Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses, see South Island (disambiguation).
South Island
Māori: Te Wai Pounamu
Satellite view of South Island
Satellite view of South Island
Geography
Location New Zealand
Area 151,215 km² (58,093 m²)
Rank 12th
Highest point Aoraki/Mount Cook
3,754 m (12,316 ft)
Administration
Flag of New Zealand New Zealand
Largest city Christchurch (414,000)
Demographics
Population 1,008,400 (as of 30 June 2007)
Density 6. Te Wai Pounamu is the Māori name for New Zealand's South Island which is also sometimes referred to as Te Waka a Maui (The canoe of Maui referring to This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand 7 per km²/km²
Indigenous people European, Māori

The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. New Zealand consists of a large number of Islands The two main islands which are much larger than the rest and where most of the population lives are the North Island New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. The Māori name for the South Island, Te Wai Pounamu, meaning "The Water/s of Greenstone" (greenstone being jade), possibly evolved from Te Wāhi Pounamu which means "The Place Of Greenstone". This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Te Wai Pounamu is the Māori name for New Zealand's South Island which is also sometimes referred to as Te Waka a Maui (The canoe of Maui referring to Jade is an Ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different Silicate minerals. The island is also known as Te Waka a Māui which means "Māui's Canoe". Te Waka a Māui (the canoe of Māui is the Māori name for the South Island New Zealand [1]

Contents

The South Island is often called "the Mainland". Today this expression is used humorously, although still with pride by "Mainlanders", since while it is a somewhat larger landmass than the North Island, only about a quarter of New Zealand's four million inhabitants live in the South Island. The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. However, in the early stages of European (Pākehā) settlement of the country, the South Island was pre-eminent, with the majority of the European population and wealth focussed there due to gold rushes. New Zealand European Pākehā are New Zealanders of predominantly European ancestry It was not until the early 20th century that the North Island population overtook the South, with 56% of the population living in the North in 1911. [2] In Māori legend, the South Island existed first, as the boat of Maui, while the North Island was the fish that he caught. Māori mythology, Māui is a Culture hero famous for his exploits and his trickery However, the South Island has never been the main site of Māori population.

History

For more details on this topic, see History of New Zealand. The history of New Zealand dates back at least 700 years to when it was discovered and settled by Polynesians who developed a distinct Māori culture centred on kinship

Early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. Waitaha is an early historical Māori Iwi. Inhabitants of the South Island of New Zealand, they were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 1500s. Kāti Mamoe, or Ngāti Mamoe, is an historic Māori Iwi. Originally from the Heretaunga ( Napier) area they moved to the South Island

Ngāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Ngāi Tahu who migrated south in the seventeenth century. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi [3] While today there is no distinct Ngati Mamoe organisation, many Ngai Tahu have Ngati Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, especially in the far south of the island. Whakapapa or Genealogy is a fundamental principle that permeates the whole of Māori culture.

Around the same time a group of Māori migrated to Rekohu (the Chatham Islands), where, by adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they developed a culture known as Moriori — related to but distinct from Māori culture in mainland Aotearoa. The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory Moriori are the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language, Wharekauri in the Māori language A notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings [4]

First European impression of Māori, at "Murderers' Bay"
First European impression of Māori, at "Murderers' Bay"

The first Europeans known to reach the South Island were the crew of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman who arrived in his ships Heemskerck and Zeehaen. This is about Golden Bay in New Zealand For other uses see Golden Bay (disambiguation. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Abel Janszoon Tasman ( 1603 - October 10 1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer, and Merchant. Tasman anchored in Golden Bay, at the northern end of the island, (he named it Murderers Bay) in December 1642 and sailed northward to Tonga following a clash with local Māori. This is about Golden Bay in New Zealand For other uses see Golden Bay (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them Staten Landt, after the States-General of the Netherlands, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. Dutch cartographers changed the name to Nova Zeelandia in Latin, from Nieuw Zeeland, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. The Seventeen Provinces were a Personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century roughly covering the current Netherlands Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. It was subsequently Anglicised as New Zealand by British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour who visited the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during (1769–1770). Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Construction The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched in June 1764 from the coal and whaling port of Whitby in The First voyage of James Cook was the initial Pacific exploratory voyage of James Cook (he had previously sailed with the merchant navy and Royal Navy Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday

In the early 18th century, Ngāi Tahu a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island began migrating to the northern part of the South Island. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. The North Island is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, the other being the South Island. There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Kāti Mamoe, or Ngāti Mamoe, is an historic Māori Iwi. Originally from the Heretaunga ( Napier) area they moved to the South Island Rangitāne is a Māori Iwi of New Zealand. See also List of Māori iwi The Wairau River is one of the longer rivers in New Zealand 's South Island. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Ngāi Tahu. The Clarence River is located in the South Island of New Zealand. Ngāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. By the 1730s, Ngāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains Banks Peninsula is in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, partly surrounded by the Pacific Ocean From there they spread further south and into the West Coast. Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there [5]

In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Ngāi Tahu at Kaikoura. Ngāti Toa ( Ngāti Toarangatira) an Iwi ( New Zealand Māori tribe traces its descent from the eponymous ancestor Toarangatira Te Rauparaha (1760s-1849 was a Māori chief and war leader of the Ngati Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, obstensibly to trade. Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River, and When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. Kapiti Island is a small but conspicuous island about 8 km (5 miles off the west coast of the lower North Island of New Zealand. In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Akaroa, where by subterfuge they captured the leading Ngāi Tahu chief, Te Maiharanui, and his wife and daughter. NZ-Akaroapng|thumb|right|Location of Akaroa in the South Island After destroying Te Maiharanui's village they took their captives to Kapiti and killed them. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 [5]

In the summer of 1831-1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā (fortified village). The word pā (pronounced pah refers to a Māori Village, generally one from the 19th century or earlier that was fortified for defence After a three-month siege, a fire in the pā allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. They then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe. Banks Peninsula is in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, partly surrounded by the Pacific Ocean Onawe is a peninsula inside Akaroa harbour on Banks Peninsula in Canterbury New Zealand. In 1832-33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tuhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Tuhawaiki (c1805-1844 — often known as Hone Tuhawaiki, John Tuhawaiki or Jack Tuhawaiki, or by his nickname of "Bloody Jack" — became a Lake Grassmere is close to Cook Strait in the northeastern South Island of New Zealand. Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. [5]

By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace.

On June 17, 1843, Māori natives and the British settlers clashed at Wairau in what became known as the Wairau Affray. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In New Zealand history the Wairau Affray on June 17, 1843, also known as the Wairau Massacre in most older texts was the first serious clash Also known as the Wairau Massacre in most older texts, it was the first serious clash of arms between the two parties after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the only one to take place in the South Island. The Treaty of Waitangi ( Māori: Tiriti o Waitangi) is a Treaty first signed on February 6, 1840, by representatives of the British Four Māori died and three were wounded in the incident, while among the Europeans the toll was 22 dead and five wounded. Twelve of the Europeans were shot dead or clubbed to death after surrendering to Māori who were pursuing them. [6]

In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from the Guangdong province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand. History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first [7]

In the 19th century, some maps named the South Island as Middle Island or New Munster, and the name South Island or New Leinster was used for today's Stewart Island/Rakiura. New Munster was originally the name of the South Island of New Zealand New Leinster was briefly a province of New Zealand, consisting of Stewart Island/Rakiura.

Politics

The South Island is guaranteed 16 of the 69 electorates in the New Zealand House of Representatives. In New Zealand, an electorate is a voting district for Parliamentary elections The New Zealand House of Representatives is the Legislature of New Zealand. In addition, 10 list MPs are based in the South Island, including the current Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand is second most senior officer in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate

Local Government Regions

There are seven local government regions covering the South Island and all its adjacent islands and territorial waters. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. Four are governed by an elected regional council, while three are governed by territorial authorities (the second tier of local government) which also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. Territorial authorities are the second tier of Local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions There is one exception to this, Nelson City is governed by an individual Territorial authority to its region (Tasman Region). The Chatham Islands Council is often counted by many as a unitary authority, but it is officially recognised as a part of the region of Canterbury. The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory

Territorial Authorities

There are 25 territorial authorities within the South Island: 4 city councils, 20 district councils and the Chatham Islands Council. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains Geography Marlborough's geography can be roughly divided into four sections History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region Coverage Tasman District is a large area at the top western side of the South Island of New Zealand Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there After the local government reforms of 1989 the term "city" began to take on two meanings in New Zealand. The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory Four territorial authorities (Nelson City Council, Tasman and Marlborough District Councils and the Chatham Islands Council) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori Coverage Tasman District is a large area at the top western side of the South Island of New Zealand Geography Marlborough's geography can be roughly divided into four sections See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions

Political Parties

This is a list of Political Parties, past and present, who have their headquarters in the South Island. Coverage Tasman District is a large area at the top western side of the South Island of New Zealand History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori Geography Marlborough's geography can be roughly divided into four sections Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there Buller District, administered by the Buller District Council is an administrative region in the West Coast region of New Zealand. Greymouth is the largest town in the West Coast region on the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council Government The Westland District is governed by an elected Council, headed by an elected Mayor. Councillors Canterbury Regional Council is governed by 14 elected councillors who are elected on a first-past-the-post basis from eight regional constituencies Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The Hurunui District is a political district on the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island, north of Christchurch New Zealand. Local government The district is governed by an elected Mayor and a council of 10 members elected simultaneously every 3 years Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand Ashburton is a town and district in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Principal settlements Fairlie Twizel Cave Mount Cook Village The Waitaki district in the Canterbury and Otago regions of New Zealand, straddles the traditional border between the two regions the Waitaki River The article is about the town in the South Island New Zealand History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first Queenstown is a Resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand 's South Island. Administration The Central Otago District Council based in Alexandra controls territorial authority matters while the Otago The Waitaki district in the Canterbury and Otago regions of New Zealand, straddles the traditional border between the two regions the Waitaki River Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of The Clutha District is an administrative district of southern New Zealand, with its headquarters in the Otago town of Balclutha. Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region Gore is a town surrounding borough and district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand. Invercargill ( Waihōpai in Māori) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory

People

Further information: Cities and Towns of the South Island and List of famous South Islanders

Population

Compared to the more populated and multi-ethnic North Island, the South Island has a smaller, more homogeneous resident population of 1,008,400. The Imperial British Conservative Party was a farcical political party founded by The Wizard of New Zealand. The National Democrats Party (NDP was a small right-wing political party in New Zealand formed in 1999 by Anton Foljambe, formerly of the New Zealand National Front This article is about the modern party based around the social credit theory The Progressive Party is a Political party in New Zealand. It is presently the junior partner in the governing coalition being somewhat to the left of The NZ South Island Party was a New Zealand regionalist political party advocating greater representational say for the South Island. This article is about the South Island Party founded by Richard Prosser in 2008 This is a list of Cities and towns in the South Island of New Zealand: A This is a list of Famous South Islanders: A Alexander Aitken - mathematician/statistician [8] At the 2001 Census, over 91 percent of people in the South Island said they belong to the European ethnic group, compared with 80. 1 percent for all of New Zealand [9].

Economy

Further information: List of South Island Companies

The South Island had an estimated sub-national GDP of US$27. This is a list of notable South Island based companies See also List of companies of New Zealand 8 billion (as of 2003)[10].

The main industry groups within the South Island are manufacturing, agriculture, mining, construction, electricity, gas and water supply, education, health and community services.

Tourism

The main tourism destinations of the South Island are;

Ski areas and Resorts

This is a list of ski areas and resorts in the South Island where the public can pay to ski. History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori Coverage Tasman District is a large area at the top western side of the South Island of New Zealand Geography Marlborough's geography can be roughly divided into four sections Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Hanmer Springs (often misspelled and mis-pronounced Hamner Springs is a small Town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of Southland (Murihiku is the name of New Zealand 's southernmost region and is also the name of a district within that region Queenstown is a Resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand 's South Island. History The lake was first seen by a European in 1853 Nathanial Chalmers but he was guided by a sketchmap from Chief Te Huruhuru at Waimate Administration The Central Otago District Council based in Alexandra controls territorial authority matters while the Otago Fiordland is a geographic region of New Zealand that is situated on the south-western corner of the South Island. A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services

Nelson Lakes

Canterbury

Otago

Transport

Main article: Transport in New Zealand

Road Transport

Further information: List of New Zealand State Highways#South Island and State Highway 1 (New Zealand)#South Island (SH1S)

