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- "RVN" redirects here. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The đồng was the currency of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam from 1953 to 2 May, 1978. The piastre was the currency of French Indochina between 1885 and 1952 RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. CBN is an Australian Television station licensed to and serving the regions surrounding Orange and Dubbo in central western New South Wales
South Vietnam is the commonly used name for the former Vietnamese state that existed from 1954 to 1976 in the portion of Vietnam that lies south of the 17th parallel. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. North Vietnam was situated to the north of the 17th parallel. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The division of Vietnam occurred during the Geneva Conference, after the Viet Minh fought to end almost 100 years of colonial rule in French Indochina. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit
- (1949–1955): State of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949
- (1955–1975): the Republic of Vietnam.
- (1975–1976): the Republic of South Vietnam. The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the
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South Vietnam, officially the State of Vietnam, (Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) from 1949 to 1955, the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Cộng Hòa) from 1955 to 1975, and the Republic of South Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam) from 1975 to 1976, was a country that existed from 1949 to 1975 in the territory of Vietnam that lay south of the 17th parallel. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War.
History
Founding: the Nation of Vietnam
- See also: Geneva Conference (1954), Operation Passage to Freedom, and 1955 State of Vietnam referendum
Unlike the rest of French Indochina, Cochinchina, the southern third of Vietnam, was a colony rather than a protectorate. Cochin China is also a type of domestic fowl. Cochinchina, from Cochin-China (see note below (known locally as Nam In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect It had been annexed by France in 1862, and even elected a deputy to the French National Assembly. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) French interests were stronger in Cochinchina than in other parts of French Indochina. In 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic within an Indochinese Federation. In 1949, this republic was united with the Central and North regions to form the State of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949
The State of Vietnam was created through co-operation between anti-communist Vietnamese and the French government on June 14, 1949 during the French Indochina War, and the Emperor Bao Dai took up the position of Chief of State (Quoc Truong). The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The First Indochina War (also known as the French Indochina War, the The Anti-French War, the Franco-Vietnamese War, the Franco-Vietminh War, Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 This was known as the 'Bao Dai Solution', and was an attempt by the French to grant partial independence to Vietnam, while still retaining substantial control over the country, and keeping it from communist rule. Such a formulation was rejected by the communist Vietminh, led by Ho Chi Minh, who were fighting the French for full independence for Vietnam. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name
In 1954, France and the Vietminh agreed at the Geneva Conference that the State of Vietnam would rule the territory south of the 17th parallel, pending unification on the basis of supervised elections in 1956. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established as a dividing line between North and South Vietnam as a result of the First Indochina War. At the time of the conference, it was expected that South would continue to be a French dependency. However, Premier Ngô Ðình Diệm preferred American sponsorship to French, so he rejected the agreement, forced the French military to leave, and refused to hold any supervised elections. When Vietnam was divided, 800,000 to 1 million North Vietnamese, mainly but not exclusively Roman Catholics, sailed south (Operation Passage to Freedom) due to a fear of religious persecution in the North, which turned out to be well-founded. Operation Passage to Freedom was the term used by the United States Navy to describe its transportation of 310000 Vietnamese civilians soldiers and non-Vietnamese The Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed in Saigon by Diệm on October 22, 1955, after he deposed Emperor Bảo Ðại in a fraudulent election staged by his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 For his wife see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu., (October 7 1910 - November 2, 1963) was the younger brother
1955–1963
- See also: 1955 State of Vietnam referendum and Battle for Saigon
Diệm scheduled a referendum on October 23 to determine the future of the country. The State of Vietnam referendum of 1955 determined the future Form of government of the State of Vietnam, the nation that was to become the Republic of Vietnam The Battle for Saigon was a month-long battle between the Vietnamese National Army of the State of Vietnam (later to become the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - He contested the poll, advocating a republican model, whereas Emperor Bao Dai advocated a monarchy. Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 The poll was supervised and rigged by his younger brother Ngo Dinh Nhu, and the Diệm ended with 98 percent of the vote. For his wife see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu., (October 7 1910 - November 2, 1963) was the younger brother In many districts, he polled more votes than the number of registered voters, and in Saigon, he recorded 133 percent of the registered population. On the October 26, Diệm declared himself as the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death
Diệm attempted to consolidate his rule on Vietnam by eliminating rival groups. He launched an Anti-communist denunciation campaign (To Cong) against remnants of the communist Viet Minh. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation He also crushed rival factions by launching military campaigns against the three main sects; the Cao Dai, Hoa Hao and the Binh Xuyen organised crime syndicate whose military strength combined amounted to approximately 350,000 soldiers. Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam Binh Xuyen was a powerful Vietnamese Criminal organization active from 1945 to 1975
Throughout this period the level of U. S. aid and political support increased. South Vietnam refused to hold national elections in 1956 to reunify Vietnam as specified by the Geneva accords between France and North Vietnam. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Diệm pointed out that his delegation did not sign the Geneva accords and was therefore not bound by it. He claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region.
