainly to native Iberian ancestry.
The Paleolithic and Neolithic basis of modern Iberian ancestry
A 2007 European-wide study including Spanish Basques and Valencian Spaniards, found Iberian populations to cluster the furthest from other continental groups, implying that Iberia holds the most ancient European ancestry. In this study, the most prominent genetic stratification in Europe was found to run from the north to the south-east, while another important axis of differentiation runs east-west across the continent. It also found, despite the differences, that all Europeans are closely related. [27]
Previous Y-chromosome and mtDNA analysis[28] already pointed to Paleolithic ancestry among Iberian populations. The term Paleolithic (or Palaeolithic) (from Greek παλαιός palaios, " Old " and λίθος Lithos, "stone" Although this methodology does not provide strong inferences on genetic population structure, it is useful in tracing parts of the routes of migration in the populating of Europe. Both Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and Mtdna haplogroup H, reach frequencies above 60% in most of Iberia, R1b peaking at 90% in the Basque region. In Human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome Haplogroup in Western Europe The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra [29] This shows an ancestral bond between Iberia and the rest of western Europe, and in particular with Atlantic Europe, which share high frequencies of these haplogroups. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' }} Atlantic Europe is a geographical and anthropological term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. Y-chromosome and mtDNA analysis seems to support the theory according to which founder populations in northern Iberia colonized the rest of western Europe at the end of the last glaciation. [30]
In fact, according to one article, the main components in the European genomes appear to derive from ancestors whose features were similar to those of modern Basques and Near Easterners, with average values greater than 35% for both these parental populations, regardless of whether or not molecular information is taken into account. The lowest degree of both Basque and Near Eastern admixture is found in Finland, whereas the highest values are, respectively, 70% in Spain and more than 60% in the Balkans. [31][32]
Autosomal studies using a small number of classical genetic markers, supported by more recent analysis of Microsatellite data, have lent support for a large Neolithic element in the European genome, supporting the demic diffusion model from the ancient Near East. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Demic diffusion is a Demographic term referring to a migratory model developed by Cavalli-Sforza, that consists of population Diffusion into and across B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century This Neolithic component has also been detected at substantial levels in Spain, but at greatly reduced levels to those detected in other European countries to the north and east. Broad gradients across Europe, largely on South East/North West cline using a small number of classical genetic markers would thus link the populations of Western Europe (including Iberia) by a common "paleolithic" ancestry and those of eastern (and particularly south eastern) Europe by a common "neolithic" ancestry[31] Nevertheless the demic diffusion model remains controversial, to the degree that studies of ancient Mtdna have been interpreted as pointing to the absence of a Neolithic contribution in modern European populations.
The legacy of Muslim rule
There exists a number of studies which focus on the genetic impact of the eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus) on the genetic make up of the Iberian population. Conquest (710–756 See also Umayyad conquest of Hispania 710 - The Berber General Tariq ibn Ziyad takes Tangier. Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or Recent studies agree that there is a genetic relationship between (particularly southern) Iberia and North Africa as a result of this period of history. Iberia is the only region in Europe with a presence, though extremely small, of the typically North West African Y-chromosome haplotypes E-M81[33][34] and Haplotype Va[35]. Northwest Africa or Northwestern Africa is a variably defined Region of North Africa. A thorough Y-chromosome analysis of the Iberian peninsula reveal that haplotype E-M81 surpasses frequencies of 10% in Southern Iberia, though many geneticists believe it to be almost negligible. [36]As for Mtdna analysis (Mitochondrial DNA), Iberia has much higher frequencies of typically North African Haplogroup U6 than those generally observed in Europe. [37][38][39]. North African ancestry in Iberia (Algarve and Alentejo, Portugal) is largely on the maternal side where the mtDNA contribution of NW Africa to Iberia (given that the average frequency of U6 is 10% in NW Africa compared with 1. 8% in Iberia) can be estimated at 8% [40][41].
