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See also: Soyuz 2 rocket and Soyuz FG
Soyuz rocket on launch pad.
Soyuz rocket on launch pad. Soyuz 2 is the collective designation for the new generation versions of the Russian Soyuz Rocket. The Soyuz-FG Launch vehicle is an improved version of the Soyuz-U, from the R-7 family of rockets designed and constructed by TsSKB-Progress

The Soyuz launch vehicle (Western designation: A-2) is an expendable launch system manufactured by TsSKB-Progress in Samara, Russia. An expendable launch system is a Launch system that uses an expendable launch vehicle (ELV to carry a payload into Space. The Progress State Research and Production Space Center (also known as TsSKB-Progress) is a Russian "Federal State Unitary Enterprise" under the jurisdiction Samara (Сама́ра ( Kuybyshev (ru Ку́йбышев from 1935 to 1990 is one of the largest cities in Russia. It is used as the launcher for the manned Soyuz spacecraft as part of the Soyuz program. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during The Soyuz programme (Союз saˈjus English: Union) is a Human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in It is now also used to launch unmanned Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and for commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. The Guiana Space Centre, or more commonly Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG is a French Spaceport near Kourou in French Guiana. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France Soyuz-U rockets are fueled with kerosene, but the Soyuz-U2 rocket used a variant called Syntin. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid

Contents

History

The launcher was introduced in 1966, deriving from the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7a intercontinental ballistic missile. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Vostok 8K72K specifications Stage Number 1 - Strap-on Boosters 4 x Vostok 8K72K-0 Gross Mass 43300 kg Empty Mass 3710 kg The R-7 Semyorka (Р-7 "Семёрка" was the world's first true Intercontinental ballistic missile and was deployed by the Soviet Union during the It was initially a three-stage rocket with a Block I upper stage. Later a Molniya variant was produced by adding a fourth stage, allowing it to reach the highly elliptical molniya orbit. A Molniya orbit is a type of Highly elliptical orbit with an Inclination of 63 A later variant was the Soyuz-U. [1]

The production of Soyuz launchers reached a peak of 60 per year in the early 1980s. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. It has become the world's most used space launcher, flying over 1700 times, far more than any other rocket. It is a very old basic design, but is notable for low cost and very high reliability, both of which appeal to commercial clients.

Soyuz rocket engines
Soyuz rocket engines

In the early 1990s plans were made for a redesigned Soyuz with a Fregat upper stage. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 Fregat is a is a type of rocket stage developed by NPO Lavochkin in the 1990s The Fregat engine was developed by NPO Lavochkin from the propulsion module of its Phobos interplanetary probes. Lavochkin Design Bureau ( OKB-301) was a Soviet aircraft design bureau (OKB now defunct named for its head designer Semyon Lavochkin. Although endorsed by the Russian Space Agency and the Russian Ministry of Defence in 1993 and designated "Rus" as a Russification and modernisation of Soyuz, and later renamed Soyuz 2, a funding shortage prevented implementation of the plan. The Russian Federal Space Agency ( Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство России Federal'noe kosmicheskoe agentstvo Rossii Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (Министерство обороны Российской Федерации exercises operational leadership of the armed The creation of Starsem in July 1996 provided new funding for the creation of a less ambitious variant, the Soyuz-Fregat or Soyuz U/Fregat. Starsem is a European Russian company that was created in 1996 to commercialise the Soyuz launcher. This consisted of a slightly modified Soyuz U combined with the Fregat upper stage, with a capacity of up to 1,350 kg to geostationary transfer orbit. A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit In April 1997, Starsem obtained a contract from the European Space Agency to launch two pairs of Cluster 2 plasma science satellites using the Soyuz-Fregat. The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Before the introduction of this new model, Starsem launched 24 satellites of the Globalstar constellation in 6 launches with a restartable Ikar upper stage, between September 22, 1999 and November 22, 1999. Globalstar is a Low Earth orbit (LEO Satellite constellation for Satellite phone and low-speed data communications somewhat similar to the Iridium Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) After successful test flights of Soyuz-Fregat on February 9, 2000 and March 20, 2000, the Cluster 2 satellites were launched on July 16, 2000 and August 9, 2000. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Another Soyuz-Fregat launched the ESA's Mars Express probe from Baikonur in June 2003. Mars Express is a Space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA Now the Soyuz-Fregat launcher is used by Starsem for commercial payloads. It is due to be replaced by the new launcher, now named Soyuz/ST (or Soyuz 2), which will have a new digital guidance system and a strongly modified third stage with a new engine. Soyuz 2 is the collective designation for the new generation versions of the Russian Soyuz Rocket. The first development version of Soyuz 2 called Soyuz-2-1a, which is already equipped with the digital guidance system, but is still propelled by an old third stage engine, started on November 4, 2004 from Plesetsk on a suborbital test flight, followed by an orbital flight on October 23, 2006 from Baikonur. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The fully-modified launcher (version Soyuz-2-1b) flew first on December 27, 2006 with the COROT satellite from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. COROT ( CO nvection RO tation and planetary T ransits is a space mission led by the French Space Agency (CNES in conjunction with the European The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром

