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1928 - Revolutionary Military Council signed a decree about weaponization of typhus. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Louse -borne bacteria Leningrad Military academy began cultivation of typhus in chicken embryos. Human experimentation with typhus, glanders and melioidosis in Solovetsky camp. Glanders (from Middle English glaundres or Old French glandres, both meaning glands ( Latin: Malleus German Melioidosis (also called Whitmore disease or Nightcliff gardener's disease) is an Infectious disease caused by a Gram-negative Bacterium [1] A laboratory on vaccine and serum research was also established near Moscow in 1928, within Military Chemical Agency. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This laboratory was transformed to Red Army's Scientific Research Institute of Microbiology in 1933. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [2]

1941: Soviet bioweapons facilities are evacuated to the city of Kirov. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Technical_UniversityJPG|left|thumb|200px|Technical University in Kirov]]Bridge_through_Vyatka_river

1942: Alleged use of tularemia against German troops. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tularemia (also known as "rabbit fever" "deer-fly fever" "Ohara fever" and "Francis disease" is a serious Infectious disease [1] [3]

1945: Japanese documentation from Unit 731 was captured. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar was a covert biological and Chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during

1946: A biological weapons facility was established in Sverdlovsk. Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Between 1924 and 1991 Yekaterinburg Russia was also known as Sverdlovsk and in railway timetables it still is

1953: Fifteenth directorate of Red Army takes responsibility for the program. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1973: A "civilian" main directorate Biopreparat was founded. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Biopreparat ( Russian: Биопрепарат English "Biological substance preparation" was the Soviet Union 's major Biological warfare agency Other organizations involved in design and production of biological weapons were Soviet Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, USSR Academy of Sciences, and KGB. The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty

1990s: specimens of deadly bacteria and viruses were stolen from Western laboratories and delivered by Aeroflot planes to support Russian program of biological weapons. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) OJSC "AeroflotRussian Airlines" (ОАО «АэрофлотРоссийские авиалинии» () or Aeroflot (Аэрофлот as the airline is commonly At least one of the pilots was a Russian Foreign Intelligence Service officer" [4]. Foreign Intelligence Service ( Russian: Служба Внешней Разведки (or SVR) is Russia 's primary external intelligence agency At least two agents died, presumably from the transported pathogens [4]

Beginning of 2000s: Academician "A. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. S. " proposed new biological warfare program "Biological Shield of Russia" to president Vladimir Putin. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia The program reportedly includes institutes of Russian Academy of Sciences from Pushchino [2]

Military use during World War II

Tularemia was allegedly used against German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad[1]. Pushchino (Пу́щино is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated 120 km south of Moscow, on the right side of the Oka River. Tularemia (also known as "rabbit fever" "deer-fly fever" "Ohara fever" and "Francis disease" is a serious Infectious disease Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Around 10,000 cases of tularemia had been reported in the Soviet Union during the years of 1941 and 1943. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, the number of cases jumped to more than 100,000 in the year of Stalingrad outbreak. German panzer troops fell ill in such significant numbers during the late summer of 1942 that German military campaign came to a temporary halt. German soldiers became ill with the rare pulmonary form of tularemia, which indicate the use of an aerosol biological weapon (the ordinary transmission pathway is through ticks and rodents). Tick is the common name for the small Arachnids in Superfamily Ixodoidea that along with other Mites constitute the Acarina. Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must According to Kenneth Alibek the used tularemia weapon had been developed in the Kirov military facility [1]. Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov (Канатжан Алибеков Қанатжан Әлібеков born 1950 — known as Ken Alibek since 1992 — is a former Technical_UniversityJPG|left|thumb|200px|Technical University in Kirov]]Bridge_through_Vyatka_river It was suggested, however, that the outbreak might be of natural origin, since a pulmonary form of tularemia has also been detected during an outbreak in Martha's Vineyard in 2000 [5]

Developments after signing the Biological Weapons Convention

Soviet Union continued development and mass production of offensive biological weapons, despite having signed the Biological Weapons Convention. Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to as the The development and production was conducted by main directorate "Biopreparat", Soviet Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, USSR Academy of Sciences, the KGB, and other state organizations [1]. Biopreparat ( Russian: Биопрепарат English "Biological substance preparation" was the Soviet Union 's major Biological warfare agency The Russian Academy of Sciences (Российская Академия Наук Rossi'iskaya Akade'miya Nau'k, shortened to PAH RAN) consists of the National KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty

In 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants of foot-and-mouth disease and rinderpest against cows, African swine fever for pigs, and psittacosis to kill chicken. Foot-and-mouth disease ( FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease ( Aphtae epizooticae) is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral Rinderpest is an infectious viral Disease of Cattle, domestic buffalo, and some Species of Wildlife. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family African swine fever virus (ASFV is the causative agent of African swine fever Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times In Medicine ( Pulmonology) psittacosis &mdash also known as parrot disease, parrot fever, and ornithosis &mdash is a zoonotic The chicken ( Gallus gallus, sometimes G gallus domesticus) is a domesticated Fowl which is traditionally believed to have descended from These agents were prepared to spray them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret program was code-named "Ecology". [1]

