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History of the Low Countries
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 Bishopric of Liège 985–1790 |
 Burgundian Netherlands |
 Duchy of Luxembourg integrated 1441 |
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| 1384/1473–1482 | |||
 Habsburg Netherlands1482–1556 |
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| Spanish Netherlands |  Dutch Republic 1581–1795 |
1581–1713 | |
| Austrian Netherlands |
1713–1790 | ||
 United States of Belgium |
1790 | ||
| Bishopric of Liège 1790–1795 |
Austrian Netherlands | 1790–1794 | |
 French Republic |
 Batavian Republic 1795–1806 |
1795–1804 | |
French Empire |
1804–1815 | ||
 Kingdom of Holland 1806–1810 |
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United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815–1830 |
 Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (in personal union with the Netherlands until 1890) |
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 Kingdom of Belgium since 1830 |
Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1830 |
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The historical terms Spanish Netherlands and Austrian Netherlands both redirect to here. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium Events By Place Europe Barcelona is sacked by Al-Mansur. Greenland is colonized by Icelandic Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of For other uses of Luxembourg see Luxembourg (disambiguation. The historical region of Luxembourg belonged to the Roman province of Germania Inferior The Habsburg Netherlands was a geo-political entity covering the whole Low Countries from 1482 to 1556/1581 and solely the Southern Netherlands from 1581 to 1794 "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The United States of Belgium, ( Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten, French: États-Belgiques-Unis) was Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Not to be confused with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koningrijk Holland Royaume Year 1806 ( MDCCCVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The history of Belgium, from pre-history to the present day is intertwined with the histories of its European neighbours in particular those of the Netherlands For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display
The Southern Netherlands (Dutch: Zuidelijke Nederlanden, Spanish: Países Bajos del Sur, French: Pays-Bas du sud) were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain (Spanish Netherlands, 1579-1713), Austria (Austrian Netherlands, 1713-1794) and captured by France (1794-1815). Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This region comprised most of modern Belgium (except the officially lower rhenish Prince-Bishopric of Liège) and Luxembourg (including the homonymous present Belgian province) as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in northern France. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle (Niederrheinisch-Westfälischer Reichskreis was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by In linguistics a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings and are usually spelled differently List of governors Jean-Baptiste Thorn (1830 – 1836 Victorin de Steenhault (1836 – 1841 Joseph de Riquet Nord-Pas de Calais (French Nord-Pas de Calais; Dutch Noord-Nauw van Kales) is one of the 26 regions of France. Different from French Burgundy and the republican Northern Netherlands, these states kept access to the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire until its end. Burgundy (Bourgogne Burgund is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland, inhabited in turn by Celts ( Gauls) The Burgundian Circle (Burgundischer Reichskreis was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in
Contents |
Their place in the broader Netherlands
| History of the Netherlands |
|---|
 |
| Ancient times |
| Germanic tribes |
| Roman Era |
| Migration Period |
| The Medieval Low Countries |
| Frankish Realm / The Franks |
| Holy Roman Empire |
| Burgundian Netherlands |
| Seventeen Provinces |
| Spanish Netherlands |
| Rise and Fall of the Dutch Republic |
| Eighty Years' War |
| United Provinces |
| The Golden Age |
| The Batavian revolution |
| From Republic to Monarchy |
| Batavian Republic |
| Kingdom of Holland |
| First French Empire |
| United Kingdom of the Netherlands |
| The Netherlands in Modern Times |
| Modern History of the Netherlands |
| Netherlands in World War II |
| Luctor et Emergo |
| The Dutch Fight against Water |
| The Miscellaneous Netherlands |
| Military history of the Netherlands |
| History of the Dutch language |
| Dutch literature |
| Dutch influence on naval terms |
| Dutch inventions and discoveries |
