| Spanish Civil War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 A Republican soldier, possibly Federico Borrell García, falls in battle. Federico Borrell García ( January 3, 1912 &ndash September 5, 1936) was the man who appeared in the image The Falling Soldier (Photographer, Robert Capa) |
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|
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Second Spanish Republic |
 Nationalists |
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| Commanders | |||||||
| Manuel Azaña Julián Besteiro Francisco Largo Caballero Juan Negrín Indalecio Prieto |
Francisco Franco Gonzalo Queipo de Llano Emilio Mola José Sanjurjo Juan Yagüe |
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| Strength | |||||||
| 450,000 350 aircraft 200 batteries (1938)[1] |
600,000 600 aircraft 290 batteries (1938)[2] |
||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| ~500,000[3] | |||||||
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The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of the Second Spanish Republic. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban Julián Besteiro Fernández (September 21 1870 - September 27 1940 was a Spanish socialist politician and university professor Francisco Largo Caballero ( October 15, 1869 - March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and Trade unionist He was one of Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician Indalecio Prieto Tuero ( April 30, 1883 - February 11, 1962) was a Spanish politician one of the leading figures of the Spanish Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra ( February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief Juan Yagüe Blanco (1891 &ndash October 29, 1952) was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Spanish Army ( Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally "Land Army" is one of oldest active armies in the world and a branch of the Spanish The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Civil War devastated Spain from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, ending with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The supporters of the Republic, or Republicans (republicanos), gained the support of the Soviet Union and Mexico, while the followers of the First Rebellion, nacionales (literally, "nationals" but rendered in English-language literature as "nationalists"), received the support of the major European Axis powers, namely Italy, Germany, and neighbouring Portugal. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
The war increased tensions in the lead-up to the Second World War and became in some cases a world war by proxy, with Germany in particular using the war as a rehearsal for many of the blitzkrieg tactics it later used in the war in Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A proxy war is the war that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial The advent of the mass media allowed an unprecedented level of attention (Ernest Hemingway, George Orwell and Robert Capa all covered it) and so the war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired, and for atrocities committed on both sides of the conflict. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Robert Capa ( Budapest, October 22 1913 &ndash May 25 1954) was a 20th century combat Photographer who covered five different
Prelude to the war
Historical context
There were several reasons for the war, many of them long-term tensions that had escalated over the years. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War ( 1936) is a Painting by Spanish Surrealist Salvador Dalí
Spain had undergone several civil wars and revolts, carried out by both the reformists and the conservatives, who tried to displace each other from power. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state Rebellion is a refusal of obedienceIt may therefore be seen as encompassing a range of Behaviours from Civil disobedience and mass Nonviolent resistance A liberal tradition that first ascended to power with the Spanish Constitution of 1812 sought to abolish the absolutist monarchy of the old regime and to establish a liberal state. The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was promulgated by the Cádiz Cortes, the national legislative assembly ( Cortes Generales "General Courts" Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The most traditionalist sectors of the political sphere systematically tried to avert these reforms and to sustain the monarchy. Politics of Spain takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Constitutional monarchy, whereby the Monarch is the The Carlists—supporters of Infante Carlos and his descendants—rallied to the cry of "God, Country and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition (absolutism and Catholicism) against the liberalism and later the republicanism of the Spanish governments of the day. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Not to be confused with Charles V Holy Roman Emperor, who is sometimes erroneously called Charles V of Spain The Infante Carlos of Spain As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty The Carlists, at times (including the Carlist Wars), allied with nationalists attempting to restore the historic liberties (and broad regional autonomy) granted by the fueros of the Basque Country and Catalonia. The Carlist Wars in Spain were the last major European Civil wars in which pretenders fought to establish their claim to a throne The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Fuero ( Spanish) is a Spanish legal term and conceptThe word comes from Latin forum, an open space used as market tribunal Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Further, from the mid-19th century onwards, the liberals were outflanked on their left by socialists of various types and especially by anarchists, who were far stronger and more numerous in Spain than anywhere else in Europe aside from (possibly) Russia. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i
Spain experienced a number of different systems of rule in the period between the Napoleonic wars of the early 19th century and the outbreak of the Civil War. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions During most of the 19th century, Spain was a constitutional monarchy, but under attack from these various directions. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The First Spanish Republic, founded in 1873, was shortlived. The First Spanish Republic started with the Abdication as King of Spain on February 10 1873, of Amadeo I, following the Hidalgo A monarchy under Alfonso XIII lasted from 1887 to 1931, but from 1923 was held in place by the military dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, Following Primo de Rivera's overthrow in 1930, the monarchy was unable to maintain power and the Second Republic was declared in 1931. This Republic soon came to be led by a coalition of the left and center. A number of controversial reforms were passed, such as the Agrarian Law of 1932, distributing land among poor peasants. Millions of Spaniards had been living in more or less absolute poverty under the firm control of the aristocratic landowners in a quasi-feudal system. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed These reforms, along with anticlericalist acts, as well as military cut-backs and reforms, created strong opposition. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political
Constitution of 1931
A new constitution was adopted on 9 December 1931. The Spanish Constitution of 1931 meant the beginning of the Second Spanish Republic, the second period of Spanish history to date in which the Election A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The document was largely sound, generally according thorough civil liberties and representation, the notable exclusion being the rights of Catholics, a flaw which prevented the forming of an expansive democratic majority. [4] The document provided for universal suffrage and proclaimed a purported complete separation of Church and State, but in actuality it provided for significant governmental interference in church matters, including the prohibition of teaching by religious orders, confiscation of and prohibitions on ownership of church property, and the banning of the Society of Jesus. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to Separation of church and state is a Political and Legal Doctrine that Government and religious institutions are to be kept separate The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order [5] The constitution essentially established an anticlerical government. [6]
Not only advocates of establishment of religion but also advocates of church/state separation saw the constitution as hostile; one such advocate of separation, Jose Ortega y Gasset, stated "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me. An established church is a church officially sanctioned and supported by the government of a country e José Ortega y Gasset ( May 9, 1883 - October 18, 1955) was a Spanish philosopher. " [7] Since the far left considered reform of these aspects of the constitution as totally unacceptable, commentators have opined that "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset". [8] Commentators have posited that such a "hostile" approach to the issues of church and state were a substantial cause of the breakdown of democracy and the onset of civil war. [9]
1933 election and aftermath
Leading up to the Civil War, the state of the political establishment had been brutal and violent for some time. In the 1933 elections to the Cortes, the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas or CEDA) won a plurality of seats. The Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right ( Spanish: Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas, CEDA) was a Spanish Political It was however not enough to form a majority. Despite the results, then President Niceto Zamora declined to invite the leader of the CEDA to form a government and instead invited the Radical Republican Party and its leader Alejandro Lerroux to do so. The Radical Republican Party (Partido Republicano Radical sometimes shortened to the Radical Party was a Spanish political party founded in 1908 by Alejandro Lerroux Alejandro Lerroux García (La Rambla Córdoba, March 4, 1864 - Madrid, June 25, 1949) was a Spanish politician CEDA supported the Lerroux government; it later demanded and, on October 1, 1934, received three ministerial positions. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hostility between both the left and the right increased after the formation of the Government. Spain experienced general strikes and street conflicts. Noted among the strikes was the miners' revolt in northern Spain and riots in Madrid. Nearly all rebellions were crushed by the Government and political arrests followed.
