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Soyuz 11
Mission insignia
Mission statistics
Mission nameSoyuz 11
Crew size3
Call signЯнтарь (Yantar - "Amber")
Launch dateJune 6, 1971
07:55:09 UTC
Gagarin's Start
LandingJune 30, 1971
02:16:52 UTC
Mission duration23d/18:21:43
Number of orbits383[1]
Related missions
Previous missionNext mission
Soyuz 10Soyuz 12

Soyuz 11 was the first successful visit to the world's first space station, Salyut 1. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first Space station, Salyut 1, whichhad been successfully placed in orbit on April 19 Soyuz 12 was the test flight of the newly-redesigned Soyuz Spacecraft that was intended to provide greater crew safety in the wake of the Soyuz 11 A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space. Salyut 1 (DOS-1 ( Салют-1; English translation Salute 1) was the first space station of any kind and the first Soviet Space station However the mission ended in disaster when the crew capsule depressurised during preparations for re-entry, killing the three-man crew. Space accidents, either during operations or training for Spaceflights have killed 22 Astronauts (five percent of all people who have been in space two percent [2] This accident resulted in the first and to date only astronaut deaths to occur in space (not in high atmosphere). Space accidents, either during operations or training for Spaceflights have killed 22 Astronauts (five percent of all people who have been in space two percent The cosmonauts aboard Soyuz 11 were Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (Владислав Николаевич Волков b Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolskiy ( Russian: Георгий Тимофеевич Добровольский June 1, 1928, Odessa, Ukrainian Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (Виктор Иванович Пацаев June 19, 1933, Aktyubinsk – June 30 1971) was a Soviet [3][4][5]

Contents

Crew

Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.

The prime crew for Soyuz 11 consisted of Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov and Pyotr Kolodin. Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolskiy ( Russian: Георгий Тимофеевич Добровольский June 1, 1928, Odessa, Ukrainian Vladislav Nikolayevich Volkov (Владислав Николаевич Волков b Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (Виктор Иванович Пацаев June 19, 1933, Aktyubinsk – June 30 1971) was a Soviet Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov (Алексе́й Архи́пович Лео́нов (born May 30, 1934 in Listvyanka Kemerovo Oblast, USSR Valeri Nikolayevich Kubasov (Валерий Николаевич Кубасов born January 7, 1935 in Vyazniki) was a Soviet cosmonaut A medical X-ray examination four days before launch suggested that Kubasov might have tuberculosis, and according to the mission rules, the prime crew was replaced with the back-up crew. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common For Dobrovolski and Patsayev, this was to be their first space mission. After the failure of Salyut 2 to orbit, Kubasov and Leonov were reassigned to Soyuz 19 for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. Salyut 2 (OPS-1 (Салют-2 Salute 2 was launched April 4, 1973.

Reserve crew

Mission parameters

Mission highlights

The Soyuz spacecraft was launched on June 6, 1971, from Baikonur Cosmodrome in central Kazakh SSR. The Soyuz programme (Союз saˈjus English: Union) is a Human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. The Baikonur Cosmodrome ( Kazakh: Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, Bayqoñır ğarış aylağı; Russian: Космодром The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Қазақ Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы Qazaq Keñestik Socialistik Respublikasi; Казахская Several months earlier, the first mission to the Salyut, Soyuz 10, had failed to successfully dock with the station. Soyuz 10 was the first planned visit to the world's first Space station, Salyut 1, whichhad been successfully placed in orbit on April 19 [6] Soyuz 11, however, successfully docked with Salyut 1 on June 7 and the cosmonauts remained on-board for 22 days, setting space endurance records that would hold until the American Skylab 2 mission in May-June 1973. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Skylab 2 (also SL-2 and SLM-1) was the first manned mission to Skylab, the first U [2]

Upon first entering the station, the crew encountered a smokey and burnt atmosphere and after replacing part of the ventilation system spent the next day back in their Soyuz until the air cleared. Their stay in Salyut was productive, including live television broadcasts. However, a fire broke out on day 11 of their stay causing mission planners to consider abandoning the station. The planned highlight of the mission was to have been the observation of an N-1 booster launch, but the launch was postponed. N1 or N-1 was the secret Soviet Rocket intended to send Soviet Cosmonauts to the Moon. The crew also found that using the exercise treadmill as they were required to do twice a day caused the whole station to vibrate. Pravda released news of the mission and regular updates while it was in progress. Pravda (Правда "The Truth" was a leading Newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the