The South Island has a State Highway network of 4,921 km. Rainbow Ski Area is a ski resort in the Tasman Region of New Zealand 's South Island. Mount Robert 1421m high mountain in the Nelson area of New Zealand 's South Island. Fox Peak is a small Club skifield located 16 kilometres to the west of Lake Tekapo in New Zealand 's South Island, New Zealand. Hanmer Springs Ski Area, located on Mount Saint Patrick, South Island, New Zealand is a Club skifield about 40 minutes' drive from the town of Mount Lyford Alpine Resort is a family-run ski resort in South Island, New Zealand. Mount Potts is a specialist Backcountry skiing base in South Island, New Zealand. Mount Hutt rises to the west of the Canterbury Plains in the South Island of New Zealand, above the braided upper reaches of the Rakaia River Mount Dobson is a ski resort in the South Island of New Zealand. Ohau is a small commercial skifield in the foothills of New Zealand 's Southern Alps, near the boundary between the Otago and Canterbury Porters, is a commercial ski resort just over an hour's drive west from Christchurch, on New Zealand 's South Island. The Tasman Glacier is the largest of several glaciers which flow south and east towards the Mackenzie Basin from the Southern Alps in New Zealand 's Temple Basin is a Club skifield in Arthur's Pass, in New Zealand 's South Island. Broken River is a Club skifield in South Island New Zealand. Run by the Broken River Ski Club it is located at about 110 km from Christchurch. Mount Cheeseman is a Club snowfield in New Zealand 's South Island, near the town of Springfield, about an hour and a half from Christchurch Mount Olympus Ski Area, dubbed "playground of the gods" is a Club skifield in Craigieburn Range, on New Zealand 's South Island. Coronet Peak is a commercial skifield in New Zealand located 18 kilometres to the northeast of the town of Queenstown and seven kilometres west of Invincible Snowfields is a private ski resort near Glenorchy in the South Island of The Remarkables are a Mountain range and Skifield in the South Island of New Zealand. Roundhill Ski Area is a family run Skifield in Canterbury, New Zealand, near the town of Tekapo, 3 hours from both Christchurch and History The lake was first seen by a European in 1853 Nathanial Chalmers but he was guided by a sketchmap from Chief Te Huruhuru at Waimate Cardrona Alpine Resort is a Ski resort in New Zealand 's South Island. Treble Cone is a commercial Skifield near Wanaka, New Zealand. Snow Park is a dedicated snowsports Terrain park in South Island, New Zealand. Snow Farm is a Ski area near Wanaka, New Zealand, dedicated to Cross-country skiing. Transport in New Zealand, with its mountainous topography and relatively small population mostly located on a long coastline has always faced many challenges This is a List of highways which are currently part of the New Zealand State Highway network. State Highway 1 is the most significant road in the New Zealand roading network.

Rail Transport

South Island Rail Network Map
South Island Rail Network Map
See also: List of New Zealand railway lines, Rail transport in New Zealand. The New Zealand railway network consists of four main lines seven secondary lines and numerous short Branch lines in almost every region Rail transport in New Zealand consists of a network of gauge ( Cape gauge) Railway lines in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand

The South Island's railway network has two main lines, two secondary lines, and a few branch lines. A branch line is a secondary railway line which branches off a more important through route usually a main line. The Main North Line from Picton to Christchurch and the Main South Line from Lyttelton to Invercargill via Dunedin together comprise the South Island Main Trunk Railway. |}}|}The Main South Line, sometimes referred to as part of the South Island Main Trunk Railway, runs south from Lyttelton in New Zealand through Christchurch The Main North Line between Picton and Christchurch and the Main South Line between Lyttelton and Invercargill, running down The secondary Midland Line branches from the Main South Line in Rolleston and passes through the Southern Alps via the Otira Tunnel to the West Coast and its terminus in Greymouth. The Midland line is a famous 212 km section of railway between Christchurch (Rolleston and Greymouth in the South Island of New Zealand Rolleston is the centre of the Selwyn District of Canterbury and the Selwyn District Council has its headquarters in the town The Otira Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Midland Line in the South Island of New Zealand between Otira and Arthur's Pass. Greymouth is the largest town in the West Coast region on the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council In Stillwater, it meets the other secondary route, the Stillwater - Westport Line, which now includes the Ngakawau Branch. Stillwater is a town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located east of Greymouth on the banks of the Grey River in the Grey District The Stillwater - Westport Line ( SWL) is a secondary main line that forms part of New Zealand 's national rail network. The Seddonville Branch, now truncated and operating as the Ngakawau Branch, is a Branch line Railway in the West Coast region of New Zealand A number of other secondary routes are now closed, including the Otago Central Railway, the isolated Nelson Section, and the interdependent Waimea Plains Railway and Kingston Branch. Construction Construction of the Otago Central Branch Railway began in 1877 and the 27-km section to Hindon was opened in 1889 The Nelson Section was an isolated gauge government-owned railway line between Nelson and Glenhope in the Tasman district of New Zealand 's The Waimea Plains Railway was a secondary Railway line (not a Branch line) that linked the towns of Lumsden and Gore in northern Southland Construction The Kingston Branch was built to be a main line north from Invercargill to improve communications through the Southland region and to provide a link An expansive network of branch lines once existed, especially in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland, but these are now almost completely closed. The branch lines that remain in operation serve ports (Bluff Branch and Port Chalmers Branch), coal mines (Ohai Branch and Rapahoe Branch), and a dairying factory (Hokitika Branch). The Bluff Branch is a Railway line in Southland, New Zealand that links Invercargill with the port of Bluff. The Port Chalmers Branch was the first railway line built in Otago, New Zealand, and linked the region's major city of Dunedin with the port in Port The Wairio Branch, now incorporating the Ohai Industrial Line, is a Branch line Railway in Southland, New Zealand. History Construction The line was built as a sub-branch of the now-closed Rewanui Branch, with the junction in Runanga. Construction The first line opened in the region was a bush tramway built to a gauge of 1219mm (4 ft The first 64 km of the Otago Central Railway remain in operation for tourist trains run by the Taieri Gorge Railway (TGR). The Taieri Gorge Railway is a railway line and tourist train operation based at Dunedin Railway Station in the South Island of New Zealand. The most significant freight is coal from West Coast mines to the port of Lyttelton for export.

Passenger services were once extensive. Commuter trains operated multiple routes around Christchurch and Dunedin, plus a service between Invercargill and Bluff. Due to substantial losses, these were cancelled between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The final services to operate ran between Dunedin and Mosgiel, and they ceased in 1982. Mosgiel (pronounced \MOZZ-geel\ population 10000 a suburb of the city of Dunedin in Otago ( New Zealand) lies 15 kilometres southwest [11] Regional passenger trains were once extensive, but are now limited to the TranzCoastal from Christchurch to Picton and the TranzAlpine from Christchurch to Greymouth. }|} The TranzCoastal is a long-distance passenger train between Picton and Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand, operated by The TranzAlpine is a Passenger Train service operated by Tranz Scenic on the South Island of New Zealand. The Southerner between Christchurch and Invercargill, once the flagship of the network, was cancelled on 10 February 2002. The Southerner was a passenger express Train that ran in New Zealand 's South Island between Christchurch and Invercargill via Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Subsequently, the architecturally significant Dunedin Railway Station has been used solely by the TGR's tourist trains, the Taieri Gorge Limited along the Otago Central Railway and the Seasider to Palmerston. Possibly the best-known building in the southern half of New Zealand 's South Island, Dunedin Railway Station is a jewel in the country's architectural crown The Seasider is a tourist Train in the South Island of New Zealand, operated by the Taieri Gorge Railway along the Main South for the North Island city see Palmerston North Rural passenger services on branch lines were provided by mixed trains and Vulcan/88 seater railcars but the mixeds had largely ceased to exist by the 1950s and the railcars were withdrawn in the mid-1970s. A mixed train is a Train that hauls both Passenger and Freight cars The NZR RM class Vulcan railcars were operated by the New Zealand Railways Department in the South Island of New Zealand. The NZR RM class 88-seaters were a class of Railcar used in New Zealand known unofficially as 'articulateds' 'twinsets' 'Drewrys' and 'Fiats' A railcar (not to be confused with a railway car) is a self-propelled railway Vehicle designed to Transport passengers

The South Island saw the final use of steam locomotives in New Zealand. A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive" Locomotives belonging to classes long withdrawn elsewhere continued to operate on West Coast branches until the very late 1960s, when they were displaced by DJ class diesels. The NZR DJ class locomotive is a class of diesel-electric locomotive used in New Zealand. In comparison to most countries, where steam locomotives were last used on insubstantial rural and industrial operations, the very last services run by steam locomotives were the premier expresses between Christchurch and Invercargill: the South Island Limited until 1970 and the Friday and Sunday night services until 1971. The South Island Limited was a passenger express Train operated by the New Zealand Railways Department between 1949 and 1970 This was due to the carriages being steam-heated. The final steam-hauled service in New Zealand, headed by a member of the JA class, ran on 26 October 1971. The NZR JA class were a type of 4-8-2 Steam locomotive used on the New Zealand railway network. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. [12]

