Space is a boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events occur and have relative position and direction. ^[1][2][3]

In classical mechanics, space was treated as being separate from time and is thought of as one of the few fundamental physical quantities. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of A physical Quantity is a physical property that can be quantified In Isaac Newton's view space was absolute, and held that it exists permanently and independently of whether there is any matter in the space or moving through it^[4]. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements

In mathematics spaces with different geometries and numbers of dimensions are described, and this is used in modern physics where both space and time are to be thought of as part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum known as spacetime. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of In mathematics the dimension of a Space is roughly defined as the minimum number of Coordinates needed to specify every point within it SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS From the experimental support for Albert Einstein's theory of relativity scientists now find that space and time cannot be entirely separated. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. In addition, space is found to have physical properties^[5] including intrinsic curvature which varies according to mass distribution. In Mathematics, curvature refers to any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry Therefore it was Einstein's view that space and matter cannot be entirely separated either.

Among physicists and philosophers there is disagreement regarding whether space is itself an entity, or is part of a conceptual framework. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language ^[6]

In philosophy

Main article: Philosophy of space and time

Space has a range of definitions:

• One is a very important part in the fundamental structure of the universe, a set of dimensions in which objects are separated and located, have size and shape, and through which they can move. Philosophy of space and time is the branch of Philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the Ontology, Epistemology, and character of Space In mathematics the dimension of a Space is roughly defined as the minimum number of Coordinates needed to specify every point within it For other uses of Object see Object. In Philosophy, an object is a thing an Entity, or a Being.
• A contrasting view is that space is part of a fundamental abstract mathematical conceptual framework (together with time and number) within which we compare and quantify the distance between objects, their sizes, their shapes, and their speeds. An abstract structure is a Formal object that is defined by a set of laws properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. Quantity is a kind of property which exists as magnitude or multitude In this view, space does not refer to any kind of entity that is a "container" that objects "move through".

These opposing views are relevant also to definitions of time. Space is typically described as having three dimensions, see Three-dimensional space and that three numbers are needed to specify the size of any object and/or its location with respect to another location. Three-dimensional space is a geometric model of the physical Universe in which we live Modern physics does not treat space and time as independent dimensions, but treats both as features of space-time – a conception that challenges intuitive notions of distance and time. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS

An issue of philosophical debate is whether space is an ontological entity itself, or simply a conceptual framework humans need to think (and talk) about the world. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle Another way to frame this is to ask, "Can space itself be measured, or is space part of the measurement system?" The same debate applies also to time, and an important formulation in both areas was given by Immanuel Kant. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg

In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant described space as an a priori intuition that (together with another a priori intuition, time) allows us to comprehend sensual experience. The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft by Immanuel Kant, first published in 1781, second edition 1787, is one "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. Kant referred to such intuitions as noumena and as things in themselves. "Noumena" redirects here For the band see Noumena (band. In Kant's view, neither space nor time are conceived of as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its A framework is a basic conceptual structure used to solve or address complex issues Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantify how far apart events occur. Measurement is the process of estimating the magnitude of some attribute of an object such as its length or weight relative to some standard ( unit of measurement) such as In Philosophy, events are objects in Time or instantiations of properties in objects However, these measurements are applied by our minds to categorize what we sense and are not an inherent part of the thing in itself.

Similar philosophical questions concerning space include: Is space absolute or purely relational? Does space have one correct geometry, or is the geometry of space just a convention? Historical positions in these debates have been taken by Isaac Newton (space is absolute), Gottfried Leibniz (space is relational), and Henri Poincaré (spatial geometry is a convention). Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Jules Henri Poincaré ( 29 April 1854 &ndash 17 July 1912) (ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe was a French Mathematician Two important thought-experiments connected with these questions are: Newton's bucket argument and Poincaré's sphere-world. Isaac Newton 's rotating bucket argument (also known as "Newton's Bucket" attempts to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation The idea of a sphere-world was constructed by Henri Poincaré while pursuing his argument for Conventionalism (see Philosophy of space and time) offered

Mathematics

A tiling of the plane with appropriate geometric distortion gives rise to unbounded hyperbolic geometry within a bounded space, this boundedness would not be visible to an inhabitant of the plane that was subject to the distortion

However, attempts to prove the axioms continually failed, and finally it was discovered that multiple axioms could be constructed that gave different geometries, non-Euclidean geometries, but that appeared Euclidean at very small sizes. In mathematics non-Euclidean geometry describes how this all works--> hyperbolic and Elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry This raised the question whether the nature of space itself at large scales was Euclidean or not.

In modern mathematics, spaces are frequently described as different types of Manifolds which are spaces that locally approximate to Euclidean space and where the properties are defined largely on local connectedness of points that lie on the manifold. A manifold is a mathematical space in which every point has a neighborhood which resembles Euclidean space, but in which the global structure may be

Physics

Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics

Newton's Second Law

History of ... Fundamental concepts Space · Time · Mass · Force Energy · Momentum

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Space is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because there is nothing more fundamental known at present. Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of Macroscopic objects from Projectiles to parts of Machinery, as well as Astronomical objects Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the Early Ideas on Motion The Greek philosophers, and Aristotle in particular were the first to propose that there are abstract principles governing nature For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός In Classical mechanics, momentum ( pl momenta SI unit kg · m/s, or equivalently N · s) is the product Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. On the other hand, it can be related to other fundamental quantities. Thus, similar to other fundamental quantities (like time and mass), space can be explored via measurement and experiment. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object Measurement is the process of estimating the magnitude of some attribute of an object such as its length or weight relative to some standard ( unit of measurement) such as

Astronomy

Main article: Astronomy

Astronomy is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in outer space. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the Universe outside the escape velocities of Celestial bodies.