Lerroux's alliance with the right, his harsh suppression of the revolt in 1934, and the Stra-Perlo scandal combined to leave him and his party with little support going into the 1936 election. Straperlo or Stra-Perlo was the brand of a fraudulent electric Roulette game promoted by Strauss and Perlo (Lerroux himself lost his seat in parliament. )
1936 Popular Front victory and aftermath
In the 1936 Elections a new coalition of Socialists (PSOE), liberals (Republican Left Party of and the Republican Union Party), Communists, and various regional nationalists groups won the extremely tight election. The results gave 34 percent of the popular vote to the Popular Front and 33 percent to the of incumbent government of the CEDA, this result when coupled with the Socialists refusal to participate in the new government led to a general fear of revolution. This was only made more apparent when Largo Caballero, hailed as "the Spanish Lenin" by Pravda, announced that the country was on the cusp of revolution. However these statements were meant only to remove any moderates from his coalition. Moderate Socialist Indalecio Prieto condemned the rhetoric and marches as insanely provocative. [6]
From the Comintern's point of view the increasingly powerful, if fragmented, left and the weak right were an optimum situation. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow [10] Their goal was to use a veil of legitimate democratic institutions to outlaw the right and to convert the state into the Soviet vision of a "people's republic" with total leftist domination, a goal which was repeatedly voiced not only in Comintern instructions but also in the public statements of the PCE (Communist Party of Spain). The Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or PCE) is the third largest national Political party of Spain. [11]
Azaña becomes president
Without the Socialists, Prime Minister Manuel Azaña, a liberal who favored gradual reform while respecting the democratic process, led a minority government. Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban In April, parliament replaced President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, a moderate who had alienated virtually all the parties, with Azaña. Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres ( July 6, 1877 - February 18, 1949) served briefly as the first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic The removal of Zamora was made on specious grounds and in violation of the constitution. [12] Although the right also voted for Zamora's removal, this was a watershed event which inspired many conservatives to give up on parliamentary politics. Azaña was the object of intense hate by Spanish rightists, who remembered how he had pushed a reform agenda through a recalcitrant parliament in 1931–33. Joaquín Arrarás, a friend of Francisco Franco, called him "a repulsive caterpillar of red Spain. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid "[13] The Spanish generals particularly disliked Azaña because he had cut the army's budget and closed the military academy when he was war minister (1931). CEDA turned its campaign chest over to army plotter Emilio Mola. Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 Monarchist José Calvo Sotelo replaced CEDA's Gil Robles as the right's leading spokesman in parliament. José Calvo Sotelo ( Tui, Pontevedra, May 6, 1893 &mdash Madrid, July 13 1936) was a Spanish political For the erstwhile president of the European Parliament see José María Gil-Robles. [13]
Rising tensions — political violence
This was a period of rising tensions. Radicals became more aggressive, while conservatives turned to paramilitary and vigilante actions. According to official sources, 330 people were assassinated and 1,511 were wounded in politically-related violence; records show 213 failed assassination attempts, 113 general strikes, and the destruction (typically by arson) of 160 religious buildings. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. [14]
Deaths of Castillo and Calvo Sotelo
On July 12, 1936, in Madrid, a far right group murdered Lieutenant José Castillo of the Assault Guards, a special police corps created to deal with urban violence, and a Socialist. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. José del Castillo Sáez de Tejada or José Castillo (1901? &ndash July 12, 1936) was a Spanish Police The blue-uniformed Guardia de Asalto (Assault Guard were the urban police force of Spain, during the Spanish Second Republic. The next day, leftist gunman Luis Cuenca killed José Calvo Sotelo, a leader of the conservative opposition in the Cortes (Spanish parliament), in revenge. José Calvo Sotelo ( Tui, Pontevedra, May 6, 1893 &mdash Madrid, July 13 1936) was a Spanish political Cuenca was operating in a commando unit of the Assault Guard led by Captain Fernando Condés Romero. Condés was close to the Socialist leader Indalecio Prieto, but there is no indication that Prieto was complicit in Cuenca's assassination of Calvo Sotelo. However, the murder of such a prominent member of parliament, with involvement of the police, aroused suspicions and strong reactions amongst the Center and the Right. [15] Calvo Sotelo was the leading Spanish monarchist. He protested against what he viewed as escalating anti-religious terror, expropriations, and hasty agricultural reforms, which he considered Bolshevist and anarchist. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i He instead advocated the creation of a corporative state and declared that if such a state was fascist, he was also a fascist. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology [16]
He also declared that Spanish soldiers would be mad to not rise for Spain against Anarchy. In turn, the leader of the communists, Dolores Ibarruri, known as La Pasionaria, allegedly vowed that Calvo Sotelo's speech would be his last speech in the Cortes. Dolores Ibárruri Gómez, also known as La Pasionaria (the Passion flower) ( December 9, 1895 &ndash November 12, [17][18] Although the Nationalist generals were already at advanced stages of planning an uprising, the event is seen by some as a catalyst for what followed.
Outbreak of the war
Nationalist military revolt
On July 17, 1936, the nationalist-traditionalist rebellion long feared by some in the Popular Front government began. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Its start was signaled by the phrase "Over all of Spain, the sky is clear" that was broadcast on the radio. Casares Quiroga, who had succeeded Azaña as prime minister, had in the previous weeks exiled the military officers suspected of conspiracy against the Republic, including Puerto Rico-born General Manuel Goded Llopis and General Francisco Franco, sent to the Balearic Islands and to the Canary Islands, respectively. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} General Manuel Goded Llopis ( October 15, 1882 - August 12, 1936) was a high ranking Puerto Rican in the Spanish Army who Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish Both generals immediately took control of these islands. A British MI6 intelligence agent, Major Hugh Pollard, then flew Franco to Spanish Morocco[19] in a de Havilland DH. The Secret Intelligence Service ( SIS) colloquially known as MI6 is the United Kingdom 's external Intelligence agency. Spanish protectorate of Morocco (حماية إسبانيا في المغرب (Protectorado español de Marruecos was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the 89 Dragon Rapide to see Juan March Ordinas, where the Spanish Army of Africa, led by Nationalist ranks, were almost unopposed in assuming control. Juan Alberto March Ordinas (1880–1962 also known as Joan March i Ordinas, was a Spanish Financier and British agent on the side The Spanish Army of Africa was a Spanish field army that garrisoned Spanish Morocco from the early 20th century until Morocco 's independence in 1956
Government reaction
The rising was intended to be a swift coup d'état, but was botched; conversely, the government was able to retain control of only part of the country. In this first stage, the rebels failed to take any major cities — in Madrid they were hemmed into the Montaña barracks. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. The barracks fell the next day with much bloodshed. In Barcelona, anarchists armed themselves and defeated the rebels. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i General Goded, who arrived from the Balearic islands, was captured and later executed. However, the turmoil facilitated anarchist control over Barcelona and much of the surrounding Aragonese and Catalan countryside, effectively breaking away with the Republican government. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Republicans held on to Valencia and controlled almost all of the Eastern Spanish coast and central area around Madrid. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Except for Asturias, Cantabria and part of the Basque Country, the Nationals took most of northern and northwestern Spain and also a southern area in central and western Andalusia including Seville. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
The combatants
The Republicans
Republicans (also known as Spanish loyalists) received weapons and volunteers from the Soviet Union, Mexico, the international Socialist movement and the International Brigades. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries The Republicans ranged from centrists who supported a moderately capitalist liberal democracy to revolutionary anarchists and communists; their power base was primarily secular and urban, but also included landless peasants, and it was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias and Catalonia. The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. [20]
The conservative, strongly Catholic Basque country, along with Catalonia and Galicia, sought autonomy or even independence from the central government of Madrid. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. This option was left open by the Republican government. [21] All these forces were gathered under the "Ejército Popular Republicano" (EPR) or Republican Popular Army.
Scholar Stanley G. Payne noted that by the time of the outbreak of war Republicans had abandoned constitutional republicanism for leftist revolution:
The leftist zone has been variously designated 'Republican,' 'loyalist,' and 'Popular Front. Stanley George Payne (born 1934 in Denton Texas) is a Historian of modern Spain and European Fascism at the University ' Of those terms, the adjective 'loyalist' is somewhat misleading, for there was no attempt to remain loyal to the constitutional Republican regime. If that had been the scrupulous policy of the left, there would have been no revolt and civil war in the first place. . . . Thus after July 1936 what remained of the constitutional Republic gave way to the "revolutionary Republican confederation" of 1936-1937. [22][23]
The Nationalists
The Nationalists on the contrary opposed the separatist movements, but were chiefly defined by their anti-communism, which served as the galvanizing agent of diverse or even opposed movements like falangists or monarchists. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and
Their leaders had a generally wealthier, more conservative, monarchist, landowning background, and they favoured the centralization of state power. In turn, their support for the Catholic Church, provided them with popular support. Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, as well as most Roman Catholic clergy, supported the Nationalists, while Portugal's Estado Novo provided logistical support. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese Their forces were gathered into the "Ejército Nacional" or National Army.
Other factions in the war
The active participants in the war covered the entire gamut of the political positions and ideologies of the time. The Nationalist (nacionales) side included the Carlists and Legitimist monarchists, Spanish nationalists, the Falange, Catholics, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. On the Republican side were socialists, communists, liberals and anarchists. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Catalan and Basque nationalists were not univocal. Left-wing Catalan nationalists were in the Republican side. Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political Conservative Catalan nationalists were far less vocal supporting the Republican government due to the anti-clericalism and confiscations occurring in some areas controlled by the latter (some conservative Catalan nationalists like Francesc Cambó actually funded the rebel side). Confiscation, from the Latin confiscatio 'joining to the fiscus i Francesc Cambó i Batlle ( Verges ( Catalonia) 2 September, 1876 - 30 April, 1947 Argentina) was a conservative Basque nationalists, heralded by the conservative Basque nationalist party, were mildly supportive of the Republican government, even though Basque nationalists in Álava and Navarre sided with the uprising for the same reasons influentiating Catalan conservative nationalists. Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces The Basque Nationalist Party is the largest political party in the Basque Autonomous Community. Álava (Araba is a province of northern Spain in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
To view the political alignments from another perspective, the Nationals included the majority of the Catholic clergy and of practicing Catholics (outside of the Basque region), important elements of the army, most of the large landowners, and many businessmen. The Republicans included most urban workers, most peasants, and much of the educated middle class, especially those who were not entrepreneurs.
