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Aurora australis observed by Discovery, May 1991.
Aurora australis observed by Discovery, May 1991. Space Shuttle Discovery ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103 is one of the three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar space). The weather is a set of all the phenomena occurring in a given Atmosphere at a given Time. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies. Interstellar Space was the one of the final studio albums recorded by the saxophonist John Coltrane before his death in 1967 originally-released posthumously "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the solar system. " [1]

Within our own solar system, space weather is greatly influenced by the speed and density of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) carried by the solar wind plasma. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. The solar wind is a Stream of charged particles&mdasha plasma &mdashthat are ejected from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. The Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF is the term for the Sun ’s Magnetic field carried by the Solar wind among the Planets of the Solar In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound A variety of physical phenomena are associated with space weather, including geomagnetic storms and substorms, energization of the Van Allen radiation belts, ionospheric disturbances and scintillation, aurora and geomagnetically induced currents at Earth's surface. A geomagnetic storm or solar storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth 's Magnetosphere caused by a disturbance in Space weather. The Van Allen radiation belt is a Torus of energetic Charged particles ( plasma) around Earth, held in place by Earth's Magnetic Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC affecting the normal operation of long technological conductor systems are a manifestation at ground level of Space weather Coronal Mass Ejections and their associated shock waves are also important drivers of space weather as they can compress the magnetosphere and trigger geomagnetic storms. A coronal mass ejection (CME is an ejection of material from the solar Corona, usually observed with a white-light Coronagraph. For the music album by Converter see Shock Front For the 1977 horror film see Shock Waves A shock wave (also called A magnetosphere' is a highly magnetized region around and possessed by an Astronomical object. Solar Energetic Particles, accelerated by coronal mass ejections or solar flares, are also an important driver of space weather as they can damage electronics onboard spacecraft and threaten the life of astronauts. Solar Energetic Particles are high-energy particles coming from the Sun which had been first observed in the early 1940s A solar flare is a violent explosion in a star's (like the Sun 's atmosphere releasing as much Energy as 6 × 1025 Joules Solar flares

Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft. There is also some concern that geomagnetic storms may also expose conventional aircraft flying at high latitudes to increased amounts of radiation. [2]

Contents

Satellites observing space weather

Since 1995, the joint NASA-European Space Agency Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft is the main source of near-real time solar data for space weather prediction. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO) is a Spacecraft that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas IIAS launch vehicle on December It was joined in 1998 by the NASA Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), which carries a space weather beacon for continuous transmission of relevant in situ space environment data. SOHO and ACE are located near the L1 Lagrangian point, 1% of the earth-sun distance upstream of the earth where it measures solar wind plasma and magnetic field approximately one hour before it reaches the earth. Most recently, the launch of the NASA-ESA Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) added an additional space weather data stream that covers the region between the sun and the earth with stereoscopic imagery. The two STEREO spacecraft drift away from the earth by about 22deg per year, one leading and the other trailing the earth in its orbit.

Modeling Efforts

Major modelling efforts to simulate the space environment from the Sun to the Earth and beyond using three-dimensional global Magnetohydrodynamics frameworks have been undertaken since the 1990s. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD ( magnetofluiddynamics or hydromagnetics) is the Academic discipline which studies the dynamics of electrically A framework is a basic conceptual structure used to solve or address complex issues In the United States, the two major centers are the Center for Space Environment Modeling (CSEM) and the Center for Integrated Space weather Modeling (CISM).

Examples of space weather events

Space weather at the Earth’s surface

The best known ground-level consequence of space weather is geomagnetically induced currents, or GIC. Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC affecting the normal operation of long technological conductor systems are a manifestation at ground level of Space weather These are damaging electrical currents that can flow in power grids, pipelines and other conducting networks. Rapid magnetic changes on the ground - that occur during geomagnetic storms and are associated with space weather - can also be important for activities such as geophysical mapping and hydrocarbon production. A geomagnetic storm or solar storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth 's Magnetosphere caused by a disturbance in Space weather. Geophysical survey refers to the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies

Geophysical Exploration

Air and ship borne magnetic surveys can be affected by rapid magnetic field variations during geomagnetic storms. An aeromagnetic survey is a common type of Geophysical survey carried out using a Magnetometer aboard or towed behind an aircraft Storms can cause data interpretation problems where the magnetic field changes due to space weather are of similar magnitude to those of the sub-surface crustal magnetic field in the survey area. Accurate geomagnetic storm warnings, including an assessment of the magnitude and duration of the storm, allows for an economic use of survey equipment.

Geophysics and Hydrocarbon Production

For economic and other reasons, oil and gas production often involves the directional drilling of well paths many kilometres from a single wellhead in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Directional drilling (or slant drilling) is the practice of drilling non-vertical wells It can be broken down into three main groups Oilfield Directional The accuracy requirements are strict, due to target size – reservoirs may only be a few tens to hundreds of metres across – and for safety reasons, because of the proximity of other boreholes. Surveying by the most accurate gyroscopic method is expensive, since it can involve the cessation of drilling for a number of hours. An alternative is to use a magnetic survey, which enables measurement while drilling (MWD). Measurement while drilling is a tool that transmits information in real time from the tool located near the drill bit to the surface Near real time magnetic data can be used to correct the drilling direction and nearby magnetic observatories prove vital (Clark and Clarke, 2001; Reay et al, 2006). Magnetic data and storm forecasts can also be helpful in clarifying unknown sources of drilling error on an on-going basis.

Further reading

Links

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Space Weather: A Research Perspective, National Academy of Science, 1997
  2. ^ Mertens, Christopher (2008-01-11). Atmospheric physics is the application of Physics to the study of the atmosphere. In Physics and Chemistry, plasma is an Ionized Gas, in which a certain proportion of Electrons are free rather than being bound A solar flare is a violent explosion in a star's (like the Sun 's atmosphere releasing as much Energy as 6 × 1025 Joules Solar flares History First orbital flights The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik A sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID is an abnormally high ionization/ plasma density in the D region of the Ionosphere caused by a Solar A coronal mass ejection (CME is an ejection of material from the solar Corona, usually observed with a white-light Coronagraph. A geomagnetic storm or solar storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth 's Magnetosphere caused by a disturbance in Space weather. Radio propagation is a term used to explain how Radio waves behave when they are Transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth RAIM is the abbreviation for Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, a technology developed to assess the integrity of Global Positioning System (GPS signals in Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Radio propagation is a term used to explain how Radio waves behave when they are Transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth The health threat from cosmic rays is the danger posed by Cosmic rays generated by the Sun and other stars to astronauts on Interplanetary missions Cosmic The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science "Progress on NASA NAIRAS Model Development" (PDF). , Space Policy Institute Workshop on Space Weather, Aviation, and Spaceflight. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated  
  3. ^ Geomagnetic Storms Can Threaten Electric Power Grid Earth in Space, Vol. 9, No. 7, March 1997, pp. 9-11 (American Geophysical Union)
  4. ^ Space Weather and Satellite loss
  5. ^ United polar flights Mike Stills
  6. ^ 1972 Apollo Mission and SEP events (NASA)
  7. ^ Nozomi Mars Probe hit by a large SEP event

Bibliography

External links

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

Dictionary

space weather

-noun

  1. (meteorology) Any phenomena in space that may have an effect on space vehicles or astronauts, especially solar flare activity and variations in the ionosphere
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