1963–1973
See Vietnam War for military history of the Republic of Vietnam in this period. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
1973–1975
In accordance with the Paris Peace Accords signed with North Vietnam on January 27, 1973, U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South, but only to the extent of replacing materials that were consumed.
The communist leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favor their side. But as Saigon began to roll back the Vietcong, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà. As the Vietcong's top commander, Trà participated in several of these meetings. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the North Vietnamese army would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976, before Saigon's army could be fully trained. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to Vietcong headquarters in Loc Ninh, about 60 miles north of Saigon.
On March 15, 1973, U. S. President Richard Nixon implied that the U. S. would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public reaction was unfavorable and on June 4, 1973 the U. S. Senate passed the Case-Church Amendment to prohibit such intervention. The Case-Church Amendment was a piece of Legislation that prohibited U The oil price shock of October 1973 caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. The Vietcong resumed offensive operations and by January 1974 it had recaptured the territory that it had lost earlier. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thieu announced on January 4 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. [1]
In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal and the U. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's S. Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. By this time, Ho Chi Minh Trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gas stations.
In 1975 the communists of North Vietnam launched an offensive in the South, which became known as the Ho Chi Minh Campaign. The Ho Chi Minh Campaign (Chiến dịch Hồ Chí Minh was the final title applied to a series of increasingly large-scale and ambitious Offensive operations by the The Army of the Republic of Vietnam unsuccessfully attempted a defense and a counterattack. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam It had few remaining operational tanks and artillery pieces, as well as a shortage of spare parts, and ammunition. The NVA had a vastly greater supply of new equipment and ammunition. As a consequence, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was forced to withdraw key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already-perilous military situation and undercut the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam.
The retreat became a rout. The cities of Hue, Da Nang and Da Lat in central Vietnam quickly fell, and the North Vietnamese advanced southwards. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc This article is about the city of Đà Nẵng For the Vietnam War era air base see Da Nang Air Base or Đà Nẵng International Airport. Da Lat, or Dalat, (pop 120000, spelled Đà Lạt in Vietnamese) is the capital of Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops started deserting.
Thieu requested aid from U.S. President Gerald Ford, but the U.S. Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives In desperation, Thieu called back Nguyen Cao Ky from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister. Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (born 8 September 1930) is a Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of South
Fall of Saigon, April 1975
Nguyen Van Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, and fled to Taiwan. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. He nominated his Vice President Tran Van Huong as his successor. Trần Văn Hương (1902&ndash1982 was a South Vietnamese politician A last-ditch defense was made by the ARVN 18th Division at the Battle of Xuan Loc led by Major General Le Minh Dao. The 18th Division was an Infantry division in the III Corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN After only one week in office, Tran Van Huong handed over the presidency to General Duong Van Minh. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favorable settlement to end the war. The North was not interested in negotiations, however, and its tanks rolled into Saigon largely unopposed which led to the fall of Saigon. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south Acting President Minh unconditionally surrendered the capital city of Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on April 30, 1975. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of its embassy in Saigon, Operation Frequent Wind. Operation Frequent Wind was the Emergency evacuation by Helicopter from Saigon, South Vietnam, in April 1975 during the last days The evacuees included U. S. government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who had aided the U. S. -backed administration and were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple aircraft carriers waiting off the coast. An iconic image of the evacuation is the widely-seen footage of empty Huey helicopters being jettisoned over the side of the carriers, to provide more room on the ship's deck for more evacuees to land. For an overview of the whole Huey family of aircraft see Bell Huey WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. The evacuation was forced to stop by the U. S. Navy. All the marines and diplomats were evacuated, but thousands of South Vietnamese waited vainly atop the U. S. Embassy for helicopters that never came.