A long string of successful Soyuz launches was broken on October 15, 2002 when the unmanned Soyuz U launch of the Photon-M satellite from Plesetsk fell back near the launch pad and exploded 29 seconds after lift-off. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. One person from the ground crew was killed and eight injured. Another failure occurred on June 21, 2005, during a Molniya military communications satellite launch from the Plesetsk launch site, which used a four-stage version of the rocket called Molniya-M. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. The flight ended six minutes after the launch because of a failure of the third stage engine or an unfulfilled order to separate the second and third stages. The rocket's second and third stages, which are identical to the Soyuz, and its payload (a Molniya-3K satellite) crashed in the Uvatski region of Tyumen (Siberia) [1]. Tyumen ( is a city in Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving However, under this designation of Molniya-M launcher, the other 274 unmanned Soyuz launches have been successful.

Between February 1, 2003 and July 26, 2005 with the grounding of the US Space Shuttle fleet, Soyuz was the only means of transportation to and from the International Space Station. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States This included the transfer of supplies, via Progress spacecraft, and crew changeovers.

Soyuz (in the new version Soyuz/ST) is also planned to be brought into ESA service in 2008 under a Russo-European joint venture. The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common A new launch pad is being built at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana. The Guiana Space Centre, or more commonly Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG is a French Spaceport near Kourou in French Guiana. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France

Assembling the rocket

Soyuz rocket assembly: the first and second stages are in the background, already joined together; the third stage is in the lower right corner of the image. The Soyuz spacecraft, covered by its launch shroud, is in the lower right corner.
Soyuz rocket assembly: the first and second stages are in the background, already joined together; the third stage is in the lower right corner of the image. The Soyuz spacecraft, covered by its launch shroud, is in the lower right corner. Design A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back A Spheroid Orbital module, which provides accommodation for the crew during

The rocket is assembled not vertically, but horizontally in the Assembly and Testing Building. The assembled rocket is transported to the launch site in its horizontal state and then raised. This is different from the vertical assembly of, for example, the Saturn V - one of the features which makes Soyuz cheaper to prepare for launch. The Saturn V (pronounced 'Saturn Five' popularly known as the Moon Rocket was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable Rocket used by NASA 's

Assembling a horizontally positioned rocket is relatively simple as all modules are easily accessible. Also, assembling the rocket in vertical position would require a windproof highrise hangar, which was not considered economically feasible at the time the rocket was designed.

Launch pad

The entire rocket is suspended in the launch system by the load-bearing mechanisms on the strapon boosters where they are attached to the central core. The latter rests on the nose sections of strapon boosters. This scheme resembles flight conditions when strapon boosters push central core forward. The concept of suspending the rocket was one of the novelties introduced with R-7/Soyuz.

Since the launch pad had been eliminated, the bottom portion of the missile is lowered. The launch system trusses bear the wind loads. Resistance to high wind is important feature of the launch system, as Kazakhstan steppes, where the Baikonur launch site is located, are known for windstorms.

Launch

The launch of Soyuz TMA-9 atop a Soyuz-FG rocket.
The launch of Soyuz TMA-9 atop a Soyuz-FG rocket. Soyuz TMA-9 was a Soyuz mission to the International Space Station (ISS launched by a Soyuz FG launch vehicle The Soyuz-FG Launch vehicle is an improved version of the Soyuz-U, from the R-7 family of rockets designed and constructed by TsSKB-Progress

During launch, the support booms track the movement of the rocket. After the support boom heads emerged from the special support recess in the nose sections of the strapons, the support booms and trusses are jettisoned, swiveling on the support axes and freeing the way for the rocket to lift off. During launch, the rocket and the launch facility form a single dynamic system.

When the engines of strapon boosters stop, the boosters fall away, providing nonimpact separation. If the skies are clear, ground observers can see a Korolyov cross formed by the falling boosters. The Korolyov cross is a visual effect observed in the smoke plumes of the R-7 Semyorka rocket and its derivatives during separation of the four liquid-fuelled booster rockets

Stages

First stage

The first stage of Soyuz rockets consists of four identical conical liquid booster rockets, strapped to the second stage core. Each booster has a single rocket motor with four combustion chambers, two vernier combustion chambers, and one set of turbopumps.

Statistics (each of 4 boosters)

Second stage

The second stage of the Soyuz booster is a single, generally cylindrical stage with one motor at the base. Like each of the first-stage rockets, it also has four combustion chambers and one set of turbopumps, but four (instead of two) vernier combustion chambers. The second stage tapers toward the bottom to allow the four first stage rockets to fit more closely together.

Third stage

There are two variant upper stages in use, the Block I and Improved Block-I (used in Soyuz-2-1b).

References

  1. ^ "Soyuz" - series launch vehicles. Samara Space Centre.

External links

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