Water Transport

Main article: Transport in New Zealand#Ferry services
Toll Shipping's Arahura in the Marlborough Sounds after crossing the Cook Strait.
Toll Shipping's Arahura in the Marlborough Sounds after crossing the Cook Strait. Transport in New Zealand, with its mountainous topography and relatively small population mostly located on a long coastline has always faced many challenges Toll Holdings New Zealand Limited is New Zealand 's largest Trucking company in terms of annual revenue and size The Marlborough Sounds are an extensive network of sea-drowned valleys created by a combination of land subsidence and rising sea levels at the north of the Cook Strait is a Strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand.

The South Island is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait, 24 km wide at its narrowest point, but requiring a 70 km ferry trip to cross.

Ports and harbours

Air Transport

South Island Airports

LOCATION    ICAO    IATA    AIRPORT NAME
Alexandra NZLX ALR Alexandra Aerodrome
Ashburton NZAS ASG Ashburton Aerodrome
Balclutha NZBA Balclutha Aerodrome
Blenheim NZWB BHE Blenheim Airport (Woodbourne)
Chatham Islands NZCI CHT Chatham Islands / Tuuta Airport
Christchurch NZCH CHC Christchurch International Airport (long-distance)
Cromwell NZCS Cromwell Racecourse Aerodrome
Dunedin NZDN DUD Dunedin International Airport (limited)
Forest Field / Rangiora NZFF Forest Field Aerodrome
Glentanner / Lake Pukaki NZGT GTN Glentanner Aerodrome
Gore NZGC Gore Aerodrome
Greymouth NZGM GMN Greymouth Airport
Haast NZHT Haast Aerodrome
Hokitika NZHK HKK Hokitika Airport
Invercargill NZNV IVC Invercargill Airport
Kaikoura NZKI KBZ Kaikoura Aerodrome
Milford Sound NZMF MFN Milford Sound Airport
Mount Cook NZMC MON Mount Cook Aerodrome
Motueka NZMK MZP Motueka Aerodrome
Nelson NZNS NSN Nelson Airport
Oamaru NZOU OAM Oamaru Aerodrome
Picton NZPN PCN Picton Aerodrome
Queenstown NZQN ZQN Queenstown Airport (limited)
Stewart Island/Rakiura NZRC SZS Ryans Creek Aerodrome
Takaka NZTK KTF Takaka Aerodrome
Te Anau / Manapouri NZMO TEU Manapouri Aerodrome
Timaru NZTU TIU Richard Pearse Airport
Twizel NZUK TWZ Pukaki Aerodrome
Wanaka NZWF WKA Wanaka Airport
Westport NZWS WSZ Westport Airport
Wigram NZWG Wigram Aerodrome