Relativity

Main article: Theory of relativity

Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. This page is about the scientific concept of relativity for philosophical or sociological theories about relativity see Relativism. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Einstein's discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one object — spacetime. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS It turns out that distances in space or in time separately are not invariant with respect to Lorentz coordinate transformations, but distances in Minkowski space-time along space-time intervals are — which justifies the name. SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS

In addition, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in Minkowski space-time. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in special relativity (where time is sometimes considered an imaginary coordinate) and in general relativity (where different signs are assigned to time and space components of spacetime metric). Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial Geometric interpretation Geometrically imaginary numbers are found on the vertical axis of the complex number plane General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS In the mathematical field of Differential geometry, a metric tensor is a type of function defined on a Manifold (such as a Surface in space

Furthermore, from Einstein's general theory of relativity, it has been shown that space-time is geometrically distorted- curved -near to gravitationally significant masses. General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 ^[7]

Experiments are ongoing to attempt to directly measure gravitational waves. In Physics, a gravitational wave is a Fluctuation in the Curvature of Spacetime which propagates as a wave, traveling outward from This is essentially solutions to the equations of general relativity which describe moving ripples of spacetime. Indirect evidence for this has been found in the motions of the Hulse-Taylor binary system. PSR B1913+16 (also known as J1915+1606 is a Pulsar in a Binary star system, in orbit with another star around a common center of mass

Cosmology

Main article: Shape of the universe

Relativity theory lead to the cosmological question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within Physical cosmology which describes the Geometry of the Universe Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study It appears that space was created in the Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. The overall shape of space is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly which is evident due to the Hubble expansion. Hubble's law is the statement in Physical cosmology that the Redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance

Spatial measurement

Main article: Measurement

The measurement of physical space has long been important. Measurement is the process of estimating the magnitude of some attribute of an object such as its length or weight relative to some standard ( unit of measurement) such as Although earlier societies had developed measuring systems. The International System of Units, (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within science. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding

Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1,299,792,458 of a second. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International This definition coupled with present definition of the second is based on the special theory of relativity, that our space-time is a Minkowski space. The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial SpaceTime is a patent-pending three dimensional graphical user interface that allows end users to search their content such as Google Google Images Yahoo! YouTube eBay Amazon and RSS In Physics and Mathematics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) is the mathematical setting in which Einstein's theory of Special relativity

Geography

Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the Earth, utilizing spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Cartography is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device. Geostatistics apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data in order to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena. Geostatistics evolved in Mineral exploration and mining of Minerals Ores and Coals It is currently applied in disciplines such as Petroleum

Geographical space is often considered as land, and can have a relation to ownership usage (in which space is seen as property or territory). A LAND attack is a DoS (Denial of Service attack that consists of sending a special poison spoofed packet to a computer causing it to lock up Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over Property, which may be an object, land/real estate, Intellectual property Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership, while still other cultures such as Australian Aboriginals, rather than asserting ownership rights to land, invert the relationship and consider that they are in fact owned by the land. This is an article about a class of people as identified and defined within Australian law Spatial planning is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the Public sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales Space can also impact on human and cultural behavior, being an important factor in architecture, where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on farming. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture

Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of airspace and of waters is decided internationally. Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a particular country on top of its territory and Territorial waters or more generally any specific three-dimensional International waterways Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas Other forms of ownership have been recently asserted to other spaces — for example to the radio bands of the electromagnetic spectrum or to cyberspace. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. Cyberspace &mdash from the Greek el Κυβερνήτης (el kybernētēs steersman governor pilot or rudder &mdash is the global domain of electro-magnetics accessed

Public space is a term used to define areas of land as collectively owned by the community, and managed in their name by delegated bodies; such spaces are open to all. A public space refers to an area or place that is open and accessible to all citizens regardless of Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age or While private property is the land culturally owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure. Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual

Abstract space is a term used in geography to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. Abstract space, in Geography, refers to a hypothetical Space characterized by equal and consistent properties a geographic space that is completely homogenous Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena When modeling activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit extraneous variables such as terrain. Extraneous variables are Variables other than the independent variable that may bear any effect on the behaviour of the subject being studied

In psychology

The way in which space is perceived is an area which psychologists first began to study in the middle of the 19th century, and it is now thought by those concerned with such studies to be a distinct branch within psychology. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived.

Other, more specialized topics studied include amodal perception and object permanence. Amodal perception is the term used to describe the full Perception of a physical structure when it is only partially perceived Object permanence is the term used to describe the Awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible The perception of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to hunting and self preservation as well as simply one's idea of personal space. In Psychology and the Cognitive sciences perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory Information. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Self preservation is part of an Animal 's Instinct that demands that the organism survives Personal space, an updated form of Edward T Hall 's 1966 Proxemics, is the region surrounding each person or that area which a person considers their domain or territory

Several space-related phobias have been identified, including agoraphobia (the fear of open spaces), astrophobia (the fear of celestial space), claustrophobia (the fear of enclosed spaces), and kenophobia (the fear of empty spaces). Phobias Phobias (in the clinical meaning of the term are the most common form of Anxiety disorders An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health Agoraphobia is an Anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a Panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape Claustrophobia (from Greek κλειστο closed is the fear of enclosed spaces

See also

• Personal space
• Space exploration
• Aether theories
• Spatial analysis
• Cosmology
• Curvature of space
• Shape of the universe

References