This region also has the highest frequency of haplogroup L of Sub-Saharan origin (especially in southern Portugal and to a lesser extent Andalusia) mostly as a result of Berber colonisation and, to a lesser extent African slavery, both during and after Muslim rule. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. This article discusses systems of slavery within Africa the history and effects of the slavery trade upon Africa [42][43] Nevertheless, the North African element in modern day Iberians' ancestry is evidently small compared to their pre-Islamic ancestral basis. [44][45] [46] [47] [48]
A wide ranging study (published 2007) using 6,501 unrelated Y-chromosome samples from 81 populations found that: “Considering both these E-M78 sub-haplogroups (E-V12, E-V22, E-V65) and the E-M81 haplogroup, the contribution of northern African lineages to the entire male gene pool of Iberia is 5. 6%. ”[49]
In fact, a European wide study including Spaniards states: No significant correlation is apparent between North African admixture and geography. Genetic exchanges across the Mediterranean Sea, and especially in its western-most part where the geographic distance between continents is smallest (Spain), seem to have been limited or very limited, establishing the North African contribution at 2. 5/3. 4%. [[3]] [[4]]
The Canary Islands
The inhabitants of the Canary Islands, hold a gene pool that is halfway between the Iberians and the ancient native population, the Guanches (a proto-berber population), although with a major Iberian contribution. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish See also Canary Islands in pre-colonial times Guanches (also Guanchis or Guanchos) now extinct as a distinct people were the first known Guanche genetic markers have also been found, at low frequencies, in peninsular Spain, probably as a result of slavery and/or later immigration from the Canary Islands. [50]
Other historical influences
Apart from the indigenous Iberian peoples, the ancestry of modern Spaniards has also been influenced to a smaller degree by many peoples which have passed on its territory throughout history. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo These peoples include Celts (Celtiberians), Phoenicians (Punics or Carthaginians), Greeks (Ancient and Byzantine), Romans, Germanic tribes (Vandals, Suebi and Visigoths), Saqalibas (Slavs), Alans, Berbers and Arabs (Moors), Jews (Sephardim) or Marranos, and particularly in Andalusia, the Roma people (Gitanos). Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians were a Celtic people of Hallstatt culture Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun The Punics, (from Latin pūnicus meaning Phoenician were a group of Western Semitic speaking peoples originating from Carthage Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Saqaliba ( Arabic: صقالبة sg Siqlabi) refers to the Slavs, particularly Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The Romani people in Spain are generally known as Gitanos. Spanish Roma tend to speak Caló which is basically Andalusian Spanish with a large Out of these groups, Germanic tribes, particularly the Visigoths have had the most significant impact on Spanish identity and ancestry, in all parts of the peninsula. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Celts have also left a long-lasting marker on the Spanish genome; The majority of Northern Spaniards are of Celtic descent, though Celtic genes are likewise found throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra
Modern immigration
The population of Spain is becoming increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. Spain now has among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the USA). [51] and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year. [52] Immigrant population now tops over 4. 5 million. [53] They come mainly from Europe, Latin America and North Africa. [54](see Immigration to Spain). The population of Spain doubled during the twentieth century due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s
Language
Languages spoken in Spain include Spanish (castellano or español), Catalan (català, called valencià in the Valencian Community), Galician (galego), and Basque (euskara). Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Valencian ( valencià) is the historical traditional and official name used in the Valencian Community of Spain to refer to the region's native language The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Other languages are Asturian (asturianu), Aranese Gascon (aranés), and Aragonese (aragonés), each with their own various dialects. Asturian (Asturian Asturianu or Bable) is a Romance language of the West Iberian group, Astur-Leonese Subgroup, spoken in the Aranese (aranés is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Aran Valley, in northwestern Catalonia Although Spanish is but one of the many languages of Spain, it is this language which is commonly known as being the "Spanish language" since it is the official state language, although minority languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities.