The genial monarchist General José Sanjurjo was figurehead of the rebellion, while Emilio Mola was chief planner and second in command. José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 Mola began serious planning in the spring, but General Francisco Franco hesitated until early July, inspiring other plotters to refer to him as "Miss Canary Islands 1936. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish " Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy and the man who suppressed the Socialist uprising of 1934. Warned that a military coup was imminent, leftists put barricades up on the roads on July 17. Franco avoided capture by taking a tugboat to the airport. From there he was flown to Morocco by British intelligence, where he took command of the battle-hardened colonial army in Spanish Morocco. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Spanish Army of Africa was a Spanish field army that garrisoned Spanish Morocco from the early 20th century until Morocco 's independence in 1956 Spanish protectorate of Morocco (حماية إسبانيا في المغرب (Protectorado español de Marruecos was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the [24][25] Sanjurjo was killed in a plane crash on July 20, leaving effective command split between Mola in the north and Franco in the South. Franco was chosen overall commander at a meeting of ranking generals at Salamanca on September 21. He outranked Mola and by this point his Army of Africa had demonstrated its military superiority.
One of the Nationalists principal claimed motives was to confront the anti-clericalism of the Republican regime and to defend the Roman Catholic Church, which had been the target of attacks, and which many on the Republican side blamed for the ills of the country. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political Even before the war religious buildings were burnt without action on the part of the Republican authorities to prevent it. As part of the social revolution taking place, others were turned into Houses of the People. The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. [26] Similarly, many of the massacres perpetrated by the Republican side targeted the Catholic clergy. Franco's Moroccan Muslim troops found this repulsive as well, and for the most part fought loyally and often ferociously for the Nationalists. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Articles 24 and 26 of the Constitution of the Republic had banned the Jesuits, which deeply offended many within the conservatives. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order After the beginning of the Nationalist coup, anger flared anew at the Church and its role in Spanish politics. Notwithstanding these religious matters, the Basque nationalists, who nearly all sided with the Republic, were, for the most part, practicing Catholics.
Republican sympathizers proclaimed it as a struggle between "tyranny and democracy", or "fascism and liberty", and many non-Spanish young, committed reformers and revolutionaries joined the International Brigades, believing the Spanish Republic was the front line of the war against fascism. In modern usage a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute power over a State or within an Organization. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Franco's supporters, however, portrayed it as a battle between the "red hordes" of communism and anarchism on the one hand and "Christian civilization" on the other. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements They also stated that they were protecting the Establishment and bringing security and direction to what they felt was an ungoverned and lawless society. The Establishment is a Pejorative term used to refer to the traditional Ruling class Elite and the structures of society that they control [27]
The Republicans were also split among themselves. The left and Basque or Catalan nationalist conservatives had many conflicting ideas. The Cortes (Spanish Parliament) consisted of 16 parties in 1931. When autonomy was granted to Catalonia and the Basque Provinces in 1932, a nationalist coup was attempted but failed. An anarchist uprising resulted in the massacre of hundreds of rebels and intra civil war between anarchists and communists in Catalonia. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist In addition to this opposition, Spanish exports decreased by 75% between 1931 and 1942. Thus, the rural reforms were of little help to the starving lower class. Economic difficulties on the whole prevented the Republic from doing anything constructive during its time in government.
Foreign involvement
The Spanish Civil War had large numbers of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions. Foreign governments contributed large amounts of financial assistance and military aid to forces led by Generalísimo Francisco Franco. Military aid is Aid which is used to assist an ally in its defense efforts or to assist a poor country in maintaining control over its own territory Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Forces fighting on behalf of the Second Spanish Republic also received limited aid but support was seriously hampered by the arms embargo declared by France and the UK. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country
These embargoes were never extremely effective however, and France especially was accused of allowing large shipments through to the Republicans - though the accusations often came from Italy, itself heavily involved for the Nationalists. The clandestine actions of the various European powers were at the time considered as risking another 'Great War' (as World War I had been named before World War II), though this was in the end avoided. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [28]
Italy and Germany
Both Fascist Italy, under dictator Benito Mussolini, and Nazi Germany, under dictator Adolf Hitler, sent troops, aircraft, tanks, and other weapons to support Franco. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Italian government provided the "Corps of Volunteer Troops" (Corpo Truppe Volontarie) and Germany sent the "Condor Legion" (Legion Condor). The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist The CTV reached a high of about 50,000 men and as many as 75,000 Italians fought in Spain. The German force numbered about 12,000 men at its zenith and as many as 19,000 Germans fought in Spain.
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union primarily provided material assistance to the Republican forces. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 While Soviet troops amounted to no more than 700 men, Soviet "volunteers" often piloted aircraft or operated tanks purchased by the Spanish Republican forces. The Republic had to purchase Soviet assistance with the official gold reserves of the Bank of Spain (see Moscow Gold), obtaining armament of marginal quality that, in addition, was sold at deliberately inflated prices. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Bank of Spain (Banco de España is the national Central bank of Spain. The term Moscow gold (Oro de Moscú or Gold of the Republic (Oro de la República refers to the operation by which two-thirds of the Gold reserves of the The cost for the Republic of the Soviet support raised more than US$500 million, which made up two-thirds of the gold reserves that Spain had at the beginning of the war. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Gold reserves (or gold holdings) are held by Central banks as a Store of value. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
International brigade volunteers
The troops of the International Brigades represented the largest foreign contingent of troops fighting for the Republicans. The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries Roughly 30,000 foreign nationals from a possibly up to 53 nations fought in the various brigades. Most of them were communists or trade unionists, and while organised by communists guided or controlled by Moscow, they were almost all individual volunteers.
Irish volunteers
Ireland was the only country where pro-Franco volunteers outnumbered the anti-Franco volunteers. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Despite the declaration by the Irish government that participation in the war was illegal, around 250 Irishmen went to fight for the Republicans and around 700 of Eoin O'Duffy's followers ("The Blueshirts") went to Spain to fight on Franco's side. Eoin O'Duffy (Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh 20 October 1892 – 30 November 1944 was in succession a Teachta Dála (TD the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army The Army Comrades Association (ACA later named National Guard and better known by their nickname The Blueshirts (Na Léinte Gorma were an
On arrival, however, O'Duffy's Irish contingent refused to fight the Basques for Franco, seeing parallels between their recent struggle and Basque aspirations. They saw their primary role in Spain as fighting communism, rather than defending Spain's territorial integrity. Eoin O'Duffy's men saw little fighting in Spain and were sent home by Franco after being accidentally fired on by Spanish Nationalist troops.
Evacuation of children
As war proceeded in the Northern front, the Republican authorities arranged the evacuation of children. These Spanish War children were shipped to Britain, Belgium, the Soviet Union, other European countries and Mexico. Those in Western European countries returned to their families after the war, but many of those in the Soviet Union, from Communist families, remained and experienced the Second World War and its effects on the Soviet Union.
Like the Republican side, the Nationalist side of Franco also arranged evacuations of children, women and elderly from war zones. Refugee camps for those civilians evacuated by the Nationalists were set up in Portugal, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those
Pacifism in Spain
In the 1930s Spain also became a focus for pacifist organizations including the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the War Resisters League and the War Resisters' International (whose president was the British MP and Labour Party leader George Lansbury). The Fellowship of Reconciliation ( FoR or FOR) is the name used by a number of religious Nonviolent organizations particularly in English-speaking countries The War Resisters League (WRL was formed in 1923 by men and women who had opposed World War I. War Resisters' International or WRI is an international Anti-war organization with members and affiliates in over thirty countries The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the George Lansbury ( 21 February 1859 &ndash 7 May 1940) was a British Politician, socialist, Christian pacifist
With their focus on government action and military reaction, and against the background of the terrible violence that took place, academic historians, authors, journalists and film-makers have all paid attention to the great political machines that were at work, and have largely overlooked many non-governmental international and grass roots movements including, as they are now called, the 'insumisos' ('defiant ones', i. e. , conscientious objectors) who argued and worked for non-violent strategies.
Prominent Spanish pacifists such as Amparo Poch y Gascón and José Brocca supported the Republicans. Amparo Poch y Gascón was a Spanish anarchist, doctor and activist in the years leading up to and during the Spanish Civil War, was one of the founding members of Jose Brocca (Professor José Brocca Ramón) was a pacifist and humanitarian of the Spanish Civil War, who allied himself with the Republicans but sought non-violent As American author Scott H. Bennett has demonstrated, 'pacifism' in Spain certainly did not equate with 'passivism', and the dangerous work undertaken and sacrifices made by pacifist leaders and activists such as Poch and Brocca show that 'pacifist courage is no less heroic than the military kind' (Bennett, 2003: 67–68). Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism. He put this stand into practice by various means including organising agricultural workers to maintain food supplies and through humanitarian work with war refugees. [29]
Atrocities during the war
Atrocities were committed on both sides during the war. [30] The systematic use of military force against civilians foreshadowed World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
At least 50,000 people were executed during the civil war. [31][32] In his recent, updated history of the Spanish Civil War, Antony Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. The " White Terror " in Spain is one of the names given to the atrocities committed on the Nationalist side of the war during its course and after The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000. The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including "[33] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain. "[34] In Checas de Madrid, César Vidal comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican repression; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone. [35]
The atrocities of the Bando Nacional were common and were frequently ordered by authorities in order to eradicate any trace of leftism in Spain; many such acts were committed by radical groups during the first weeks of the war. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This included the execution of school teachers[36] (because the efforts of the Republic to promote laicism and to displace the Church from the education system by closing religious schools were considered by the Bando Nacional side as an attack on the Church); the execution of individuals because of accusations of anti-clericalism; the massive killings of civilians in the cities they captured;[37] the execution of unwanted individuals (including non-combatants[38] such as trade-unionists and known Republican sympathisers etc)[39]An example of this kind of tactics on the Nationalist side was the Massacre of Badajoz in 1936. In Education, a teacher is one who helps Students or pupils often in a School, as well as in a Family, religious or The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Non-combatant is a military and legal term describing Civilians not engaged in combat A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first major Nationalist victories in the Spanish Civil War. [40].