As they were very wealthy, the Netherlands in general were a jewel in the ever debt-burdened Habsburg crown, but unlike others of the Habsburg dominions, they were led by a merchant class. The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The historical period sets in with the Roman Empire, as the parts south of the Rhine were included in the province of Gallia Belgica, and later of The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 The term Batavian revolution refers to the political social and cultural turmoil that marked the end of the Dutch Republic at the end of the 18th century The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands. Not to be confused with the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Holland 1806 - 1810 (Koningrijk Holland Royaume The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial Rise of Socialism In the beginning of the 20th century socialism began to develop in the Netherlands The Netherlands has been struggling against Floods since the first people settled there The Dutch-speaking people have a long history the Netherlands as a Nation-state dates from 1568 Dutch is a West Germanic language, that originated from the Old Frankish dialects Similar to other literary traditions Dutch literature is not restricted to the Netherlands alone Historically many Dutch military terms have been influential and adopted as Loanwords by many other languages all over the world The Dutch people have a History and Tradition in inventing and Discovery. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. It was the merchant economy which made them wealthy and the Spanish attempts at increasing taxation, to finance the Habsburg wars1, which was a major factor in their proud defence of ancient privileges. Mercantilism is the idea that a colony should export more goods than it imports and that a colony should sell at higher prices and buy at lower prices This together with resistance to the religious intolerance of the Catholic Spanish monarchy led to a general rebellion of the Netherlands against Spanish rule in the 1570s. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or Although the northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, established their independence as the United Provinces after 1581, the southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. Alexander Farnese ( Italian: Alessandro Farnese, Spanish: Alejandro Farnesio, ( August 27 1545 &ndash The Southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting Under Austrian rule, the provinces' defense of their ancient privileges proved as troublesome to the reforming Emperor Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor as it had to his ancestor Philip II two centuries before, leading to a major rebellion in 1789-1790. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Austrian Netherlands were ultimately lost to the French Revolutionary armies, and annexed to France. The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states Following the war, Austria's loss of the territories was confirmed, and they were joined with the northern Netherlands as a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau) a branch of the German House of Nassau, has played a central role in the political life The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich
The Congress first joined the Southern Netherlands to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange-Nassau, but with the south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province made into the autonomous Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, because it was claimed by both the Netherlands and Prussia. United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau) a branch of the German House of Nassau, has played a central role in the political life Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state
In 1830 the predominantly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium (the northern half being predominantly Calvinist). The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The autonomy of Luxembourg was recognised in 1839, but an instrument to that effect was not signed until 1867. The King of the Netherlands was Grand Duke of Luxembourg until 1890, when William III was succeeded by his daughter, Wilhelmina of the Netherlands - but Luxembourg still followed the Salic law at the time, which forbade a woman to rule in her own right, so the union of the Dutch and Luxembourger crowns then ended. William III ( Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, anglicised William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau) ( February 19, Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Marie 31 August 1880 &ndash 28 November 1962) was Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages The north-western two-thirds of the original Luxembourg remains a province of Belgium. The flags of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (
) and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (
) are still distinguished only in the tint of their colours (although the former is not derived from the latter). Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands and The Kingdom of the Netherlands are two distinct geographical and administrative entities “Tint” redirects here For other uses see Tint (disambiguation In Color theory, a tint is the mixture of a Color with
Spanish Netherlands
The Spanish Netherlands (Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden, Spanish: Países Bajos españoles) in broad sense were the Seventeen Provinces, that came under Habsburg rule after 1482. The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands After 1556 they were under the Spanish Habsburg branch. The northern provinces separated from Habsburg rule during the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) and became the independent United Provinces after the Oath of Abjuration of 1581. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The southern provinces remained under Habsburg rule and formed the Spanish Netherlands in strict sense.