Peninsular Spanish is largely considered to be divided into two main dialects: Castilian Spanish (spoken in the northern half of the country) and Andalusian Spanish (spoken mainly in Andalusia). However, a large part of Spain, including Madrid, Extremadura, Murcia, and Castilla-la Mancha, speak local dialects known as "transitional dialects" between Andalusian and Castilian Spanish. [55] The Canary Islands also have a distinct dialect of Castilian Spanish which is very close to Caribbean Spanish. Caribbean Spanish ( español caribeño) is the general name of the Spanish language dialects spoken in the Caribbean region Linguistically, the Spanish language is a Romance language and is one of the aspects (including laws and general "ways of life") that makes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Latin is the name of various peoples or ethnicities related to the Latium region in the Italian Peninsula, to the Latin language, or to its descendants The strong Arabic influence on the language (nearly 4,000 words are of Arabic origin, many nouns and few verbs)[56] and the independent evolution of the language itself through history, most notably the Basque influence at the formative stage of Castilian Romance, partially explain its difference from other Romance languages. Arabic influence on the Spanish language has been significant due to the Islamic presence in the Iberian peninsula between 711 and 1492 A The Basque language left a strong imprint on Spanish both linguistically and phonetically. Other changes in Spanish have come from borrowings from English and French, although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
The number of speakers of Spanish as a mother tongue is roughly 35. There are two Names given to the Spanish language: Spanish ( español) and Castilian ( castellano) 6 million, while the vast majority of other groups in Spain such as the Galicians, Catalans, and Basques also speak Spanish as a first or second language, which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain's population of 45. The Galicians ( Galician: Galegos) are an Ethnic group or Nationality whose homeland is Galicia, which is a historical region The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. 9 million.
Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to Santo Domingo in 1492. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the Spanish is spoken natively by over 400 million people and spans across most countries of the Americas; from the Southwestern United States in North America down to Tierra del Fuego, the most southernly region of South America in Chile and Argentina. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37 Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for " Land of Fire " in English tiˈɛərə dɛl ˈfweɪgoʊ] Spanish ˈtjerað̞elˈfweɰo is an Archipelago Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Mexico has the largest Spanish-speaking population in the world with approximately 100 million speakers. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. [57] A variety of the language, known as Judæo-Spanish or Ladino (or Haketia in Morocco), is still spoken by descendants of Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) who fled Spain following a decree of expulsion of Moors and Jews in 1492. Haketia (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is a largely Extinct Jewish-Moroccan Language, also known as Djudeo Spañol The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March, 1492 by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Also, a Spanish creole language known as Chabacano is spoken by nearly 1 million people in the Philippines, which developed from the mix of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain's rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898. A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable Language that originates seemingly as a nativized Pidgin. Chavacano (as a proper noun and a derivative of the Spanish adjective " chabacano " and as it is generally accepted in literature the broadcast media The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Tagalog is one of the major languages used in the Philippines. "Cebuano" redirects here For the inhabitants of Cebu see Cebuano people Cebuano (Cebuano Sinugbuanon, "language In Russia, the Spaniards who moved there during World War II speak a mix of Russian and Spanish. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Some speak Catalan.
Religion
According to several sources (Spanish official polls and others, www. Today Roman Catholicism is the largest Religion in the country ine. es), about 76% self-identify as Christian Catholics, about 2% with another religious faith, and about 19% identify as non-believers or atheists.
Other related peoples
Hundreds of millions of Spanish descendants can be found throughout the Hispanic countries of Latin America in the form of criollos (predominantly Spaniards born in the Americas), mestizos (mixed Spanish/Amerindian), mulatos (mixed Spanish/African) or triracial (Spanish/African/Amerindian). Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically Criollo is a term that dates back to the Spanish colonial Casta system ( Caste system) of Latin America Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white In the United States, the number of Mexican-Americans represent a significant portion of the Spanish descended population, as the majority of over 70% of the population of Mexico, have Spanish ancestry, though most also have Amerindian ancestry. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry See Demographics of Mexico. Demographic dynamics In 1900 the Mexican population was 136 million
On a smaller scale, in addition to approximately 17,000 Spanish citizens in the Philippines, there is also a small but important minority of Filipinos of Spanish descents (mixed Spanish / Austronesian ancestry). Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the late 16th century during the Spanish colonial period of the islands The Austronesian people or Austronesian-speaking people, are a population group present in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke
Spanish heritage in the Americas
Near half of the total ascendance of people living in Latin America has predominantly Spanish ancestry. The major cases occur in Mexico (30%, about 25 million people), Colombia (50%, about 20 million people), Argentina (55%, about 20 million people),Paraguay (60% about 5 million people) Brazil 8%, about 15 million people),[58] and Chile (60%, about 10 million people). Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld
NOTE: For detailed information about the sources taken to make the map, see its description page
Spanish make-up in Latin America may be mixed with different ethnies from different places around the world: For example, in Mexico it is mainly mixed with Aztec and other Native Americans blood, in Colombia it is mixed with Native American and African ancestry, in the Dominican Republic, Cuba and Puerto Rico it is mixed with Taino and African, in Argentina it is mixed with other European groups, such as the Italian, the Germans, and the Irish, and in Chile it is mixed mainly with both Native Americans and other European and Middle-eastern groups. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate
Spanish culture had even greater impact than the mere arrival of Spaniards in the Americas. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America This can be seen in the fact that Spanish is spoken as official language in almost all, if not in all, countries conquered by the Spanish Reign, and the Roman Catholic religion is the main religion in the region. There are other matters, such as architecture and politics, that show the major influence that Spain has had in Latin America. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions In the United States, more than 15% of the population is of Hispanic origins, with more than 40 million people who are partly or fully of Spanish ancestry.