Relationship with America
The history of the relationship with the United States is controversial. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Some historians say the founding of South Vietnam was based on the United States' desire to create an "anti-communist" base in Southeast Asia. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it Opponents argue that it was based on popular support of the South Vietnamese people. However, the U. S. and the Diem government agreed that elections mandated by the Geneva Conference (1954) should not occur, claiming that the communists could not be trusted to conduct a fair election in the North. The Geneva Conference ( May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore Peace in Moreover, most contemporary observers, including U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, estimated that if an election were held in the 1954–55 period (when South Vietnam was under Bao Dai's rule), around 80% of the Vietnamese population would vote for Ho Chi Minh. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general [2] The dominant political rationale for supporting the South Vietnamese government was America's containment policy, which was designed to hold back the spread of communism during the Cold War. Containment refers to a Foreign policy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
The failure to unify the country in 1956, along with Diem's persecution of communists, led in 1959 to the foundation of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (abbrievated NLF but also known as the Viet Cong), which initiated an organised and widespread guerrilla insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Although initially cautious, Hanoi backed the insurgency, which grew in support and intensity. The United States, under President Eisenhower, initially sent military advisers to train the South Vietnamese army. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by President John F. Kennedy increased the size of the advisory force fourfold and allowed the advisors to participate in combat operations, and later acquiesced in the removal of President Diem in a military coup. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated to become what is commonly known as the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia In 1968, the NLF ceased to be an effective fighting organization after the Tet Offensive and the war was largely taken over by regular army units of North Vietnam. The Tet Offensive was a military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968, by forces of the Vietcong, or National Front for Following American withdrawal from the war in 1973, the South Vietnamese government continued fighting the North Vietnamese, until, overwhelmed by a conventional invasion by the North, it finally unconditionally surrendered on April 30, 1975, the day of the surrender of Saigon. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south North Vietnam controlled South Vietnam under military occupation, while the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, which had been proclaimed in June 1969 by the NLF, established the Republic of South Vietnam but the republic never really had any of the authority of a government. The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the The North Vietnamese quickly moved to marginalise non-communist members of the PRG and integrate South Vietnam into the communist north. The unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam was inaugurated on July 2, 1976. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Controversial history
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There is much controversy about how closely the South Vietnamese government was linked to the United States. The history of Vietnam begins around 2700 years ago Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 111 BC until 938 Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Hồng Bàng Dynasty, also known as the Lạc Dynasty, is a Dynasty that supposedly ruled in Vietnam (then known as Văn Lang) for over 2000 An Dương Vương ( Hán Việt: 安[[wikt 陽|陽]] 王; literally "Peaceful Sun King" is the ruling title of Thục Phán ( 蜀[[wikt Nanyue ( was an ancient kingdom that consisted of parts of the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and