The Spanish Netherlands originally consisted of the whole of the
- county of Flanders, including French- and Walloon Flanders
- county of Artois
- city of Tournai
- Cambrai
- (As a rough guide, the territory concerned which now lies in France is the département of Nord and the northern half of Pas-de-Calais. The County of Flanders was a historical region in the Low Countries. The Walloon Flanders (in French Flandre wallonne, in Latin Comitia Flandriae Wallonensis) is a part of the County of Flanders The County of Artois (comté d'Artois graafschap Artesië was a Carolingian county (comitatus established in Western Francia. Tournai (in Dutch Doornik, in Latin: Tornacum) is a Walloon City and municipality of Belgium Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Nord (North is a department in the far north of France. It is the country's most populated department Pas-de-Calais is a department in northern France. Its name is the French language equivalent of the Strait of Dover, which it borders )
- duchy of Luxembourg
- duchy of Limburg
- county of Hainault
- county of Namur
- lordship of Mechelen (officially a county since 1490)
- duchy of Brabant
- the Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the duchy of Guelders (around Venlo and Roermond, in the present province of Dutch Limburg)
The capital was Brussels in Brabant. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by This article deals with the historical duchy of Limburg for other meanings see Limburg. This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. following is a list of Marquisses or Margraves of Namur. Namur was not often an independent state rather under the dominion of other entities like the counties Mechelen ( Mechlin in English is a Dutch-speaking city and municipality in the province of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium. The Duchy of Brabant was a historical region in the Low Countries. This article deals with the historical county and duchy of Guelders for other meanings see Gelderland. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is
In the early seventeenth century there was a flourishing court at Brussels, which was under the government of King Philip III's half-sister Archduchess Isabella and her husband, Archduke Albert of Austria. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is after he farted he ate chicken and farted some more Philip III (Felipe III April 14, 1578 &ndash March 31, 1621) was the King Albert VII Archduke of Austria (sometimes called Albrecht of Austria) ( 15 November 1559 &ndash 13 July 1621) was together Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes," as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence, and with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.
The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' Northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in the 1648 Westphalian peace, and given the peculiar, inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces) : Zeeuws-Vlaanderen (south of the river Scheldt), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht (in the present Dutch province of Limburg). The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of The Generality Lands, Lands of the Generality or Common Lands (Generaliteitslanden were about one fifth of the territories of the United Provinces of the Zeelandic Flanders (Nl-Zeeuws-Vlaanderenogg|Zeeuws-Vlaanderen]] is the southernmost region of the province of Zeeland in southwestern Netherlands. The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www North Brabant ( Dutch: Noord-Brabant,) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country bordered by Belgium Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish:
In the wars between the French and the Spanish in the Seventeenth century, the territory of the Spanish Netherlands was repeatedly nipped at. The French annexed Artois and Cambrai by the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. Artois (Artesië (adjective Artesian) is a former province of northern France. Cambrai (Dutch Kamerijk; old spelling Cambray) is a French town and commune, in the Nord département, The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659 to end the war between France and Spain that had begun in 1635 during the Thirty Years' War. Dunkirk ( French: Dunkerque, dœ̃kɛʀk or; Dutch:; is a harbour city and a commune in the northernmost part of France, in the By the Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including most of Walloon Flanders (around the city of Lille), as well as much of Hainault (including Valenciennes). The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Treaty of Aachen was signed on May 2, 1668 in Aachen. The War of Devolution ( 1667 &ndash 1668) saw Louis XIV 's French armies overrun the Hapsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands and The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen ( Négotiations de Nimegue or Négotiations de la Paix de Nimègue) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England The Walloon Flanders (in French Flandre wallonne, in Latin Comitia Flandriae Wallonensis) is a part of the County of Flanders Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country This article deals with the historical county of Hainaut for other meanings see Hainaut. Valenciennes (Old Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae) is a Town and commune in northern France in the In the later War of the Reunions, and the Nine Years War France annexed other parts of the region. The War of the Reunions (1683&ndash1684 was a small conflict between Louis XIV 's France and Spain and her allies The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
Austrian Netherlands
Under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), following the War of the Spanish Succession, what was left of the Spanish Netherlands was ceded to Austria and thus became known as the Austrian Netherlands. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich However, the Austrians themselves generally had little interest in the region (aside from a short-lived attempt by Emperor Charles VI to compete with British and Dutch trade through the Ostend Company), and the fortresses along the border (the Barrier Fortresses) were, by treaty, garrisoned with Dutch troops. Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia The Ostend Company (Oostendse Compagnie was a private company established in 1717 to trade with the Indies. The area had, in fact, been given to Austria largely at British and Dutch insistence, as these powers feared potential French domination of the region.
