Военно-морской флот СССР Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR
Naval jack (top) and ensign of the Soviet Navy
Active	1917 - 1991
Country	USSR

Navies of Russia
Imperial Russia Navy (1696-1917) Soviet Union Soviet Navy (1917-1991) Russian Federation Russian Navy (1991-Present)

The Soviet Navy (Russian: Военно-морской флот СССР, Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR, literally "Naval military forces of the USSR") was the navy arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Tsarist Fleets prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Soviet Armed Forces refers to the armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from its establishment during the Russian Civil War in 1918 by the Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy would have been instrumental in any perceived Warsaw Pact role in an all-out war with NATO when it would have to stop the naval convoys bringing reinforcements over the Atlantic to the Western European theatre. The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. The North Atlantic Treaty Such a conflict never occurred, but the Soviet Navy still saw considerable action during the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the

The Soviet Navy was divided into several major fleets: Northern Fleet, the Pacific Ocean Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet, and the Baltic Fleet. The Red Banner Northern Military Fleet (( Северный военный флот), or Severniy voyenniy flot) a part of the Soviet Navy, created The Pacific Fleet (Тихоокеанский флот in Russian, or Tikhookeanskiy flot is part of the Russian Navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's The Caspian Flotilla was a semi-independent formation administratively under the Black Sea Fleet command while the Soviet Indian Ocean Squadron drew its units from and was under the jurisdiction of the Pacific Ocean Fleet. The Caspian Flotilla ( Каспийская флотилия in Russian, or Kaspiyskaya flotiliya is the oldest Russian military Other components included the Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry (the Soviet equivalent of marines) and coastal artillery. Soviet Naval Aviation ( Авиация военно-морского флота in Russian, or Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota, literally "aviation The Russian Naval Infantry, ( Marines, Морская пехота are the amphibious force of the Russian Armed Forces. Marines (from the English adjective marine, meaning of the sea, from Latin language mare, meaning sea via French adjective Coastal artillery is the branch of Armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship Artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal Fortifications. The Soviet Navy was reformed into the Russian Navy after the end of the Cold War in 1991. The Russian Navy or VMF ( Russian: Военно-Морской Флот (ВМФ России- Voyenno-Morskoy Flot Rossii (VMF or literally Military Maritime Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 The Great Patriotic War 1.3 Cold War 1.3.1 Carriers and aviation 1.3.2 Submarines 1.4 Transition and the future 2 Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Naval Forces 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links

History

Soviet Armed Forces

Components General Staff Strategic Rocket Forces Army Soviet Air Defence Forces Air Force Navy Ranks of the Soviet Military Military ranks of the Soviet Union History of the Soviet Military Military history of the Soviet Union History of Russian military ranks

Early history

The Soviet Navy was formed in 1917 out of the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Soviet Armed Forces refers to the armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from its establishment during the Russian Civil War in 1918 by the The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the military staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Strategic Rocket Forces of Russian Federation or RVSNRF ( Russian: Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Voyska PVO ( Russian: Войска ПВО or PVO Strany until 1981 was the Air defense branch of the Soviet military The Soviet Air Force, also known under the abbreviation VVS, transliterated from Russian: ВВС, Военно-воздушные силы ( Voenno-Vozdushnye The military ranks of the Soviet Union were those introduced after the October Revolution of 1917 The Military history of the Soviet Union began in the days following the 1917 October Revolution that brought the Bolsheviks to power Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Tsarist Fleets prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. Many vessels continued to serve after the October Revolution, albeit under different names. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution In fact, the first ship of the Soviet Navy could be considered to be the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser Aurora, whose crew joined the Bolsheviks. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. Russian-Japanese War She was one of three Pallada -class Cruisers built in St The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction A previous Bolshevik uprising in the fleet had occurred in 1905 involving Potemkin, an Imperial Russian battleship. The Uprising Origins In 1905 The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Uprising Origins In 1905 The Central Committee of the Social Democratic Organization of the Black Sea Fleet started preparations for a simultaneous crew A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were

The Soviet Navy, established as the "Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet" (Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянский Красный флот, Raboche-Krest'yansky Krasny Flot or RKKF) by 1918 Decree of the Soviet government, existed in a less then service-ready state during the interwar years, possessing several hundred combat and combat support vessels, including battleships, and several naval air squadrons. Decrees (декреты were legislative acts of the highest Soviet institutions primarily of the Council of People's Commissars (the highest executive body and Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were Many vessels were lost due to the Revolution, intervention, and 23 combat vessels due to mines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a large naval formation, and the Black Sea Fleet also provided a basis for expansion. The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea There also existed some 30 minor waterways combat flotillas. As the country's attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not see much in the way of funding or training. A telling indicator of the perceived threat of the Navy was that the Soviets were not invited to participate in the Washington Naval Treaty, which served to limit the size and capabilities of the most powerful navies. The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, limited the naval armaments of its five signatories the United States of America, the

However, in the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, plans were made to expand the Soviet Navy into one of the most powerful in the world. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.

Approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, a Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines and the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. General characteristics Displacement 933 tons surfaced 1354 tons submerged Length 76 ^[1]

Since November 4, 1926, the Technical Bureau No. 4 under the leadership of B.M. Malinin was managing the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. Boris Mikhailovich Malinin (1889-1949 (Борис Михайлович Малинин was a Soviet shipbuilding scientist and graduate The Baltic Shipyard (Baltiysky Zavod formerly Shipyard-189 (Балтийский завод имени С The name Technical Bureau No. 4 was given to the former Submarine Department and is still a secret department. ^[1]In subsequent years, 133 submarines were built to the designs developed under Malinin's leadership.

Additional plans included the formation of the Pacific ocean Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933. The Pacific Fleet (Тихоокеанский флот in Russian, or Tikhookeanskiy flot is part of the Russian Navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean The Red Banner Northern Military Fleet (( Северный военный флот), or Severniy voyenniy flot) a part of the Soviet Navy, created This force was to be built around a core of powerful Sovietsky Soyuz class battleships. This building program was in its initial stages by the time the German invasion in 1941 forced its suspension.

The Winter War in 1939-1940 saw some minor action on the Baltic Sea, limited mainly to artillery duels between Finnish forts and Soviet cruisers and battleships. The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for

The Great Patriotic War

After the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, many sailors and naval guns were sent to help the Red Army and these reassigned naval forces took part in every major action on the Eastern Front. The term Great Patriotic War (Великая Отечественная война Velikaya Otechestvennaya Vojna) is used in Russia and some other The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Soviet naval personnel played especially significant land roles in the battles for Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, and Leningrad. The Siege of Odessa was part of the Soviet-German War in 1941 The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the History In antiquity the shores of the Tsemess Bay were the site of Bata, an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the Grain trade Reichskommissariat Kaukasus ( Caucasus in English was the name given to Nazi Germany 's theoretical political division and supposed civilian occupation regime in conquered The Siege of Leningrad, also known as The Leningrad Blockade ( Russian: блокада Ленинграда ( transliteration: blokada Leningrada

The composition of the Soviet fleets in 1941 included:

3 line battleships

7 cruisers (including 4 modern Kirov-class cruisers)

59 destroyer-leaders and squadron-destroyers (including 46 modern Type 7 destroyers and Type 7U destroyers)

218 submarines

269 torpedo boats

22 patrol vessels

88 minesweepers

77 submarine hunters

and a range of other smaller vessels

In various stages of completion were another 219 vessels including 3 battleships, 2 heavy and 7 light cruisers, 45 destroyers, and 91 submarines. Ships of the class; Kirov: Named after Sergei Kirov. Built at the Ordzhonikidze Yard, Leningrad. Ships Black Sea Fleet Baltic Fleet Pacific Fleet All the Pacific Fleet ships were built by Dalzavod in Komsomolsk Ships Baltic Fleet Black Sea Fleet

The above also included some pre-WWI ships (Novik-class destroyers, some Cruisers, all Battleships), some modern ships built in Soviet Union and Europe (like the Italian-built destroyer Tashkent^[2] or partially completed German cruiser Lützow). Ships The ships were named after cities Tashkent ( Ташкент) - built by OTO, Livorno, laid down January 1937 The Lützow was a German Admiral Hipper class heavy cruiser She was of the third group of this class and was named after Prussian general Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm During the war, many of the vessels on the slips in Leningrad and Nikolayev were destroyed (mainly by aircraft and mines), but the Soviet Navy also received captured Romanian destroyers and lend-lease small crafts from the U. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, S. , as well as old RN battleship HMS Royal Sovereign named Arkhangelsk and US navy cruiser Milwaukee named Murmansk given in exchange for the Soviet part of the captured Italian navy (after the war). Second World War At the outset of war in September 1939 Royal Sovereign was with the Home Fleet. Inter-war service Shakedown took the new cruiser to Australia via Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji Islands, and New Caledonia, for the