much of modern northern The Triệu Dynasty (Nhà Triệu is the name given in Vietnam to the lineage of kings of the kingdom of Nam Việt (Nanyue which ruled over parts of The Second Chinese domination of Vietnam saw China strengthen its control over the region Triệu Thị Trinh ( Hán Việt: 趙[[wikt 氏|氏]] 貞) also known as Triệu Ẩu ( 趙[[wikt 嫗|嫗]] or Bà Triệu Lý Nam Đế ( 李[[wikt 南|南]] 帝, Lý The Southern Emperor) was originally Lý Bí or Lý Bôn ( 李[[wikt 賁|賁]] Triệu Việt Vương ( Hán tự: 趙[[wikt 越|越]] 王; ? The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam saw two Chinese imperial dynasties rule over the Chinese controlled region of Chiaozhou ( 交州, Vietnamese Giao Châu an Phùng Hưng ( Hán tự: 馮[[wikt 興|興]] 761-802 was a military leader who briefly reigned over Vietnam during the 8th century The Khúc family (Họ Khúc was a session of leaders who challenged Tang rule over Vietnam. Dương Đình Nghệ ( Hán tự: 楊廷藝 ?-937 some sources record Dương Diên Nghệ, 楊延藝 was the administrator of Giao Chỉ in around 931 The Ngô Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Ngô Hán tự: 吳[[wikt 朝|朝]] 939-967 was a dynasty in Vietnam. The 12 Lords Rebellion (Loạn 12 Sứ Quân was a period of chaos and civil war in the History of Vietnam, from 966 to 968 AD during the Ngô Dynasty, due to a conflict The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Đinh; Han-Viet: Đinh Triều, 丁[[wikt 朝|朝]] was the imperial dynasty of Vietnam The Anterior Lê Dynasty or Prior Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Tiền Lê; IPA: /ɲa˨˩ tiən˨˩ le/ was a dynasty that ruled Vietnam The Lý Dynasty ( Vietnamese: nhà Lý, IPA: /ɲa˨˩ li˦˥/ pronounced like Lee) sometimes known as the Posterior Lý Dynasty ( The Trần Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, Hán Việt: Trần Triều, 陳朝 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled Vietnam (at that The Hồ Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hồ; Hán Việt: Hồ Triều) in Vietnam was a short-lived seven-year reign of two emperors The fourth Chinese domination was a period of the History of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427, upon which the country was ruled by the Ming Dynasty The Posterior Trần Dynasty (Nhà Hậu Trần period of 1407 till 1413 in the history of Vietnam is characterized by two revolts centered around Trần Quỹ ( The Later Lê Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝 sometimes referred to as the Lê Dynasty (the earlier Lê Dynasty The Mạc Dynasty ( Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc; Hán Việt: 莫[[wikt 朝|朝]] ruled the northern provinces of Vietnam from 1527 The Trịnh Lords (Chúa Trịnh Chu nom: 主[[wikt 鄭|鄭]] 1545-1787 were a series of rulers of Vietnam who controlled the powers of government while leaving The Nguyễn Lords ( Vietnamese: Chúa Nguyễn; 1558 - 1775 were a series of rulers of Southern Vietnam (then called Đàng Trong) The name of Tây Sơn ( 西[[wikt 山|山]] is used in many ways referring back to the period of Peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between The Nguyễn Dynasty (Nhà Nguyễn Hán Việt: Nguyễn triều 阮朝 was the last ruling family of Vietnam. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit The Empire of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Đế quốc Việt Nam, or (Việt Nam Đế quốc) was a short-lived Puppet state of Imperial Japan The Indochina Wars ( Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Đông Dương) refers to Wars of national liberation and attempts of the Vietnamese communists to assert regional The Partition of Vietnam was the establishment of the 17th parallel as the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone in 1954 splitting Vietnam into halves after the The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The kingdom of Champa ( Chăm Pa in Vietnamese or Chiêm Thành in Hán Việt records was an Indianized kingdom and controlled what Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Until French colonization in the mid-19th century Vietnam's economy was uniformly agrarian subsistence and village-oriented While it is clear that Ngo Dinh Diem was initially the favored candidate of the United States to rule South Vietnam, he later displayed a sufficiently independent and nationalistic streak that the American government assented to his removal by a coup.