Throughout the latter part of the eighteenth century, the principal foreign policy goal of the Habsburg rulers was to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria, which would round out Habsburg possessions in southern Germany. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12
In 1784 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor did take up the long-standing grudge of Antwerp, whose once-flourishing trade was destroyed by the permanent closing of the Scheldt, and demanded that the Dutch Republic open the river to navigation. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the The Scheldt (Dutch Schelde, French Escaut, Latin Scaldis) is a 350 km[http //www "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, the Emperor's stance was far from militant, and he called off hostilities after the so-called Kettle War, known by that name because its only "casualty" was a kettle. The Kettle War (Dutch - Keteloorlog or Marmietenoorlog is the nickname given to a short war or incident between the troops of the Republic of the Seven Netherlands and the Though Joseph did secure in the 1785 Treaty of Fontainebleau that the Southern Netherlands would be compensated by the Dutch Republic for the continued closing the Scheldt, this achievement failed to gain him much popularity.
The Austrian Netherlands rebelled against Austria in 1788 as a result of Joseph II's centralizing policies. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. The different provinces established the United States of Belgium (January 1790). The United States of Belgium, ( Dutch: Verenigde Nederlandse Staten or Verenigde Belgische Staten, French: États-Belgiques-Unis) was Austrian imperial power was restored by Joseph's brother and successor, Leopold II by the end of 1790. Leopold II (May 5 1747 March 1 1792 born Peter Leopold Joseph Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand Duke
French annexation
After the French Revolution, in 1794 the entire region (including territories that were never under Habsburg rule, like the Bishopric of Liège) was overrun by France ending the existence of this territory as Spanish/Austrian Netherlands. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium This was resisted by the Flamingant movement organized by Roman Catholic clergy. The Dutch and French word flamingant refers to all activists of the Flemish movement and was initially used as a Pejorative term by belgicists Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. It became an integral part of France, and was divided into départements:
Austria confirmed the loss of its territories by the Treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797. In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Deux-Nèthes (Twee Nethen is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium and The Netherlands. Dyle is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium. Escaut is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium and Netherlands. Forêts was a département of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire, in present Belgium, Luxembourg Jemmape is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium Lys is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium. Meuse-Inférieure ( Lower Meuse; Dutch: Nedermaas or Beneden-Maas; German: Niedermaas) is the name of a département Ourthe is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present day Belgium and Germany, at the time written as Ourte by Sambre-et-Meuse was the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Belgium. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire Year VI of the French Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 the region was given to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, however after the Belgian Revolution of 1830 it separated and became the independent state of Belgium. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those
See also
- List of Governors of the Spanish Netherlands
- List of plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands
- Seventeen Provinces
- Union of Atrecht (Including map, 1579)
- Spanish Armada
Footnote
- Note 1: The example of these expensive wars which is best known to English-speaking people is that of the Spanish Armada. The governors of the Spanish Netherlands were often members of the Habsburg Family. This is the list of the plenipotentiaries of Austrian Netherlands: List of plenipotentiaries 1743-1744 Karl Ferdinand von Königsegg-Erps The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands The People of Arras (Dutch Atrecht) was an accord signed on January 6, 1579 in Arras ( Atrecht) under which the southern states The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible However, that came in 1588, a little after the Dutch had become exasperated to the extent of signing the Union of Utrecht in 1579. The Union of Utrecht (Unie van Utrecht is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern Provinces
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