The Nationalist side also carried out aerial bombing of cities in the Republican territory, carried out mainly by the Luftwaffe volunteers of the Condor Legion and the Italian air force volunteers of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Guernica, and other cities). The aerial bombing of cities began in 1911 developed through World War I, grew to a vast scale in World War II, and continues to the present day The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist The Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica) was the name of the Italian Air Force established as an independent service from 1923 until the The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous The most notorious example of this tactic of terror bombings was the Bombing of Guernica. The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and
Atrocities on the Republican side were committed by government agencies, ruling parties and groups of radical leftists (mainly Communists and anarchists) against alleged rebel supporters, including the nobility, former landowners, rich farmers, industrialists, non-socialist workers and people associated to the Church. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Atrocities by the Republicans have been termed Spain's red terror by those on the Nationalist side. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including The Spanish State ( Estado Español) was the formal name given to Spain from 1939 to 1978 by the régime of Francisco Franco Republican attacks on the Catholic Church, associated strongly with support for the old monarchist and hierarchical establishment, were particularly controversial.
Nearly 7,000 clerics were killed and churches, convents and monasteries were attacked (see Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War). Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War is the name given by the Catholic Church to the people who were killed during the Spanish Civil War because of their connection to the church Some 13 bishops, 4184 diocesan priests, 2365 male religious (among them 114 Jesuits) and 283 nuns were killed. There are unverified accounts of Catholics being forced to swallow rosary beads and/or being thrown down mine shafts, as well as priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive. [41] Pope John Paul II beatified several hundred people murdered for being priests or nuns, and Pope Benedict XVI beatified almost 500 more on October 28, 2007. Pope Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger [42] [43] [44].
Other repressive actions in the Republican side were committed by specific factions such as the Stalinist NKVD (the Soviet secret police)[45]. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal In addition, many Republican politicians, such as Lluís Companys the Catalan nationalist president of the Generalitat de Catalunya, the autonomous government of Catalonia –which remained initially loyal to the Republic before proclaiming independence from it– carried out numerous actions to mediate in cases of deliberate executions of the clergy[46]. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country Lluís Companys i Jover ( June 21 1882 &ndash October 14 1940) was a Spanish Catalan Politician Catalan independentism is a Political movement which supports the independence of Catalonia from Spain and France, this is usually Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country
The war: 1936
In the early days of the war, over 50,000 people who were caught on the "wrong" side of the lines were assassinated or executed. The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939 broke out with a military uprising in Morocco on July 17, triggered by events in Madrid. For extrajudicial executions see also Assassination Extra-judicial killings are the illegal killing of leading political trades union dissidents The numbers were probably comparable on both sides. In these paseos ("promenades"), as the executions were called, the victims were taken from their refuges or jails by armed people to be shot outside of town. The corpses were abandoned or interred in graves dug by the victims themselves. Local police just noted the apparition of the corpses. Probably the most famous such victim was the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca. Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as The outbreak of the war provided an excuse for settling accounts and resolving long-standing feuds. Thus, this practice became widespread during the war in conquered areas. In most areas, even within a single given village, both sides committed assassinations.
Any hope of a quick ending to the war was dashed on July 21, the fifth day of the rebellion, when the Nationalists captured the main Spanish naval base at Ferrol in northwestern Spain. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World This article refers to Ferrol Galicia For other uses see Ferrol (disambiguation. This encouraged the Fascist nations of Europe to help Franco, who had already contacted the governments of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy the day before. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom On July 26, the future Axis Powers cast their lot with the Nationalists. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries A rebel force under Colonel Beorlegui Canet, sent by General Emilio Mola, advanced on Guipúzcoa. Alfonso Beorlegui Canet (1888 - 1936 was a Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry in the Spanish Army. Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 The Campaign of Guipúzcoa was part of the Spanish Civil War where the Nationalist Army conquered the northern province of Guipúzcoa, (part of the On September 5th, after heavy fighting it took Irún closing the French border to the Republicans. The Battle of Irún was the critical battle of the Campaign of Guipúzcoa prior to the War in the North, during the Spanish Civil War. Irun (old Basque for 'fortified town' Spanish: Irún) is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Guipuscoa ( On September 13th the Basques surrendered San Sebastián to the Nationalists who then advanced toward their capital, Bilbao but were halted by the Republican militias on the border of Viscaya at the end of September. Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque The capture of Guipúzcoa had isolated the Republican provinces in the north.
To the south, Nationalist forces under Franco won another victory on September 27 when they relieved the Alcázar at Toledo. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain A Nationalist garrison under Colonel Moscardo had held the Alcázar in the center of the city since the beginning of the rebellion, resisting for months against thousands of Republican troops who completely surrounded the isolated building. General José Moscardó Ituarte ( October 26, 1878, Madrid - April 12, 1956, Madrid was the military Governor of Toledo Province The Alcázar of Toledo is a stone fortification located in the highest part of Toledo Spain. The inability to take the Alcázar was a serious blow to the prestige of the Republic, as it was considered inexplicable in view of their overwhelming numerical superiority in the area. Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself Generalísimo and Caudillo ("chieftain") while forcibly unifying the various and diverse Falangist, Royalist and other elements within the Nationalist cause. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. Caudillo is a Spanish ( caudilho in Portuguese word usually used to designate "a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party.
In October, the Francoist troops launched a major offensive toward Madrid, reaching it in early November and launching a major assault on the city on November 8. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia, out of the combat zone, on November 6. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with However, the Nationalists' attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between November 8 and 23. A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the arrival of the International Brigades, though only around 3000 of them participated in the battle. The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries Having failed to take the capital, Franco bombarded it from the air and, in the following two years, mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid. (See also Siege of Madrid (1936-39))
On November 18, Germany and Italy officially recognized the Franco regime, and on December 23, Italy sent "volunteers" of its own to fight for the Nationalists. The Siege of Madrid was a three year Siege of the Spanish capital Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
The war: 1937
With his ranks being swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco, Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February of 1937, but failed again. This article covers events of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939 during 1937.
On February 21 the League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee ban on foreign national "volunteers" went into effect. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 The purpose of Non-Intervention Committee (1936-1939 was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties of the Spanish Civil War. An unlawful combatant or unprivileged combatant/belligerent is a Civilian who directly engages in armed conflict under the International Humanitarian Law The large city of Málaga was taken on February 8. The Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in early 1937 by the combined Nationalist and Italian forces to eliminate Republican Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. On March 7 German Condor Legion equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes arrived in Spain; on April 26 the Legion was responsible for the infamous massacre of hundreds, including numerous women and children, at Guernica in the Basque Country; the event was committed to notoriety by Picasso. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist The Heinkel He 51 was a German single-seat Biplane which was produced in a number of different versions Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and Guernica (ɡeɾˈnika in Spanish Basque: Gernika) is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Two days later, Franco's army overran the town.
After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, they made a move to recapture Segovia, forcing Franco to pull troops away from the Madrid front to halt their advance. Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of the province of Segovia in Castile-Leon. Mola, Franco's second-in-command, was killed on June 3, and in early July, despite the fall of Bilbao in June, the government actually launched a strong counter-offensive in the Madrid area, which the Nationalists repulsed with some difficulty. Bilbao, (also Bilbo) in the North of Spain, is the largest city in the Basque Country and the capital of the province of Biscay (Basque The clash was called "Battle of Brunete" (Brunete is a town in the province of Madrid). The Battle of Brunete ( 6 July &ndash 25 July 1937) fought 15 miles west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the
After that, Franco regained the initiative, invading Aragón in August and then taking the city of Santander. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Battle of Santander was fought over the summer of 1937 in the War in the North campaign in the Spanish Civil War. The port city of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain between Asturias (to the west and After the Basque nationalists surrendered and two months of bitter fighting in Asturias, Gijón finally fell in late October, which effectively ended the war in the North of Spain. The Santoña Agreement or Pact of Santoña is an agreement signed in the town of Guriezo, near Santoña, Cantabria the August 24th Gijón ( Asturian: Xixón) is a coastal industrial city
Meanwhile, on August 28, the Vatican recognized Franco, and at the end of November, with Franco's troops closing in on Valencia, the government had to move again, this time to Barcelona. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia
The war: 1938
The Battle of Teruel was an important confrontation between Nationalist and Republican troops. The Battle of Teruel was fought in and around the city of Teruel during the Spanish Civil War in December 1937-February 1938 The city belonged to the Nationalists at the beginning of the battle, but the Republicans conquered it in January. The Francoist troops launched an offensive and recovered the city by February 22. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne On March 7th, the Nationalists launched the Aragon Offensive. The Aragon Offensive in the Spanish Civil War was the Nationalist campaign that began after the Battle of Teruel. By April 14, they had pushed through to the Mediterranean Sea, cutting the Republican government-held portion of Spain in two. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in The Republican government tried to sue for peace in May[47] but Franco demanded unconditional surrender, and the war raged on. The Nationalist army pressed southward from Teruel and along the coast toward the capital of the Republic at Valencia but were halted in heavy fighting along the fortified XYZ Line. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous The XYZ Line or Matallana Line was a system of fortifications built during the Spanish Civil War to defend the capital of the Second Spanish Republic in Valencia
The Republican government then launched an all-out campaign to reconnect their territory in the Battle of the Ebro, beginning on July 24 and lasting until November 26. The Battle of the Ebro ( Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the last great Republican offensive in the Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" The campaign was militarily unsuccessful, and was undermined by the Franco-British appeasement of Hitler in Munich. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. The concession of Czechoslovakia destroyed the last vestiges of Republican morale by ending all hope of an anti-fascist alliance with the great powers. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The retreat from the Ebro all but determined the final outcome of the war. Eight days before the new year, Franco struck back by throwing massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
The war: 1939
Franco's troops conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939. Tarragona fell on January 14, followed by Barcelona on January 26 and Girona on February 5. Tarragona (tərəˈɣonə in Catalan) is a city located in the south of Catalonia and east of Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Girona ( Catalan: Girona ʒiˈɾonə Spanish: Gerona xeˈɾona is a city located in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Five days after the fall of Girona, the last resistance in Catalonia was broken.