It has been claimed that, in particular, the South Vietnamese government of Nguyen Van Thieu was nothing more than an American puppet, and point to American connivance in Thieu's manipulation of the 1971 South Vietnamese Presidential election as evidence. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power On the other hand, some point to sharp differences between Thieu and Nixon at the time of the Paris Peace Accord to demonstrate that he was not a puppet. The Paris Peace Accords (or Paris Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam) were signed on January 27, 1973 by the governments of the The historical consensus is that there existed a symbiotic relationship between the Thieu government and US military involvement in Indochina: without American support the Thieu government could not survive; while the US needed to maintain the Thieu government to be able to continue its involvement in Indochina. This article is about the biological phenomenon for other uses see Symbiosis (disambiguation The term symbiosis (from the Greek Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. The removal of one of these factors would inevitably bring about the end of the other.
Politics
- See also: 1955 South Vietnamese election, 1963 South Vietnamese coup, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, and 1964 South Vietnamese coup
South Vietnam went through many political changes during its short life. The State of Vietnam referendum of 1955 determined the future Form of government of the State of Vietnam, the nation that was to become the Republic of Vietnam On November 1, 1963, President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam was deposed by a group of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN officers primarily The arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem, then president of South Vietnam, marked the culmination of a successful CIA -backed Coup d'état On January 30 1964 a successful coup led by General Nguyễn Khánh ousted the military junta led by General Dương Văn Minh from the leadership of South Initially, the nation was a constitutional monarchy, with Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Bảo Đại ( Hán tự: vi-nom [[wikt保 保]][[wikt大 大]] Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy 22 October 1913 &ndash 30 July 1997 Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Vietnamese monarchy was unpopular however, largely because monarchical leaders were considered collaborators during French rule. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
In 1955 a republican referendum, which is largely considered to have been rigged due to the active presence of pro-republican military forces at voting booths, ended with a 98% vote in favour of abolishing the monarchy. In Saigon, Diem received 133% of the vote. This abolished the monarchy and made Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem the country's first president. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Despite successes in politics, economics, and social change in the first 5 years, Diem quickly became a dictatorial leader. With the acquiescence of the United States government, ARVN officers led by General Duong Van Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician The military held a brief interim government until General Nguyen Khanh deposed Minh in a January 1964 coup. Nguyễn Khánh (born November 8, 1927) is a former Chief of State and Prime minister of South Vietnam. On January 30 1964 a successful coup led by General Nguyễn Khánh ousted the military junta led by General Dương Văn Minh from the leadership of South Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of legislative rule overseen by a military junta.
In 1965 the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. A joint assembly with representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's system of government to a parliamentary system with a strong Prime Minister and a figurehead President. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. In politics a figurehead, by Metaphor with the carved figurehead at the prow of a sailing ship is a person who holds an important title or office yet executes little There was a bicameral National Assembly consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. House of Representatives is the name of any of many legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national states Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. The situation stabilized when the Vietnam Air Force chief Nguyen Cao Ky became Prime Minister, with former General Nguyen Van Thieu as his deputy. History The VNAF (abbreviation for V iet N am A ir F orce Vietnamese is "Không Quân Việt Nam" started off as a few hand Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (born 8 September 1930) is a Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of South Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam.