Spanish Identities
Within the broader Spanish identity are long standing subidentities:
- Andalusian people
- Aragonese people
- Asturian people
- Basque people
- Canarian people
- Cantabrian people
- Catalan people
- Castilian people
- Galician people
- Valencian people
Spanish nationality and regional movements
Languages of Spain
Official languages
- Spanish (see also dialects and varieties) (also known as Castillian
- Catalan/Balearic/Valencian
- Basque
- Galician
- Aranese
Unofficial languages
Ancient Spanish peoples
- Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
- Iberians
- Basques
- Celts
- Greeks
- Romans
- Vandals
- Suebi
- Visigoths
- Jews
- Moors
People with Spanish ancestry
- Spanish Americans
- Spanish Argentines
- Spanish Brazilians
- Spanish Britons
- Spanish Filipinos
- Spanish Mexicans
- Spanish Peruvians
- Ethnic groups in Central America
- White Latin Americans
Footnotes
- ^ Argentina: Ethnic groups
- ^ Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación.
- ^ Mexico: Ethnic groupshttp://www. The Andalusians are an Ethnic group or Nation in Spain centered in Andalusia. The Aragonese are an Ethnic group or Nation living in the historical region of Aragon, between the center and the north-east of Spain The Asturians are one of the regional nationalities of Spain, issuing from the historical country of the Principality of Asturias, and also from the provinces The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The Canarians are an Ethnic group or Nation living in the Archipelago of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of The Cantabrians are a People living in the north of Spain. The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere The Castilian people are the inhabitants of those regions in Spain where most people identify themselves as Castilian The Galicians ( Galician: Galegos) are an Ethnic group or Nationality whose homeland is Galicia, which is a historical region Historically, the modern country of Spain was formed by the accretion of several independent Iberian realms ( Asturias, León, Galicia The Languages of Spain are the languages spoken or once spoken in Spain. Spanish dialects and varieties are the regional variants of the Spanish language, some of which are quite divergent from each other especially in pronunciation and vocabulary Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Aranese (aranés is a standardized form of the Pyrenean Gascon variety of the Occitan language spoken in the Aran Valley, in northwestern Catalonia Astur-Leonese is a Dialect continuum included in the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages. This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim and Christian rule in Spain, before they The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Spanish American ( Hispano Americano, derived from la ''[[Hispania]]'' now known as es ''[[Spain España]]'' the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula Spanish-Brazilian ( Spanish: hispanobrasileño, Portuguese: hispano-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of full partial or predominantly Spanish migration to the United Kingdom has occurred in large numbers since 1945 Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the late 16th century during the Spanish colonial period of the islands A Spanish Mexican ( Hispano Mexicano or Hispanomexicano, derived from la ''[[Hispania]]'' now known as es ''[[Spain España]]'' the Roman name A Spanish Peruvian is a Peruvian citizen of Spanish descent. Among European Peruvians the Spanish were the largest group of immigrants to settle in Central America is a region formed by 6 Latin American countries and one Anglo American nation ( Belize) White Latin Americans are the white population of Latin America. britannica. com/eb/article-27384/Mexico
- ^ "5.2.6. Estructura racial", La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved on 2007-08-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.