On February 27, the governments of the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the Republican government forces. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Then, on March 28, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (not as effective as described by General Mola in his propagandistic broadcasts of 1936 referring to the so-called "fifth column"), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal such as a Nation. The next day, Valencia, which had held out under their guns for close to two years, also surrendered. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Franco proclaimed victory in a radio speech aired on April 1, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
After the end of the War, there were harsh reprisals against Franco's former enemies,[48] when thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and at least 30,000 executed. [49] Others have calculated these deaths at from 50,000 to 200,000. Many others were put to forced labour, building railways, drying out swamps, digging canals (La Corchuela, the Canal of the Bajo Guadalquivir), construction of the Valle de los Caídos monument, etc. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will The Guadalquivir is the fifth longest River in Spain (after the Tagus, Ebro, Duero and Guadiana) and the longest in The Valle de los Caídos (in English Valley of the Fallen) is a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley Hundreds of thousands of other Republicans fled abroad, especially to France and Mexico. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Some 500,000 of them fled to France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [50]
On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division [51]). The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race There have been Internment camps and Concentration camps in France before during and after World War II. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Camp Gurs was an internment and refugee camp constructed by the French government in 1939 Le Vernet Internment Camp, or Camp Vernet, was a concentration camp in Le Vernet, Ariège, near Pamiers, in the French Pyrenees The Durruti Column was the most famous column of anarchist fighters during the Spanish Civil War. The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories (Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary Spaniards). The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries See Gudari for disambiguation It was also the pseudonym of the Basque nationalist Eli Gallastegi. The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irún. Irun (old Basque for 'fortified town' Spanish: Irún) is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Guipuscoa ( From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification" according to the Law of Political Responsibilities. Miranda de Ebro is a city in the province of Burgos, belonging to the region of the Ebro in Castile and León, Spain.
After the proclamation by Marshall Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round-up those who had been liberated from the camp. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The National Police ( police nationale) formerly the Sûreté Nationale, is one of two National police forces and the main civil law enforcement Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. Drancy deportation campof Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the Extermination camps. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers About 5,000 Spaniards thus died in Mauthausen concentration camp [52]. Mauthausen Concentration Camp (known from the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp) grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, who had been named by the Chilean President Pedro Aguirre Cerda special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping more than 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the Winnipeg. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Pedro Abelino Aguirre Cerda ( February 6, 1879 - November 25, 1941) was a Chilean Political figure. The Winnipeg is the name of a Ship which arrived at Valparaíso, Chile, on 3 September, 1939, with 2200 Spanish Immigrants
After the official end of the war, guerrilla war was waged on an irregular basis, well into the 1950s, being gradually reduced by the scant support from an exhausted population and military defeats. The Spanish Maquis were Spanish Guerrillas exiled in France after the Spanish Civil War who continued to fight against the Franco regime In 1944, a group of republican veterans, who also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but they were defeated after 10 days. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Aran Valley (Era Val d'Aran la Vall d'Aran El Valle de Arán is a small valley (620 Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
Social revolution
In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragón and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and peasants collectivised land and industry, and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The term social revolution may have different connotations depending on the speaker Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Land rights are those Property rights that pertain to Real estate land For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" This revolution was opposed by both the Soviet-supported communists, who ultimately took their orders from Stalin's politburo (which feared a loss of control), and the Social Democratic Republicans (who worried about the loss of civil property rights). Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The agrarian collectives had considerable success despite opposition and lack of resources, as Franco had already captured lands with some of the richest natural resources. A collective is a group of people who share or are motivated by at least one common issue or interest or work together on a specific project(s to achieve a common objective [53]
As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to leverage their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through both diplomacy and force. Anarchists and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, or POUM) were integrated with the regular army, albeit with resistance; the POUM was outlawed and falsely denounced as an instrument of the fascists. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero In the May Days of 1937, many hundreds or thousands of anti-fascist soldiers fought one another for control of strategic points in Barcelona, recounted by George Orwell in Homage to Catalonia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the
People
Political parties and organizations
| The Popular Front (Republican) | Supporters of the Popular Front (Republican) | Nationalists (Francoist) | |
The Popular Front was an electoral alliance formed between various left-wing and centrist parties for elections to the Cortesin 1936, in which the alliance won a majority of seats. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer ( January 1, 1872 &ndash May 14, 1938) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War. José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra ( February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists Juan Yagüe Blanco (1891 &ndash October 29, 1952) was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War. José Enrique Varela Iglesias (born in San Fernando, Cadiz, Spain, April 17, 1891 - died in Tangier, Spanish Morocco Rafael García Valiño (1898&ndash1975 was a Spanish Army Officer who participated in the Spanish Civil War. Luis Carrero Blanco 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco ( March 4, 1903, Santoña, Cantabria &ndash December 20, 1973, Fidel Dávila Arrondo ( April 24 1878 - March 22 1962) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War. José Millán-Astray y Terreros ( July 5, 1879 – January 1, 1954) was the founder and first commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion Juan Alberto March Ordinas (1880–1962 also known as Joan March i Ordinas, was a Spanish Financier and British agent on the side Eoin O'Duffy (Eoin Ó Dubhthaigh 20 October 1892 – 30 November 1944 was in succession a Teachta Dála (TD the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante Mohammed ben Mizzian ( February 1, 1897 - May 1, 1975) was a Francoist general from Spanish Morocco (Beni Ensar near Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Juan de la Cierva (21 September 1895 – 9 December 1936 was a Spanish Civil engineer and pilot Ramón Serrano Súñer ( September 12, 1901 – September 1, 2003) was a Spanish politician and creator of the radio station Heli Rolando de Tella y Cantos (1888 – October 10, 1962) was a decorated Spanish soldier and Military officer who served in the Moroccan Carlos Asensio Cabanillas (1892 - 1969 was a Spanish soldier and Statesman who served during the Spanish Civil War, rising in command from Colonel Antonio Castejón Espinosa (1896 - 1969 was a Spanish army officer from the Army of Africa who fought for the Nationalists in the Spanish Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban Francis Claud Cockburn (ˈkoːbərn "co-burn" ( Peking, April 12, 1904 &ndash December 15, 1981) was a renowned radical Joaquín Arderíus y Sánchez Fortún (May 1885 Lorca, in Murcia &mdash January 20 1969, Mexico City) was a Spanish experimental Henry Norman Bethune ( March 4, 1890 &ndash November 12, 1939) was a Canadian Physician and medical innovator Pedro García Cabrera ( August 19, 1905 - March 20, 1981) was a Spanish writer and poet Santiago Carrillo Solares (born January 18, 1915) Spanish politician was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE Buenaventura Durruti Dumange ( July 14, 1896 &ndash November 20, 1936) was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the period Francesc Sabaté Llopart ( March 30, 1915 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain &ndash January 5, 1960 Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as Fernando Gerassi ( October 5, 1899 - 1974 was a Sephardic Jew born in Turkey. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 José Giral Pereira ( Santiago de Cuba, 1879 - Mexico, 1962 was a Spanish politician during the Second Spanish Republic. Valentín González (1909 – October 20, 1983) was a Republican military commander during the Spanish Civil War. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Miguel Hernández is also the name of a Spanish University Miguel Hernández ( October 30, 1910 - March 28, Dolores Ibárruri Gómez, also known as La Pasionaria (the Passion flower) ( December 9, 1895 &ndash November 12, Francisco Largo Caballero ( October 15, 1869 - March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and Trade unionist He was one of Enrique Líster Forján ( April 21 1907, Ameneiro A Coruña &mdash December 8 1995, Madrid) was a Spanish André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture Diego Martínez Barrio (1882 Seville —1965 Paris) was a Spanish politician during the Second Spanish Republic, and was briefly appointed José Miaja Menant ( Oviedo, Asturias, 1878 - Mexico, January 14, 1958) was a Spanish Army Officer in the Second Spanish Republic Juan Modesto Guilloto León ( El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, 1906 &ndash Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1968 was a Republican army officer during Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Indalecio Prieto Tuero ( April 30, 1883 - February 11, 1962) was a Spanish politician one of the leading figures of the Spanish Melchor Rodríguez García (also known as El Ángel Rojo - Red Angel; 1893 &mdash February 14 1972) was a Spanish politician Vicente Rojo Lluch (1894 Fuente la Higuera, in Valencia &ndash June 15 1966 Madrid) was a prominent Republican army officer James Robertson Justice ( 15 June 1907 - 2 July 1975) was a popular Anglo-Scottish Character actor in British films Henri Rol-Tanguy (1908&ndash2002 was a French Communist and leader in the French Resistance. Laurence Edward Alan "Laurie" Lee MBE ( June 26 1914 – May 13, 1997) was an English Poet, Novelist Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Emma Goldman (June 27 1869 – May 14 1940 was an anarchist known for her political activism writing and speeches Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg (Илья́ Григо́рьевич Эренбу́рг) ( Kiev, Russian Empire) &ndash August 31, 1967 ( Simon Samuel Krafsur ( January 10, 1913 &ndash June 1983 was a Boston -born Journalist who worked for the Soviet news agency Carl Aldo Marzani ( 4 March 1912 - 11 December 1994) was an American who served in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS during Robert Miller or Bob Miller may refer to In sports Bob Miller (1890s pitcher (1862–1931 a baseball pitcher in 1890–91 Bob Ture "Ten Head" Nerman ( May 18, 1886, Norrköping – October 7, 1969) was a Swedish Socialist Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby or HAR Philby ( OBE: 1946-1965 ( 1 January, 1912 – 11 May, 1988) Ludwig Renn ( April 22 1889 — July 21 1979) was a German writer Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a Alexander Mikhailovich Orlov (Александр Михайлович Орлов ( Leiba Lazarevich Felbing, ru Лейба Лазаревич Фельбинг ( 21 August Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist Nicolás Cristóbal Guillén Batista ( 10 July 1902 &ndash 16 July 1989) was an Afro-Cuban Poet. Martha Gellhorn ( 8 November 1908 - 15 February 1998) was an American Novelist, Travel Eddie August Henry Schneider ( October 20, Bertrand Blanchard Acosta ( January 1, 1895 &ndash September 1, 1954) was an aviator who flew in the Spanish Civil War in the Frank Glasgow Tinker ( July 14, 1909 &ndash June 13, 1939) was an American Mercenary Fighter pilot for the The Cortes Generales ( Spanish for General Courts or Cortes Españolas, Spanish Courts) is the Legislature of Spain.
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Virtually all Nationalist groups had very strong Roman Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy.
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Notes
- ^ Thomas, p. 628
- ^ Thomas, p. 619
- ^ The number of casualties is disputed; estimates generally suggest that between 500,000 and 1 million people were killed. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concludes that 500,000 deaths is the correct figure. Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War (2001), pp. xviii & 899–901, inclusive.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 632 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007)
- ^ Torres Gutiérrez, Alejandro ,RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IN SPAIN. A NEW MODEL OF RELATIONSHIPS? Center for Study on New Religions 2002
- ^ AnticlericalismBrittanica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Paz, Jose Antonio Souto Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain Brigham Young University Law Review Jan. 1, 2001
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 632 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007)
- ^ Stepan, Alfred, Arguing Comparative Politics, p. 221, Oxford University Press
- ^ Payne, Stanley George The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism p. 118 (2004 Yale University Press)
- ^ Payne, Stanley George The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism p. 118 (2004 Yale University Press)
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 642 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007)
- ^ a b Preston, Paul, Franco and Azaña, Volume: 49 Issue: 5, May 1999, pp. 17–23
- ^ The statistics on assassinations, destruction of religious buildings, etc. immediately before the start of the war come from The Last Crusade: Spain: 1936 by Warren Carroll (Christendom Press, 1998). He collected the numbers from Historia de la Persecución Religiosa en España (1936–1939) by Antonio Montero Moreno (Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 3rd edition, 1999).
- ^ Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso Calvo Sotelo: Vida y muerte (2004) Barcelona. Thomas, Hugh The Spanish Civil War (1961, rev. 2001) New York pp. 196–198 and p. 309. Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. His squad had originally sought to arrest Gil Robles as a reprisal for Castillo's murder, but Robles was not at home, so they went to the house of Calvo Sotelo. Thomas concluded that the intention of Condés was to arrest Calvo Sotelo and that Cuenca acted on his own initiative, although he acknowledges other sources that dispute this finding. Cuenca and Condés were both killed in action in the first Rebel offensive against Madrid shortly after the start of the war.
- ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, (1987), p. 8.
- ^ Hugh Thomas, (1987), p. 207.
- ^ Hugh Thomas notes, in a footnote, that the remark does not appear in the official record of debates, nor was it heard by two reliable witnesses who then were present, Henry Buckley and Miguel Maura. Hugh Thomas, (1987), p. 207.
- ^ Alpert, Michael BBC History Magazine April 2002
- ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain (2006), pp 30-33
- ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, (1987), pp. 86–90.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 26, p. 646-647 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 15, 2007)
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 641-647 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 15, 2007)Among the non-constitutional actions of the Republicans prior to the revolt, he mentions, for example, the removal of President Alcalá Zamora on specious grounds; the declaration of an amnesty for leftist political prisoners "without bothering to observe full constitutional requirements"; the siezure of private property without due process; the disenfranchisement of the center and the conservatves, after which the "extreme left" used its power to bypass the Republic's constitutional system; the local implementations of the promised agrarian reform in Badajoz province, which were only legalized by the government ex post facto; and a "wave of terrorism and street violence" by leftist militias. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community
- ^ Preston, Paul, "From rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power," History Today Volume: 33 Issue: 11, November 1983, pp. 4–10
- ^ Alpert, Michael BBC History Magazine April 2002
- ^ notes to the documentary Reportaje Del Movimiento Revolucionario en Barcelona, Hastings Free TV
- ^ Beevor, The Battle for Spain, (2006) ("Chapter 21: The Propaganda War and the Intellectuals")
- ^ Business & Blood - Time, Monday, 19 April 1937
- ^ Bennett, Scott, Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press, 2003; Prasad, Devi, War is A Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International, London, WRI, 2005. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Also see Hunter, Allan, White Corpsucles in Europe, Chicago, Willett, Clark & Co. , 1939; and Brown, H. Runham, Spain: A Challenge to Pacifism, London, The Finsbury Press, 1937.
- ^ Spanish Civil War: Casualties
- ^ Spanish Civil War
- ^ A revelatory account of the Spanish civil war
- ^ "Men of La Mancha". Rev. of Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain. The Economist (June 22, 2006).
- ^ Julius Ruiz, "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". Journal of Contemporary History 42. 1 (2007):97.
- ^ International justice begins at home by Carlos Alberto Montaner, Miami Herald, August 4, 2003
- ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006), p. The Miami Herald is a daily Newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company headquartered in Downtown Miami Florida. 89.
- ^ Preston 2007, p. 121
- ^ Preston 2007, p. 120
- ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006), pp 88-89.
- ^ (1) (Spanish) Rafael Tenorio, Las matanzas de Badajoz ("The massacres of Badajoz"), originally in Tiempo de Historia, Number 56, July 1979.
(2) Other stories of people who were murdered by the nationalists because of their beliefs: (Spanish) Víctimas del fascismo en la Fosa Común de Oviedo ("Victims of Fascism in the Mass Grave of Oviedo"), fosacomun. com; see also many articles (also in Spanish) at Asociación para la recuperación de la memoria histórica. - ^ Julio de la Cueva, "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War" Journal of Contemporary History 33. 3 (July 1998): 355.
- ^ Thousands of Servant of God candidates for sainthood have been accepted by the Vatican "General Index: Martyrs of the Religious Persecution during the Spanish Civil War (X 1934, 36–39)"
- ^ New Evangelization with the Saints, L'Osservatore Romano 28 November 2001, page 3 (Weekly English Edition)
- ^ Tucson priests one step away from sainthood Arizona Star 06. Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person 12. 2007
- ^ Article that explains how the Stalinist NKVD tortured the prisoners in the Checas: 1
- ^ History website where this situation is explained: 1. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat
- ^ Thomas, p. 820-821
- ^ Spain: Repression under Franco after the Civil War
- ^ Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco
- ^ Spanish Civil War fighters look back
- ^ (French) Camp Vernet Website
- ^ Film documentary on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration (French)
- ^ Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship
- ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, (1961) p. 176
Bibliography
- Alpert, Michael (2004). A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1171-1.
- Beevor, Antony (2001 reissued). Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-100148-8.
- Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297-848325.