In 1967 South Vietnam held its first elections under the new system. Following the elections, however, it switched back to a presidential system. The military nominated Nguyen Van Thieu as their candidate, and he was elected with a plurality of the popular vote. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. He was re-elected unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning in 1975. Duong Van Minh was the nation's last president and unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces a few days after assuming office. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician
South Vietnam was formerly a member of ACCT, Asian Development Bank (ADB), World Bank (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), IMF, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), Interpol, IOC, ITU, League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS), UNESCO and Universal Postal Union (UPU). The Agence de coopération culturelle et technique (ACCT French for Agency of cultural and technical cooperation) is an organisation that is part of La Francophonie Asian Development Bank (ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The International Development Association ( IDA) created on September 24, 1960, is the part of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The International Criminal Police Organization, better known by its telegraphic address Interpol is an organization facilitating international police cooperation The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member
Leaders of the Republic of Vietnam
- See the Leaders of South Vietnam. Republic of Cochinchina ( 1 June 1946 – 27 May 1948) President Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
- Ngo Dinh Diem (1955–1963)
- Duong Van Minh (1963–1964)
- Nguyen Khanh (1964)
- Phan Khac Suu (1964–1965)
- Nguyen Van Thieu (1965–1975)
- Tran Van Huong (1975)
- Duong Van Minh (2nd time) (1975)
Republic of South Vietnam
Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on April 30, 1975, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam established itself in Saigon as the government of the Republic of South Vietnam. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician Nguyễn Khánh (born November 8, 1927) is a former Chief of State and Prime minister of South Vietnam. Phan Khắc Sửu (b 1893 - d 1970 was President of South Vietnam from 1964–1965 Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. Trần Văn Hương (1902&ndash1982 was a South Vietnamese politician ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the However, it lacked real autonomy and was largely under the control of the North Vietnamese. The Republic of South Vietnam was dissolved in July 1976 when it merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) to become the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially
Army
On October 26, 1956, the military was reorganized by the administration of President Ngo Dinh Diem who established the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN, pronounced "arvin"). The Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN) was a military component of the armed forces of the Republic of Vietnam (commonly known as South Vietnam Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Early on, the focus of the army was combatting the guerrilla fighters of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, also known as the Viet Cong) an insurgent movement formed to oppose the Diem administration. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc The United States, under President John F. Kennedy sent advisors and a great deal of financial support to aid ARVN in combating the NLF resistance. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of ARVN and President Diem began to be criticized by the foreign press when the troops were used to crush southern religious groups like the Cao Dai and Hoa Hao as well as to raid Buddhist temples, which Diem claimed were harboring Communist guerrillas. Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
In 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem was killed in a coup d'état carried out by ARVN officers led by Duong Van Minh ('Big Minh'). ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician In the confusion that followed Big Minh took power, but was only the first in a succession of ARVN generals to assume the presidency of South Vietnam in a period of intense political instability. During these years, the United States began taking full control of the war against the NLF and the role of the ARVN became less and less significant. They were also plagued by continuing problems of severe corruption among the officer corps. Although the U. S. was highly critical of them, the ARVN continued to be entirely U. S. armed and funded.
The value of the ARVN was highly questionable in this period. In 1963 at the Battle of Ap Bac some 1,400 ARVN troops were defeated by only 350 NLF guerrillas. The Battle of Ap Bac was a small-scale battle early in the Vietnam War (1958–1975 which resulted in the first major combat victory by the Viet Cong against regular The battle of Dong Xoai in 1965 was another humiliating ARVN defeat. Although they always outnumbered their nationalist enemies, most were inexperienced, poorly trained, and not motivated to fight hard for the generals and politicians behind them. Generals tended to be political appointees and corruption was rampant. Their relations with the civilian population were never good and relations with the U. S. military were often very cold.
Starting in 1969, President Richard M. Nixon started the process of "Vietnamization," pulling out American forces and leaving the ARVN to fight the war against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). The Vietnam People's Army ( VPA) (Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam is the official name of the Armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Slowly, ARVN began to expand from its counter-insurgency role to become the primary ground defense against the NLF and North Vietnamese. See also Insurgency In the context of an occupation or a Civil war, counter-insurgency (abbreviated COIN is a military term for the combat The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN or less commonly Vietnamese Democratic Republic (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa was a Country on the northern half of Vietnam From 1969–1971 there were about 22,000 ARVN combat deaths per year. Starting in 1968, South Vietnam began calling up every available man for service in the ARVN, reaching a strength of a million soldiers by 1972. In 1970 they performed well in Cambodia and were executing 3 times as many operations as they had during the American war period. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East However, the officer corps was still the biggest problem. Leaders were often poorly trained, inept and the equipment continued to sub-standard as the U. S. tried to upgrade ARVN technology.
Relations with the public also remained poor as their only counter to NLF organizing was to resurrect the Strategic Hamlet Program, which many peasants resented. The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency Disapproving Americans called this "barbed wire diplomacy. The Strategic Hamlet Program was a plan by the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War to combat the Communist insurgency " However, forced to carry the burden left by the Americans, the South Vietnamese army actually started to perform rather well, and in 1970 was winning the war against the Communists, though with continued American air support. The exhaustion of the North was becoming evident, and the Paris talks gave some hope of a negotiated peace, if not a victory.