Death of crew

On June 30, 1971, after an apparently normal re-entry of the capsule of the Soyuz 11 mission, the recovery team opened the capsule to find the crew dead. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. [1][2][7] It quickly became apparent that they had suffocated. The fault was traced to a breathing ventilation valve, located between the orbital module and the descent module, that had been jolted open as the descent module separated from the service module. For other uses see Valve (disambiguation. For the electronic component see Thermionic valve. The reentry capsule is part of the Soviet/Russian Soyuz or Chinese Shenzhou spacecrafts which returns to Earth following a space flight A service module is a Spacecraft compartment containing a variety of support systems used for spacecraft operations but not any habitable area [8][9] The two were held together by explosive bolts designed to fire sequentially, but in fact, they fired simultaneously while over France. A pyrotechnic fastener (also called an explosive bolt, or pyro, within context is a Fastener, usually a nut or bolt that incorporates a pyrotechnic This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [8] The force of this caused the internal mechanism of the pressure equalization valve to loosen a seal that was usually discarded later, and normally allowed automatic adjustment of the cabin pressure. [1][8] When the valve opened at 168 kilometers (104 mi), the gradual loss of pressure was fatal within seconds. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States [8][10] By 935 seconds after the retrofire, the cabin pressure was zero, and remained there until the ship hit the earth's atmosphere. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " [8]

Located beneath the cosmonaut's couches, the valve was impossible to locate and block the leak before the air was lost. It is estimated that the cabin lost all its atmosphere in about 30 seconds. Flight recorder data from the single cosmonaut outfitted with biomedical sensors showed death occurred within 40 seconds of pressure loss.

Film later declassified showed support crews attempting CPR on the cosmonauts. [11] They attempted to save the cosmonauts in the hope that the decompression accident occurred in a time-frame that might have allowed for some of them to be saved. Current understanding of exposure to vacuum, however, shows this to be impossible, as vacuum exposure leads to rapid deoxygenation of the blood, pulmonary hemorrhaging, and brain death within two minutes of continuous exposure. Human physiological adaptation to space is a challenge faced in developing Human spaceflight. Brain death is a legal definition of death that emerged in the 1960s as a response to the ability to resuscitate individuals and mechanically keep the heart and lungs working [8]

The cosmonauts were given a large state funeral and buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow near the remains of Yuri Gagarin. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance The Kremlin Wall Necropolis (Некрополь у Кремлёвской стены is a part of the Kremlin Wall in Moscow overlooking the Red Square Red Square ( Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad) is the most famous City square in Moscow, and arguably one of the most Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of [2] U.S. astronaut Tom Stafford was one of the pallbearers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained Thomas Patten Stafford (born September 17 1930) is a retired Air Force Lieutenant General and a former NASA Astronaut A pallbearer is one of several Funeral participants who helps carry the Casket of a deceased person from a religious or memorial service or They were also each posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union medal. The title Hero of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Герой Советского Союза Geroy Sovyetskovo Soyuza) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Craters on the Moon were named after the three cosmonauts. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Fourteen craters on the Moon have been named after Astronauts and Cosmonauts who have died as part of a space mission

The Soyuz spacecraft was extensively redesigned after this incident to carry only two cosmonauts. The Soyuz programme (Союз saˈjus English: Union) is a Human spaceflight programme that was initiated by the Soviet Union in A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. The extra room meant that the crew could wear space suits during launch and landing. A space suit is a complex system of Garments equipment and environmental systems designed to keep a person alive and comfortable in the harsh environment of outer space [12] A Soyuz capsule would not hold three cosmonauts again until the Soyuz-T redesign in 1980, which freed enough space for three cosmonauts in lightweight pressure suits to travel in the capsule. Missions Soyuz T-1 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz T-3 Soyuz T-4 Soyuz T-5

References

  1. ^ a b c National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (2005). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Soyuz 11 (English). NASA -National Space Science Data Center. The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC is a department in NASA 's Heliophysics Division Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d Time Magazine (1971). Triumph and Tragedy of Soyuz 11 (English). Time Magazine. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  3. ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007). Soyuz 11 (English). Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  4. ^ Mamta Trivedi (2001). 30 Years Ago: The World's First Space Station, Salyut 1 (English). Space. com - Imaginova Corp. . Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  5. ^ CNN (1997). After glory era, cash woes hobble Russian space program (English). CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  6. ^ Time Magazine (1971). A Troubled Salyut (English). Time Magazine. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  7. ^ USA Today (2003). Deadly accidents in the history of space exploration (English). USA Today. USA TODAY is a national American daily Newspaper published by the Gannett Company. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d e f NASA (1974). The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (English). NASA. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  9. ^ NASA. The crew of Soyuz 11 (English). NASA. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  10. ^ Jane's Information Group (2003). A brief history of space accidents (English). Jane's Information Group. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.
  11. ^ This footage was shown during the 1994 TV adaptation of the documentary Moon Shot by Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton. Moon Shot The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon is a book written by Mercury Seven Astronaut Alan Shepard, with NBC News Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr (November 18 1923 &ndash July 21 1998 ( Rear Admiral, USN Ret Donald Kent “Deke” Slayton (March 1 1924 – June 13 1993 was one of the original " Mercury Seven " NASA astronauts
  12. ^ Charles R. Smith (2003). Space Race Is Alive and Well (English). NewsMax. Retrieved on October 20, 2007.

Further reading

External links

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