- ^ Colombia: Ethnic groups
- ^ (Spanish) Poblacion Por Color de la Piel y Grupos de Edades, Segun Zona de Residencia y Sexo.
- ^ "Venezuela", Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2007-08-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the
- ^ Peru: Ethnic groups
- ^ The Costa Rican people
- ^ Puerto Rico: Ethnic groups
- ^ Ancestry 2000: Census 2000 brief (pdf) 5. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Uruguay: Ethnic groups
- ^ 3,7 millions de musulmans en France, Les vrais chiffres. L'Express (4 December 2003). "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Dominican Republic: Ethnic groups
- ^ Bolivia: Ethnic groups
- ^ Ecuador: Ethnic groups
- ^ Nicaragua: Ethnic groups
- ^ El Salvador: Ethnic groups
- ^ Guatemala Introduction
- ^ Panama: Ethnic groups
- ^ Relations between Spain and Germany
- ^ Ancestry by Birthplace of Parent(s). New South Wales Community Relations Commission. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2001 Census). Statistics Canada, Canada's National Statistics Agency. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians
- ^ Belgium: Stock of foreign population by country of nationality, 2001 to 2004
- ^ Ethnographic map of Pre-Roman Iberia. Luís Fraga da Silva - Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Anexo:Comunidades autónomas españolas por población. Spanish Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data [1]
- ^ World Haplogroups Maps
- ^ Dupanloup, Isabelle; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Chikhi, Lounès & Barbujani, Guido (2004-03-24), “Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography”, Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 21 (7): 1361-1372, ISSN 0737-4038, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135, <http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2004_v12_p855.pdf>. Guido Barbujani (born January 31, 1955) is an Italian population geneticist, evolutionist and literary author born in Adria, who has "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Molecular Biology and Evolution is a monthly journal owned and edited by The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution and published by Oxford University Press Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. (PDF)
- ^ Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; et al. (2004-07-28), “Summarized Percent Frequencies of R1b, R1a, I1b* (xM26), E3b1 and J2e”, European Journal of Human Genetics (London: Nature Publishing Group) 12: 855–863, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225, <http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1>
- ^ a b Dupanloup, Isabelle; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Chikhi, Lounès & Barbujani, Guido (2004-03-24), “Weighted Average Across Loci, and Standard Deviations (SD), of the Estimated Contributions of 4 Parental Populations to European Populations”, Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 21 (7): 1361-1372, ISSN 0737-4038, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135, <http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03>
- ^ Dupanloup, Isabelle; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Chikhi, Lounès & Barbujani, Guido (2004-03-24), “Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans Populations to European Populations”, Molecular Biology and Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 21 (7): 1361-1372, ISSN 0737-4038, doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135, <http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361>
- ^ Phylogeny and frequency distributions of Hg E and its main subclades. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. The European Journal of Human Genetics is an official monthly Human genetics Publication. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Nature Publishing Group (NPG is an international Publishing company that publishes Scientific journals It is a division A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Guido Barbujani (born January 31, 1955) is an Italian population geneticist, evolutionist and literary author born in Adria, who has "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Molecular Biology and Evolution is a monthly journal owned and edited by The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution and published by Oxford University Press Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Guido Barbujani (born January 31, 1955) is an Italian population geneticist, evolutionist and literary author born in Adria, who has "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Molecular Biology and Evolution is a monthly journal owned and edited by The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution and published by Oxford University Press Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. The American Journal of Human Genetics. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J. The American Journal of Human Genetics. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes.. PubMed. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography
- ^ "Haplogroup U6 is present at frequencies ranging from 0 to 7% in the various Iberian populations, with an average of 1. 8%. Given that the frequency of U6 in NW Africa is 10%, the mtDNA contribution of NW Africa to Iberia can be estimated at 10%. This is larger than the contribution estimated with Y-chromosomal lineages (7%) (Bosch et al. 2001). " Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean (2003)