In the Baltic Sea, after Tallinn's capture, surface ships were blockaded in Leningrad - Kronstadt by minefields, where they took part in anti-aircraft defense of the city and bombardment of German positions. Kronstadt (Кроншта́дт also spelled Kronshtadt, Cronstadt (Krone for Crown and Stadt for City) is a Russian Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces One example of Soviet resourcefulness was the battleship Marat, an aging pre-WWI ship sunk at anchor in Kronstadt's harbor by German Stukas in 1941. The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka (from Stu rz' ka' mpfflugzeug, " Dive bomber " was a two-seat (pilot and rear gunner For the rest of the war, the non-submerged part of the ship remained in use as a grounded battery. Submarines, although suffering heavy losses due to German-Finnish antisubmarine actions, played a major role in the war at sea by disrupting Axis navigation in the Baltic. The Kriegsmarine (English "War navy" was the name of the German Navy between 1935 and 1945 during the Nazi regime superseding the

In the Black Sea, many ships were damaged by minefields and Axis aviation, but they helped defend naval bases and supply them under siege, as well as later evacuating them. Heavy naval guns and courageous sailors helped defend naval cities long after they were besieged by Axis armies. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945

In the Arctic Ocean, Soviet Northern Fleet destroyers (Novik-class, Type 7, Type 7u) and smaller craft participated in the anti-aircraft and anti-submarine defense of Allied convoys conducting lend-lease cargo shipping. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support

In the Pacific Ocean, the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan before 1945, so some destroyers were transferred to the Northern Fleet.

From ruptured the hostilities,the Morskaya Aviatsiya the Soviet Navy Air Service,was providing air support to naval or land operations was implied Soviet Navy. Soviet Naval Aviation ( Авиация военно-морского флота in Russian, or Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota, literally "aviation Such service was responsible to managed all shore-based Hydroplanes or long range maritime Flying Boats, catapult and vessel-based planes amongst the land-based aircraft in naval use.

As post war spoils, the Soviets received several Italian warships.

Cold War

In February 1946 the fleet assumed a new name of the Soviet Armed-Naval Fleet (Russian: Советский Военно-Морской Флот)^[3] After the war, the Soviets concluded that they needed to be able to compete with the West at all costs. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages They embarked upon a program to match the West. The Soviet shipbuilding program kept yards busy constructing submarines based upon World War II German Kriegsmarine designs, and were launched with great frequency in the immediate post-war years. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Afterwards, through a combination of indigenous research and technology obtained through espionage from Nazi Germany and the Western nations, the Soviets gradually improved their submarine designs, though they initially lagged a generation behind NATO countries. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

The Soviets quickly caught up with their Western counterparts. The Soviets were quick to equip their surface fleet with missiles of various sorts. A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target In fact, it became a hallmark of Soviet design to place gigantic missiles onto relatively small, and fast, missile boats. By contrast, in the West, such a move would never have been considered tactically feasible. Nevertheless the Soviet Navy also possessed several very large guided missile cruisers with awesome firepower, such as those of the Kirov class and the Slava class cruisers. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. Armament This class is equipped with missiles and guns as well as electronics Design The design started in the late 1960s and was based around the P-500 Bazalt missile as a less expensive conventional alternative to the nuclear powered Kirov Some of their submarines were considered superior to their American rivals. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability

Carriers and aviation

The Soviet Navy generally placed less importance on aircraft carriers than their American rivals, perhaps due to the vast geographical stretch and coastline of the USSR. However, it was felt that a carrier force of some form was needed.

In 1968 and 1969 the Soviet Moskva class helicopter carriers appeared, followed by the first of four aircraft carriers of the Kiev class in 1973. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vessels Both vessels were part of the Black Sea Fleet, and were retired in 1991 An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with General characteristics Designer Nevskoye Planning and Design Bureau Builder Nikolayev South (formerly Chernomorsky Shipyard 444 Power Plant Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Both of these classes were capable only of operating helicopters and V/STOL aircraft (eg. Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing (V/STOL is a term used to describe Aircraft that are able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways the Yak-38 'Forger'), and are thought to have been designed to operate primarily within range of land-based Soviet Naval Aviation aircraft. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

In the 1970s the Soviets undertook Project OREL with the stated purpose of creating a supercarrier capable of competing against American equivalents. Project 1153 OREL ( Cyrillic: Орёл was a 1970s-era Soviet program to give the Soviet Navy a true blue water aviation capability This is about the warships For the television program see Supercarrier (TV series. However, the project was canceled while still on the drawing board when strategic priorities shifted once more.