The most crucial moment of truth for the ARVN came with General Vo Nguyen Giap's 1972 "Easter Offensive," the first all-out invasion of South Vietnam by the communist North. It was code-named "Nguyen Hue" after the historic Vietnamese hero who defeated the Chinese in 1778. The assault combined infantry wave assaults, artillery and the first massive use of tanks by the North Vietnamese. ARVN took heavy losses, but to the surprise of many, managed to hold their ground.
U. S. President Richard Nixon dispatched more bombers to provide air support for ARVN when it seemed that South Vietnam was about to be overrun. In desperation, President Nguyen Van Thieu fired the incompetent General Hoàng Xuân Lãm and replaced him with ARVN's best commander, General Ngo Quang Truong. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, ( April 5, 1923 &ndash September 29, 2001) was a former General and President of South Vietnam. He gave the order that all deserters would be executed and pulled enough forces together so that the North Vietnamese army (PAVN) failed to take Hue. Hue is one of the main properties of a Color described with names such as " Red " " Yellow " etc Finally, largely as a result of U.S. air and naval support, as well as some surprising determination by the ARVN soldiers, the Easter Offensive was halted. For the December 1972 military operation see Operation Linebacker II.
After the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1973 all U. S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and the war officially ended, however clashes between ARVN and NLF forces continued.
In 1975 the PAVN again invaded the South. Lacking U. S. air support the ARVN could not hold them back. City after city fell to the Communists with ARVN soldiers joining the civilians trying to flee south. The North called this the "Hồ Chí Minh Campaign. " All resistance crumbled. Faced with few viable options, the South tried to form a coalition government that would be palatable to the Communists, one that favored negotiated peace and neutrality. The new coalition government was headed by General Duong Van Minh (Big Minh), one of the organizers of the coup in November 1963, with the full support of the CIA and President Kennedy, that killed President Ngo Dinh Diem. General Cao Van Vien, then Colonel and Commander of the Airborne Brigade, had been captured and held by the Big Minh faction and threatened with execution unless he ordered his troops to join the coup. He refused and was held captive until the end of the coup and was released only because of his close friendship with one of the coup leaders.
Because the new coalition government would be headed by Big Minh, General Vien immediately submitted his resignation to then President of South Vietnam Tran Van Huong, who succeeded President Thieu as President. President Huong, knowing the 1963 coup history, granted General Vien's resignation request (Vien had submitted his resignation to President Thieu many times and had always been turned down). General Vien then escaped to the US as a civilian once his resignation was effective and formalized.
The situation in South Vietnam deteriorated.
The ARVN tried to defend Xuan Loc, their last line before Saigon. These men fought very well, but it was not enough. They were greatly outnumbered and overwhelmed by the entire army of North Vietnam. Xuan Loc was taken and on April 30, 1975, initiated the Fall/Liberation of Saigon. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fall of Saigon (in Vietnamese: Sự kiện 30 tháng 4 - April 30 Incident; Giải phóng miền Nam - The liberation of the south The army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam captured the city, placing the Vietnam National Liberation Front flag over the Independence Palace even though the NLF had accomplished almost nothing during the battles and had almost no authority within the country. General Duong Van Minh, recently appointed president by Tran Van Huong, unconditionally surrendered the city and government bringing the Republic of Vietnam and also the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to a final end. ( February 16 1916 &ndash August 6 2001) known popularly as “Big Minh” was a Vietnamese general and politician Trần Văn Hương (1902&ndash1982 was a South Vietnamese politician Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law.
Provinces
South Vietnam's capital was Saigon which was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City on May 1, 1975 after unconditionally surrendering to the North. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Unconditional surrender is a surrender without conditions except for those provided by International law.
Before surrendering, the South was divided into forty-four provinces (tỉnh, singular and plural).