- ^ "Although the absolute value of observed U6 frequency in Iberia is low, it reveals a considerable North African female contribution, if we keep in mind that haplogroup U6 is not very common in North Africa itself and virtually absent in the rest of Europe. Indeed, because the range of variation in western North Africa is 4-28%, the estimated minimum input is 8. 54%. "African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times (2005)
- ^ "Our results clearly reinforce, extend, and clarify the preliminary clues of an important mtDNA contribution from northwest Africa into the Iberian Peninsula (Côrte-Real et al. , 1996; Rando et al. , 1998; Flores et al. , 2000a; Rocha et al. , 1999)(. . . ) Our own data allow us to make minimal estimates of the maternal African pre-Neolithic, Neolithic, and/or recent slave trade input into Iberia. For the former, we consider only the mean value of the U6 frequency in northern African populations, excluding Saharans, Tuareg, and Mauritanians (16%), as the pre-Neolithic frequency in that area, and the present frequency in the whole Iberian Peninsula (2. 3%) as the result of the northwest African gene flow at that time. The value obtained (14%) could be as high as 35% using the data of Corte-Real et al. (1996), or 27% with our north Portugal sample. " Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe (2003)
- ^ "Haplogroup U6 is present at frequencies ranging from 0 to 7% in the various Iberian populations , with an average of 1. 8%. Given that the frequency of U6 in NW Africa is 10%, the mtDNA contribution of NW Africa to Iberia can be estimated at 18%" Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean
- ^ "Although the absolute value of observed U6 frequency in Iberia is low, it reveals a considerable North African female contribution, if we keep in mind that haplogroup U6 is not very common in North Africa itself and virtually absent in the rest of Europe. Indeed, because the range of variation in western North Africa is 4-28%, the estimated minimum input is 8. 54%. + "African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times
- ^ Sub-Saharan DNA admixture in Europe. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times. PubMed. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Isabelle Dupanloup, Giorgio Bertorelle, Lounès Chikhi, Guido Barbujani (2004) Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (7), p. 1361-1372.
- ^ Joining the Pillars of Hercules: mtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean
- ^ Oxford Journals: Molecular Biology and Evolution
- ^ Wells Family DNA Project Haplogroup Definitions - R
- ^ PBase.com
- ^ Fluvio Cruciani, Et al. ,"Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 24, Number 6: June 2007, Oxford University Press, Pp. 1307
- ^ {{cite web Other theories, however, suggest that the native Guanche population may have been of ancient Nordic or Celtic origin, but this in itself is up to dispute. Despite this, the genes of the Guanche people would to some extent be present, albeit on a small scale, in the mainstream Spanish populace. |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15598218&query_hl=14&itool=pubmed_docsum |title=A tale of aborigines, conquerors and slaves: Alu insertion polymorphisms and the peopling of Canary Islands |accessdate=2007-04-25 |format= |work=PubMed. org }}
- ^ Eurostat - Population in Europe in 2005
- ^ Spain: Immigrants Welcome
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Avance del Padrón Municipal a 1 de enero de 2006. Datos provisionales
- ^ Spain attracts record levels of immigrants seeking jobs and sun. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Lenguas de España. Proel. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ The importance of this influence can be seen in words like admiral (almirante), algebra, alchemy and alcohol, to note just a few obvious examples, which entered other European languages, like French, English, German, from Arabic via medieval Spanish. Modern Spanish has more than 100 000 words. [2]
- ^ Spanish for Cultural Literacy Online (html). University of Illinois at Springfield. Retrieved on 2007-04-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. España.
References
- Castro, Americo. Willard F. King and Selma Margaretten, trans. The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1980. ISBN 0520041771.
- Chapman, Robert. Emerging Complexity: The Later Pre-History of South-East Spain, Iberia, and the West Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0521232074.
- Goodwin, Godfrey. Islamic Spain. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1990. ISBN 0877016925.
- Harrison, Richard. Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberians, Phoenicians, and Greeks. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1988. ISBN 0500021112.
- James, Edward (ed. ). Visigothic Spain: New Approaches. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. ISBN 0198225431.
- Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1440 – 1870. London: Picador, 1997. ISBN 033035437X.
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Miscegenation in Spanish colonies
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