In the 1980s the Soviet Navy acquired its first true aircraft carrier, Tbilisi (subsequently renamed Admiral Kuznetsov). The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Role While designated an aircraft carrier by the West the design of the Admiral Kuznetsov' class implies a mission different from that of either the United States Role While designated an aircraft carrier by the West the design of the Admiral Kuznetsov' class implies a mission different from that of either the United States ^[4] A distinctive feature of Soviet carriers is their offensive missile armament (as well as a long-range AAW suite), reflecting an operational concept which placed less emphasis on escort vessels, compared with Western carrier operations.

In the late half of the 1980s, the Soviet Navy again began the construction of a supercarrier, Ulyanovsk, which would have carried such aircraft as the Sukhoi Su-33 'Flanker-D'. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Though the vessel was approximately 40% complete, the end of the Cold War and a major funding crunch ended the project. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The incomplete Ulyanovsk hulk was later sold for scrap.

In part to fill the role of aircraft carriers, the Soviet Navy deployed large numbers of strategic bombers in a maritime role, as part of Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota (AV-MF, or Naval Aviation). A strategic bomber is a heavy type Aircraft designed to drop large amounts of ordnance onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating an enemy's Soviet Naval Aviation ( Авиация военно-морского флота in Russian, or Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota, literally "aviation Strategic bombers such as the Tupolev Tu-16 'Badger' and Tu-22M 'Backfire' were deployed with high-speed anti-shipping missiles. A strategic bomber is a heavy type Aircraft designed to drop large amounts of ordnance onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating an enemy's Tupolev ( Туполев) is a Russian aerospace and defence company headquartered in Moscow. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of The primary role of these aircraft was the interception of NATO supply convoys traveling the sea lines of communication between Europe and North America, and thus countering Operation REFORGER. The North Atlantic Treaty A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support Sea lines of communication (abbreviated as SLOC) is a term describing the primary maritime routes between Ports used for Trade, Logistics Exercise REFORGER (from REturn of FORces to GERmany) was an annual exercise conducted during the Cold War, by NATO.

Submarines

In some respects, including speed and reactor technology Soviet submarines were, and remain, some of the world's best. In addition to their relatively high speeds and deep operating depths they were difficult ASW targets because of their multiple compartments, large reserve buoyancy, and especially their double-hull design. ^[5]

Their primary shortcomings were insufficient noise dampening (American boats were quieter) and sonar technology. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate It is in the area of acoustics as well as production methods the Soviets had sought the West's submarine-related technology. It is in acoustics that the long-active Walker spy ring may have made a major contribution to Soviet knowledge. John Anthony Walker Jr (born July 28 1937 in Washington DC) is a former Warrant Officer and communications specialist for the U ^[5]

The Soviets possessed numerous purpose-built guided missile submarines, such as the Oscar class, as well as many ballistic missile submarines and attack submarines. A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that can launch Cruise missiles SSGN is the United States Navy Hull classification symbol for Oscar-I Two Oscar-I submarines were built at Severodvinsk and assigned to the Soviet Northern Fleet: K-525 ''Arkhangelsk'', laid down A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The Soviet navy's Typhoon class boats are the world's largest submarines. Description and history The Typhoon class was developed under Project 941 as the Russian Akula class ( Акула) meaning Shark. The Soviet attack submarine force was, like the rest of the navy, geared towards the interception of NATO convoys, but also targeted American aircraft carrier battle groups. A carrier battle group (CVBG consists of an Aircraft carrier (CV and its escorts

Over the years, Soviet submarines suffered a number of accidents, most notably on several nuclear boats. The most famous incidents include the K-219, and Komsomolets, both lost to fire; and the far more menacing nuclear reactor leak on the K-19 narrowly averted by her captain. The Incident On 3 October 1986, while on patrol 680 miles (1100 km northeast of Bermuda, K-219 suffered Hanzo missed identifierss-n-15starfish]]missiles*6x533mm(21- Inch)torpedotubesfor 53-65 / 53-65k |shiparmour --> Nikolai Vladimirovich Zateyev (Николай Владимирович Затеев (c Inadequate nuclear safety, poor damage control and quality control issues during construction (particularly on earlier submarines) were typical causes for accidents. See also Nuclear debate Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent Nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences On several occasions, mishaps were alleged to have stemmed from collisions with American submarines. This however has not been confirmed officially by the United States Navy, which maintains a policy of secrecy regarding nuclear incidents.