- Bennett, Scott (2003). Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915-1963. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3028-X.
- Brenan, Gerald (1990, reissued). Gerald Brenan CBE (1894–1987 was a British writer who spent much of his life in Spain. The Spanish labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39827-4.
- Cox, Geoffrey (1937). Sir Geoffrey Sandford Cox CNZM, CBE ( 7 April 1910 &ndash 2 April 2008) was a New Zealand born British The Defence of Madrid. London: Victor Gollancz. ISBN 1 877372 3 84 (reprinted 2006 review).
- Doyle, Bob (2006). Brigadista – an Irishman's fight against fascism. Dublin: Currach Press. ISBN 1-85607-939-2.
- Francis, Hywel (2006). Miners against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
- Graham, Helen (2002). The Spanish republic at war, 1936–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45932-X.
- Greening, Edwin (2006). From Aberdare to Albacete: A Welsh International Brigader's Memoir of His Life. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
- Howson, Gerald (1998). Arms for Spain. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-24177-1.
- Ibarruri, Dolores (1976). They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino by Dolores Ibarruri). New York: International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0468-2.
- Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8.
- Jellinek, Frank (1938). The Civil War in Spain. London: Victor Gollanz (Left Book Club).
- Koestler, Arthur (1983). Arthur Koestler CBE ( September 5, 1905, Budapest &ndash March 3, 1983, London) was a Dialogue with death. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-34776-5.
- Kowalsky, Daniel. La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola. Barcelona: Critica. ISBN 84-8432-490-7.
- Low, Mary; Juan Breá (1979 reissue of 1937 edition). Red Spanish Notebook. San Francisco: City Light Books (originally Martin Secker & Warburg). ISBN 0-87286-132-5.
- Malraux, André (1941). André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture L'Espoir (Man's Hope). New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-394-60478-4.
- Marcos del Olmo, Mª Concepción (2003); La Segunda República y la Guerra Civil, Actas editorial, Madrid.
- Moa, Pío; Los Mitos de la Guerra Civil, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003.
- O'Riordan, Michael (2005). Michael O'Riordan ( November 11, 1917 – May 18, 2006) was the founder of the Communist Party of Ireland (3rd and also fought with The Connolly Column. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
- Orwell, George (2000, first published in 1938). Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Homage to Catalonia. London: Penguin Books in association with Martin Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-14-118305-5.
- Payne, Stanley (2004). The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10068-X.
- Prasad, Devi (2005). War is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International. London: War Resisters' International, wri-irg. org. ISBN 0-903517-20-5.
- Preston, Paul (1978). Paul Preston (born 1946 is a British Historian, specialized in Spanish history in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than The Coming of the Spanish Civil War. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-23724-2.
- Preston, Paul (1996). Paul Preston (born 1946 is a British Historian, specialized in Spanish history in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War. London: Fontana. ISBN 978-0006863731.
- Preston, Paul (2007). The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge, W. W. Norton and Company, ISBN 0393329879.
- Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1962). Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941. Freeport, N. Y: Books for Libraries Press (originally Columbia University Press, N. Y. ). ISBN 0-8369-6868-9.
- Radosh, Ronald; Mary Habeck, Grigory Sevostianov (2001). Ronald Radosh (b 1937, New York City) is an American historian specializing in the Cold War. Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08981-3.
- Rust, William (2003 Reprint of 1939 edition). Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren and Pell.
- Stradling, Rob (1996). Cardiff and The Spanish Civil War. Cardiff (CF1 6AG): Butetown History and Arts Centre. ISBN 1-898317-06-2.
- Thomas, Hugh (2003 reissued). Hugh Thomas Baron Thomas of Swynnerton (born October 21, 1931 in Windsor) is a British Historian. The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-101161-0.
- Walters, Guy (2006). Guy Walters (born August 8, 1971, Kensington, London) is a British Author and Journalist. Berlin Games – How Hitler Stole the Olympic Dream. London, New York: John Murray (UK), HarperCollins (US). ISBN 0-7195-6783-1, 0-0608-7412-0.
- Wheeler, George; Jack Jones (foreword), David Leach (editor) (2003). Captain George Montague Wheeler (born Grafton Massachusetts October 9 1842 was a pioneering Explorer and Cartographer, leader of the Wheeler Survey, Jack Jones may refer to Jack Jones (banker, Texan tycoon Jack Jones (singer (born 1938 American jazz and pop singer David Leach may refer to David Leach (musician David Leach (potter David Leach (admiral Vice To Make the People Smile Again: a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. ISBN 1-903506-07-7.
- Williams, Alun Menai (2004). From the Rhondda to the Ebro: The Story of a Young Life. Pontypool, Wales (NP4 7AG): Warren & Pell.
- Wilson, Ann; Raymond Carr (introduction) (1986). Images of the Spanish Civil War. London: Allen & Unwin.
See also
- Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
- Proxy war
- European Civil War
- Spain in World War II
- Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
- Spanish Bombs (Song by The Clash)
- SS Cantabria
Related films
- España 1936, pro-Republican documentary by Luis Buñuel. The Spanish Civil War lasted from July 17 1936 to April 1 1939. A proxy war is the war that results when two powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly The European Civil War is a period includes World War I, World War II and Inter-war period referring to the many major European regime changes While officially Non-belligerent during the Second World War, General Franco's Spanish State gave considerable material economic, and military The following is a list of known surviving Veterans of the Spanish Civil War ( July 17, 1936 - April 1, 1939) "Spanish Bombs" is a song by The Clash, sung by Joe Strummer, and featured on their 1979 double album London Calling. For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were The Incident The SS Cantabria built in 1919 as the War Chief at the shipyards of J A documentary short made by Luis Buñuel about the early days of the Spanish Civil War. Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico
- The Spanish Earth (Joris Ivens, 1937; pro-Republican documentary, narrated by Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos. The Spanish Earth (1937 was a Propaganda film made during the Spanish Civil War in favor of the Republicans ( communists socialists Joris Ivens ( November 18 1898, Nijmegen &ndash June 28 1989, Paris) was a Dutch Documentary filmmaker and devout Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. John Roderigo Dos Passos ( January 14, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1970) was an American Novelist and artist
- Defenders of the Faith, 1938; pro-Nationalist documentary by Russell Palmer
- Raza (Jose Luis Saenz de Heredia, 1942)
- For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943, from the Ernest Hemingway novel)
- The Fallen Sparrow, (Richard Wallace, 1943, from the Dorothy B. Hughes novel; John Garfield played a Spanish Civil War veteran who has returned to New York City to find out the truth about his friend's death). This article is about the album For the title see Fidei defensor. Raza is a 1942 Spanish semi-auto biographical War film directed by José Luis Sáenz de Heredia. For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1943 film in Technicolor based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. Samuel Grosvenor (Sam Wood ( July 10 1883 – September 22 1949) was a prolific Hollywood director he also did some production writing Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Richard Wallace may refer to Sir Richard Wallace 1st Baronet (1818–1890 English art collector Richard Wallace (director (1894–1951 Dorothy B Hughes ( 10 August 1904 – 6 May 1993) was an American crime writer and critic John Garfield ( March 4, 1913 – May 21, 1952) was an Academy Award -nominated American actor The City of New York
- Behold a Pale Horse, (Fred Zinnemann), 1964, loosely based on the life of Catalan anarchist Francisco Sabaté Llopart. Behold a Pale Horse is a 1964 film directed by Fred Zinnemann, based on the novel Killing a Mouse on Sunday by Emeric Pressburger, which itself Fred Zinnemann ( April 29, 1907 &ndash March 14, 1997) was an Academy Award -winning Austrian American Francesc Sabaté Llopart ( March 30, 1915 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain &ndash January 5, 1960
- The Spirit of the Beehive (El espíritu de la colmena) (Víctor Erice, 1973)
- The Guernica Tree (L'Arbre de Guernica) (Fernando Arrabal, 1976)
- La Colmena (Mario Camus), (1982)
- Bicycles are for Summer, (Jaime Chavarri), (1984)
- The Heifer (La vaquilla) (Luis García Berlanga, 1985)
- The Spanish Civil War (BBC-Granada, 1987)
- ¡Ay, Carmela! (Carlos Saura, Spain/Italy 1990) Comedy/drama about two actors who find themselves on the wrong side of the front line. The Spirit of the Beehive (Spanish El espíritu de la colmena) ( 1973) is a quiet enigmatic Drama film featuring a very young child Víctor Erice Aras was born in Karrantza in Biscay ( Spain) He studied law political science and economics at the University of Madrid also attended the Fernando Arrabal Terán (born August 11, 1932 in Melilla, Spain) is a Spanish playwright, screenwriter, This article is about the film For the novel upon which the film is based see La Colmena La Colmena (tr Mario Camus ( Santander, April 20, 1935) is a Spanish Screenwriter and Film director. Bicycles are for Summer (Las bicicletas son para el verano is a Spanish play written by Fernando Fernán Gómez in 1984 that deals with the effects of Jaime Chávarri y de la Mora (born March 20, 1943) is a Spanish actor screenwriter and film director Luis García Berlanga (born in Valencia, on 12 June 1921) is a Spanish Film director and Screenwriter. ¡Ay Carmela! is a 1990 Spanish Film directed by Carlos Saura and based on the eponymous play by José Sanchís Carlos Saura (born 4 January 1932, Atarés, Huesca) is a Spanish film director
- Belle Époque (Fernando Trueba, 1992)
- Land and Freedom (Ken Loach, 1995) The war seen through the eyes of a British volunteer. Belle Époque is a 1992 Spanish Film directed by Fernando Trueba. Fernando Trueba ( January 18 1955 in Madrid) is an award-winning Spanish book editor Screenwriter and Film director. Land and Freedom is a 1995 Film (alternative title Tierra y Libertad) directed by Ken Loach and written by Jim Allen Kenneth Loach (born 17 June 1936) known as Ken Loach, is an English television and Film director.