Notable outbreaks and accidents

Marburg virus

The Soviet Union reportedly had a large biological weapons program involving Marburg virus. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium The Marburg virus is the causative agent of Marburg haemorrhagic fever (also known as green monkey disease) The development was conducted in Vector Institute under leadership of Dr. The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, also known as the Vector Institute, is a highly sophisticated biological research center in Koltsovo Ustinov who accidentally died from the virus. The samples of Marburg taken from Ustinov's organs were more powerful than the original strain. New strain called "Variant U" had been successfully weaponized and approved by Soviet Ministry of Defense in 1990. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [1]

Smallpox

The first smallpox weapons factory in the Soviet Union was established in 1947 in the city of Zagorsk, close to Moscow [1]. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sergiyev Posad (Се́ргиев Поса́д is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of It was produced by injecting small amounts of the virus into chicken eggs. An especially virulent strain (codenamed India-1967 or India-1) was brought from India in 1967 by a special Soviet medical team that was sent to India to help to eradicate the virus. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. The pathogen was manufactured and stockpiled in large quantities throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

An outbreak of weaponized smallpox occurred during its testing in the 1970s. General Prof. Peter Burgasov, former Chief Sanitary Physician of the Soviet Army, and a senior researcher within the program of biological weapons described this incident:

“On Vozrozhdeniya Island in the Aral Sea, the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya This article is about the island For the album by Folk metal band Arkona, see Vozrozhdeniye. The Aral Sea ( Kazakh: Арал Теңізі Aral Tengizi, Orol dengizi Russian: Аральскοе мοре Tajik / Persian: Daryocha-i Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in Aralsk. Aral, also known as Aralsk or Aral'sk, ( Kazakh: Арал, Russian: Аральск) is a small city in south-western A research ship of the Aral fleet came 15 km away from the island (it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km). The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck. The smallpox formulation— 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island—”got her” and she became infected. After returning home to Aralsk, she infected several people including children. All of them died. I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the Alma-Ata to Moscow train in Aralsk. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of As a result, the epidemic around the country was prevented. I called Andropov, who at that time was Chief of KGB, and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrozhdeniya Island. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov) ( &ndash 9 February 1984 was a Soviet politician This article is about the island For the album by Folk metal band Arkona, see Vozrozhdeniye. ” [6][7]

A production line to manufacture smallpox on an industrial scale was launched in the Vector Institute in 1990. The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, also known as the Vector Institute, is a highly sophisticated biological research center in Koltsovo Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [1] The development of genetically altered strains of smallpox was presumably conducted in the Institute under leadership of Dr. Sergei Netyosov in the middle of the 1990s, according to Kenneth Alibek [1]

It was reported that Russia made smallpox available to Iraq in the beginning of 1990s. Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov (Канатжан Алибеков Қанатжан Әлібеков born 1950 — known as Ken Alibek since 1992 — is a former [6]

Anthrax

Main article: Sverdlovsk anthrax leak

Spores of weaponized anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility near the city of Sverdlovsk in 1979. The Sverdlovsk anthrax leak is an incident when Spores of Anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility in the city of Sverdlovsk (formerly and now In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбу́рг also romanized Ekaterinburg, formerly Sverdlovsk) is a major city in the central part of Russia Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The death toll was at least 105, but no one knows the exact number, because all hospital records and other evidence were destroyed by the KGB, according to former Biopreparat deputy director Kenneth Alibek [1]. KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty Biopreparat ( Russian: Биопрепарат English "Biological substance preparation" was the Soviet Union 's major Biological warfare agency Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov (Канатжан Алибеков Қанатжан Әлібеков born 1950 — known as Ken Alibek since 1992 — is a former

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kenneth Alibek and S. Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov (Канатжан Алибеков Қанатжан Әлібеков born 1950 — known as Ken Alibek since 1992 — is a former Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. Biohazard, subtitled The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It, is 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0-385-33496-6.
  2. ^ a b Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-813-34280-5
  3. ^ Eric Croddy & Sarka Krcalova. Tularemia, Biological Warfare, and the Battle for Stalingrad (1942-1943). Military Medicine 166. 10 (October 2001)
  4. ^ a b Alexander Kouzminov Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West, Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-853-67646-2 [1]
  5. ^ Eric Croddy & Sarka Krcalova. Tularemia, Biological Warfare, and the Battle for Stalingrad (1942-1943). Military Medicine 166. 10 (October 2001)
  6. ^ a b Shoham D, Wolfson Z (2004). "The Russian biological weapons program: vanished or disappeared?". Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 30 (4): 241–61. doi:10.1080/10408410490468812. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 15646399.  
  7. ^ Smallpox - not a bad weapon (Russian). Interview with General Burgasov. Moscow News. The Moscow News, which began publication in 1930 is Russia ’s oldest English-language publication Newspaper. Retrieved on 2007-06-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries

Sources

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