Because of its "safety in numbers" philosophy, the Soviet Navy continued to operate many first-generation missile submarines, until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

Transition and the future

After the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Navy was, like other branches of Armed Forces, was eventually divided among several former Soviet republics, and left bereft of funding. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 The Black Sea Fleet, in particular, spent several years in limbo before an agreement was reached to divide it between Russia and Ukraine. The Black Sea Fleet (Черноморский Флот is a large sub-unit of the Russian (and formerly Soviet) Navy, operating in the Black Sea Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The resulting lack of naval presence, particularly in the Western Pacific, is blamed as one factor contributing to the rise of piracy since the 1990s. Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering ^[6].

Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Naval Forces

• Vasili Mikhailovich Altfater (October, 1918 — April, 1919)
• Yevgeny Andreyevich Berens (May, 1919 — February, 1920)
• Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Nemits (February, 1920 — December, 1921)
• Eduard Samoilovich Pantserzhansky (December, 1921 — December, 1924)
• Vyacheslav Ivanovich Zof (December, 1924 — August, 1926)
• Romuald Adamovich Muklevich (August, 1926 — July, 1931)
• Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov (July, 1931 — July, 1937)
• Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov (August, 1937 — January, 1938)
• Pyotr Andreyevich Smirnov (January — August, 1938)
• Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky (September, 1938 — April, 1939)
• Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (April, 1939 — January, 1947)
• Ivan Stepanovich Yumashev (January, 1947 — July, 1951)
• Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov - (July, 1951 — January, 1956), second term
• Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov - (January, 1956 - December, 1985). Vasili Mikhailovich Altfater (Альтфатер Василий Михайлович (1883 — April 20, 1919) was a Russian- Soviet Naval officer Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Yevgeniy Andreyevich Berens (Евгений Андреевич Беренс ( Tiflis - April 7, 1928, Moscow) was a Russian military leader Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Eduard Samuilovich Pantserzhanskiy (Эдуард Самуилович Панцержанский ( - September 26, 1937) was a Russian military leader Commander-in-Chief Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vyacheslav Ivanovich Zof (Вячеслав Иванович Зоф in Russian) (December of 1889 Dubno - June 20, 1937) was a Soviet Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Romuald Adamovich Muklevich ( Russian: Ромуальд Адамович Муклевич) ( November 25, 1890 - February 9, 1938 Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov (Владимир Митрофанович Орлов ( July 15, 1895 - July 28, 1938) was a Russian military Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov (Михаил Владимирович Викторов ( December 24, 1893, Yaroslavl - August 1, 1938 Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky (Михаил Петрович Фриновский (January of 1898 - February 4, 1940) served as a deputy head of the Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (Николай Герасимович Кузнецов ( July 24, 1904 &ndash Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ivan Stepanovich Yumashev (Иван Степанович Юмашев ( Tbilisi - September 2, 1972, Leningrad) was a Soviet Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov ( Russian:Серге́й Гео́ргиевич Горшко́в ( February 6 1910 Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Considered the officer most responsible for reforming the Soviet Navy
• Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin - (1985 - 1992)

See also

• List of ships of the Soviet Navy
• Morskaya Aviatsiya WWII Soviet Naval Air Service

References

Bibliography

• Sontag, Sherry; Drew, Christopher; Drew, Annette Lawrence (1998). Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. Blind Man's Bluff The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage (ISBN 0-06-103004-X published in 1998 by Sherry Sontag, Christopher Drew Harper. ISBN 0-06-103004-X.
• Nilsen, Thomas; Kudrik, Igor; Nikitin, Aleksandr (1996). Report 2:1996: The Russian Northern Fleet. Oslo/St. Petersburg: Bellona Foundation. The Bellona Foundation is an international Environmental organization established in 1986 and based in Oslo, Norway. ISBN 82-993138-5-6. Chapter 8, "Nuclear submarine accidents".
• Oberg, James (1988). James Edward Oberg (born 1944 (often known as Jim Oberg) is an American Space Journalist and Historian, regarded as an expert on Uncovering Soviet Disasters. New York, NY: Random House. The City of New York ISBN 0-394-56095-7.
• Goldstein, Lyle; Zhukov, Yuri (2004). A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean. Naval War College Review.
• Goldstein, Lyle; John Hattendorf; Zhukov, Yuri. John Brewster Hattendorf (born 22 December 1941) is the author co-author editor or co-editor of more than forty books on British and American (2005) The Cold War at Sea: An International Appraisal. Journal of Strategic Studies. ISSN 0140-2390

External links

• Russian Navy
• Globalsecurity.org page on the Soviet Navy.
• Admiral Gorshkov and the Soviet Navy
• Soviet Submarines
• Red Fleet
• Flags & Streamers
• Warship Listing
• Russian Navy Weapons

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