Geography
The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan), and the Mekong River Delta.
Economy
Vietnam’s economy evolved under the burden of military actions and political issues. In 1954, the nations of North Vietnam and South Vietnam had developed their own economic structure, reflecting different economic systems with different resources and trading partners. South Vietnam maintained a free-market economy with ties to the west. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a It established the first Airline under Emperor Bao Dai, named Air Vietnam. Active from 1951 to 1975 Air Viet Nam (Air VN (Hãng Hàng không Việt Nam was South Vietnam 's first commercial air carrier The economy of South Vietnam was artificially inflated by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973. After 1973 the country suffered economic shocks due to the removal of American spending and an increase in the price of oil. The unification of Vietnam in 1976, led to the imposition of North Vietnam's centrally planned economy into the South. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. The country made no significant economic progress for the next twenty years. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of Soviet aid, the leadership of Vietnam accepted the need for change. Their occupation armies were withdrawn from Laos and Cambodia. Afterward, the country introduced economic reforms that created a market economy in the mid 1990s. The government remains a collective dictatorship under the close control of the communist party.
Demographics
About 90% of population was Kinh, and 10% was Hoa, Montagnard, French, Cham, Eurasians and others. The Vietnamese people (người Việt or vi ''người Kinh'' are an Ethnic group originating from what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. Hoa refers to a minority in Vietnam consisting of persons considered The Degar (referred to by French colonists as Montagnard) are the Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. (1970)
Culture
Principal religions were Buddhism, Roman Catholic, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, animists and others. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Cao Đài ( Vietnamese:) is a relatively new syncretist, Monotheistic Religion, officially established in Tây Ninh, Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 by Huynh Phu So, a native of the Mekong River Delta region of southern Vietnam Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals
Vietnamese culture
Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 19th century. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of western characteristics. Many families have three generations living under one roof.
See also
- Republic of Vietnam Navy
- Vietnam Air Force
- Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps
- Air Vietnam
- Civilian Irregular Defense Group
- Independence Palace
- Leaders of South Vietnam
- Vietnam
- Vietnam War
- Flag of South Vietnam
- National anthem of South Vietnam
- Northern and southern Vietnam
| Preceded by State of Việt Nam |
Ruler of South Vietnam 1955 - 1975 |
Succeeded by Republic of South Việt Nam |
References
- ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=1592
- ^ Brigham, Guerrulla Diplomacy, p. The VNN was the naval forces of the former Republic of Vietnam from 1952 to 1975 History The VNAF (abbreviation for V iet N am A ir F orce Vietnamese is "Không Quân Việt Nam" started off as a few hand The Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps (VNMC (Vietnamese "Thủy Quân Lục Chiến"(TQLC was established by President Ngo Dinh Diem. Active from 1951 to 1975 Air Viet Nam (Air VN (Hãng Hàng không Việt Nam was South Vietnam 's first commercial air carrier Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG pronounced "sid-gee" is one several South Vietnamese Irregular military units during the Vietnam Reunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất formerly known as Independence Palace ( Dinh Độc Lập) built on the site of the former Norodom Palace Republic of Cochinchina ( 1 June 1946 – 27 May 1948) President Provisional Central Government of Vietnam Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The flag of former South Vietnam was designed by Emperor Thành Thái in 1890 and was used by Emperor Bảo Đại in 1948 The National anthem of South Vietnam government was originally "Thanh Niên Hành Khúc" ( English:"March of the Youths" Northern Vietnam and Southern Vietnam are two general regions within Vietnam. The State of Vietnam ( Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam) was a former state in Vietnam replacing the former Republic of Cochinchina (1946-1949 The Republic of South Vietnam (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam was the provisional government of South Vietnam following the final military defeat of the Army of the 6; Marcus Raskin & Bernard Fall, The Viet-Nam Reader, p. 89; William Duiker, U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina, p. 212
External links
- The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956 (English language)
- HIẾN PHÁP VIỆT NAM CỘNG HOÀ 1967 (Vietnamese language)
- 1975: Saigon surrenders
- Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam
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