- Libertarias (Vicente Aranda, 1996)
- Vivir la Utopia (Living Utopia) by Juan Gamero, Arte-TVE, Catalunya 1997
- La hora de los valientes (Brave's time) by Antonio Mercero 1998
- La Lengua de las Mariposas (Butterflies), José Luis Cuerda, 1999)
- The Devil's Backbone (El espinazo del diablo) (Guillermo del Toro, 2001)
- Soldados de Salamina (David Trueba, 2002)
- Pan's Labyrinth (El Laberinto del Fauno) (Guillermo del Toro, 2006)
- Carol's Journey (Viaje de Carol) (Ángel García Roldán, 2002)
Related literature
- Behind the Spanish Barricades by John Langdon-Davies (1936)
- Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell (1938)
- For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway (1940)
- 40 Preguntas Fundamentales sobre la Guerra Civil by Stanley G. Payne (2006)
- The Living and the Dead by Patrick White (1941)
- As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning by Laurie Lee (1969)
- A Moment of War by Laurie Lee (1991)
- The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafón (2001)
- L'espoir by Andre Malraux
- Diamond square by Mercè Rodoreda (1962)
- Bicycles are for summer by Fernando Fernán Gómez(1976)
- Les Grands cimetieres sous la Lune by Georges Bernanos
- Spain in my hearth (España en el corazón) by Pablo Neruda
- Labyrinth of Struggle by Mauricio Escobar (2006)
- The Wall, a book and a short story by Jean-Paul Sartre
- La Colmena by Camilo Jose Cela
- Winter in Madrid by C. J. Sansom
- Human Cannon by Edward Bond
External links
Primary documents
- Magazines and journals published during the war, an online exhibit maintained by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- A collection of essays by Albert and Vera Weisbord with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War. Libertarias is a Spanish historical drama made in 1996 It was written and directed by Vicente Aranda. Vicente Aranda (born on 9 November 1926 in Barcelona) is a Spanish Film director, Screenwriter and producer La hora de los valientes or A Time for Defiance is a 1998 Spanish war Drama film directed by Antonio Mercero Antonio Mercero (born March 7, 1936) is a Spanish director of the series Verano azul and later Farmacia de guardia. José Luis Cuerda ( 18 February, 1947 Albacete) is a Spanish Film director, Screenwriter and producer. The Devil's Backbone ( Spanish: El espinazo del diablo, literally The Backbone of the Devil) is a 2001 Mexican Guillermo del Toro Gómez (born October 9, 1964) is an Academy Award -nominated Mexican filmmaker Soldados de Salamina is a Novel published in 2001 by Spanish author Javier Cercas, and a movie based on the book was produced in 2003 David Trueba (born Madrid, 10 September 1969) is a Spanish novelist Film director and Screenwriter. Pan's Labyrinth (Spanish El laberinto del fauno, literally The Labyrinth of the Faun) is a 2006 Spanish language Guillermo del Toro Gómez (born October 9, 1964) is an Academy Award -nominated Mexican filmmaker John Eric Langdon-Davies (1897 – 1971 was a British author and Journalist. Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940 Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. Stanley George Payne (born 1934 in Denton Texas) is a Historian of modern Spain and European Fascism at the University The Living and the Dead is Jolie Holland 's fourth studio Album. Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 — 30 September 1990 was an Australian author who was widely regarded as a major English-language novelist of the 20th century As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning ( 1969) is a book by British author Laurie Lee. Laurence Edward Alan "Laurie" Lee MBE ( June 26 1914 – May 13, 1997) was an English Poet, Novelist A Moment of War (1991 by author Laurie Lee is the last book of his semi-autobiographical trilogy Laurence Edward Alan "Laurie" Lee MBE ( June 26 1914 – May 13, 1997) was an English Poet, Novelist The Shadow of the Wind ( La sombra del viento) is a 2001 Novel by Spanish writer Carlos Ruiz Zafón, and a worldwide bestseller Carlos Ruiz Zafón is a Spanish novelist Born in Barcelona in 1964 he has lived in Los Angeles, United States, since 1993 and works as André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí ( Barcelona, 1908 – Girona, 1983 was a Spanish Catalan novelist Fernando Fernán Gómez ( August 28, 1921 &ndash November 21, 2007) was a Spanish actor and director Georges Bernanos ( February 20 1888, Paris – July 5 1948, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French author and a soldier Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Labyrinth of Struggle (2006 is a Novel by Mauricio Escobar that mixes different genres of storytelling focusing on the horrible conditions and obstacles The Wall by Jean-Paul Sartre, a collection of short stories containing the eponymous story "The Wall" is considered one of the author's greatest Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French The Hive (La Colmena (also translated as The Beehive) is a novel written by the Spanish author Camilo José Cela, first published in 1951 Don Camilo José Cela Trulock Marquis of Iria Flavia (Don Camilo José Cela Trulock marqués de Iria Flavia ( May 11, 1916 — January C J Sansom is an English writer of crime novels Life Christopher John Sansom was born in 1952 and was educated at the University of Birmingham Edward Bond (born 18 July 1934) is an English Playwright, Theatre director, Poet This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of
- Constitución de la República Española (1931)
- La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary, a detailed chronicle of the events of the war
- Ronald Hilton, Spain, 1931–36, From Monarchy to Civil War, An Eyewitness Account
- Mary Low and Juan Breá: Red Spanish Book. A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution text archive in the libcom. org library
- Pamphlets on the Spanish Civil War published in the UK
Images and films
- Spain in Revolt 1, newsreel documentary (Video Stream)
- Spain in Revolt 2, newsreel documentary (Video Stream)
- Revistas y Guerra 1936-1939: La Guerra Civil Espanola y la Cultura Impresa online exhibition
- Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters hosted online by Visual Arts Data Service (VADS)
- Posters of the Spanish Civil War from UCSD's Southworth collection
- Civil War Documentaries made by the CNT
- Spanish Civil War and Revolution image gallery – photographs and posters from the conflict
- The Spanish Civil War and Revolution 1936–1939 Web sites, articles, books & pamphlets online, and films (on Tidsskriftcentret. dk)
- Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War
- "spanish+civil+war") 64 "spanish civil war" objects in The European Library Harvest
Academics and governments
- (Spanish) A description, according to the Vatican, of the religious persecution suffered by Catholics during the Spanish Civil War. The European Library is an Internet service that offers access to the resources of 47 European National libraries.
- Professor Marek Jan Chodakiewicz on The Spanish Civil War
- A History of the Spanish Civil War, excerpted from a U. S. government country study.
- Columbia Historical Review Dutch Involvement in the Spanish Civil War
- Noam Chomsky's Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship
- "The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy" on BBC Radio 4’s In Our Time featuring Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Dr Mary Vincent
- Audio Interview: Sid Lowe on the Juventud de Accion Popular and the Outbreak of Civil War in Spain [1]
Other
- Obituary of Rosario Sanchez Mora, a seamstress, volunteer soldier, teenage war-bride and mother, underground resistance activist and tobacconist
- Anarchism in the Spanish Revolution
- Patrick Joseph Read: An Irish Anarchist in the Spanish Civil War, by Ciaran Crossey
- Spain and Peace, a pamphlet on the Spanish Civil War by Howard Fast
- The Anarcho-Statists of Spain, a different view of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War, George Mason University
- A reply to the above by an anarchist
- Spanish Civil War information, from Spartacus Educational
- American Jews in Spanish Civil War, by Martin Sugarman
- Causa General, conclusions of the process started by Franco's government after the war to judge their enemies' actions during the conflict (in Spanish)
- Irish and Jewish Volunteers in the Spanish Anti-Fascist War, by Manus O'Riordan
- The Spanish Revolution, 1936–39 articles & links, from Anarchy Now!
- The Revolutionary Institutions: The Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias, by Juan García Oliver
- Warships of the Spanish Civil War
- ¡No Pasarán! Speech Dolores Ibárruri's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic
- ¡No Pasarán! 36, Spanish Civil War website including photos and videos
In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. Howard Melvin Fast (11 November 1914 New York City - 12 March 2003 Old Greenwich, Connecticut) was a Jewish American Novelist and George Mason University (also referred to as GMU or Mason) is a large Public university in the United States. John Simkin (born 25 June 1945 in London) is an English history teacher and is the founder and author of Spartacus Educational, a historical
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