Geography

A true-colour image of the South Island, after a powerful winter storm swept across New Zealand on June 12, 2006.
A true-colour image of the South Island, after a powerful winter storm swept across New Zealand on June 12, 2006. Queenstown is a Resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand 's South Island. Kingston is a small town at the southernmost end of Lake Wakatipu in New Zealand 's South Island. Lake Wakatipu is an inland Lake (finger lake in the South Island of New Zealand. Te Anau is a town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Te Anau in Fiordland. Manapouri is a small town in Southland / Fiordland, in the southwest corner of the South Island of New Zealand. Lake Manapouri is a Lake in the South Island of New Zealand. Its name is Maori for "sorrowful heart" though this name is misapplied The ICAO (ˌaɪˌkeɪˈoʊ Airport code or location indicator is a four-letter Alphanumeric Code designating each airport around An IATA airport code, also known an IATA location identifier, IATA station code or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter code designating many History The town was founded during the Central Otago goldrush in the 1860s and was named after Alexandra of Denmark Alexandra Aerodrome is an aerodrome 2 NM (37 km north northwest of Alexandra, New Zealand. Ashburton is a town and district in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Ashburton Aerodrome is a small airport 2 Nautical Miles (37km to the east of Ashburton township on the east coast of the South Island, New Zealand Balclutha is a town in Otago, it lies towards the end of the Clutha River on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Balclutha Aerodrome is a small airport 05 Nautical Miles (1 km southeast of Balclutha township on the east coast of the South Island, New Zealand History The sheltered coastal bays of Marlborough supported a small Māori population possibly as early as the 12th century. Woodbourne Aerodrome is a small controlled aerodrome located 3 NM (8 km west of Blenheim in the South Island of New Zealand The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory Chatham Islands / Tuuta Airport is a small airport 105 NM (19 Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand Christchurch International Airport is the main Airport that serves Christchurch, New Zealand. Cromwell Racecourse Aerodrome is a small airport 1 Nautical Mile (1 Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of Dunedin International Airport is an international airport in the Otago province of the South Island of New Zealand, serving Dunedin and Rangiora is a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is the largest town in north Canterbury and the seat of the Waimakariri Forest Field Aerodrome is a small airport 10 Nautical miles (18 Lake Pukaki is a lake in New Zealand 's South Island. It is the second-largest of three roughly parallel alpine Lakes running north-south along the northern Glentanner Aerodrome is an Aerodrome located at the north west end of Lake Pukaki in New Zealand. Gore is a town surrounding borough and district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand. Gore Airport is an airport 35 Nautical miles (65 kmoppisit the Dodds Farm southwest of Gore in New Zealand. Greymouth is the largest town in the West Coast region on the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council Greymouth Airport is a small uncontrolled aerodrome located 1 Nautical mile (1 Haast is a town on the West Coast of New Zealand. It is spread amongst three small localities called Haast township Haast Beach and Haast Junction and is located Haast Aerodrome, is an aerodrome 15 Nautical miles (28 km east of Haast in New Zealand. Hokitika is a township on the West Coast of New Zealand 's South Island, south of Greymouth, and close to the mouth of the Hokitika River Hokitika Aerodrome is a small uncontrolled aerodrome located 1 NM (1 Invercargill ( Waihōpai in Māori) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world Invercargill Airport is a controlled aerodrome located 1 NM northwest of Invercargill at the south of the South Island of New Zealand. Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Kaikoura Aerodrome, ICAO: NZKI) is an uncontrolled aerodrome located 4 NM southwest of Kaikoura on the South Island of New Zealand Milford Sound ( Piopiotahi in Māori) is a Fiord in the south west of New Zealand 's South Island, within Fiordland Milford Sound Airport is a small but very busy (in terms of flight movements airport in Milford Sound, in New Zealands Fiordland region of the Motueka is a town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located close to the mouth of the Motueka River, on the western shore of Tasman Bay History Early settlement Settlement of Nelson began about 1100 years ago by Māori Nelson Airport is an airport in Nelson, New Zealand. Approximately 1 History The vicinity of Oamaru features some important archaeological sites Oamaru Aerodrome is an airport located north of Oamaru, North Otago, New Zealand. Picton is a town in the Marlborough region of New Zealand. It is near the head of Queen Charlotte Sound near the north-east corner of the South Island Queenstown is a Resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand 's South Island. Queenstown Airport is located in Frankton, Otago, New Zealand, and serves the resort town of Queenstown, handling more than 700000 Takaka is a small town situated at the southeastern end of Golden Bay, at the northern end of New Zealand 's South Island, located on the lower reaches of Te Anau is a town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Te Anau in Fiordland. Manapouri is a small town in Southland / Fiordland, in the southwest corner of the South Island of New Zealand. Richard Pearse Airport, also known as Timaru Airport, is located in Timaru, New Zealand. History The lake was first seen by a European in 1853 Nathanial Chalmers but he was guided by a sketchmap from Chief Te Huruhuru at Waimate Wanaka Airport is the Airport servicing the town of Wanaka, New Zealand and the surrounding ski fields Westport is a town in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand. Westport Airport is an airport in Westport, New Zealand.Air New Zealand has daily flights which are operated by Eagle Airways Beechcraft 1900D Wigram is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Technically called Wigram Park, the second half of its name is rarely if ever heard Wigram Aerodrome is a former Royal New Zealand Air Force base located in the Christchurch suburb of Wigram. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

The South Island with an area of 151,215 km² (58,093 square miles) is the largest land mass of New Zealand, it contains about one quarter of the New Zealand population and is the world's 12th-largest island. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles It is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,316 ft). The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit There are eighteen peaks of more than 3000 metres (9800 ft) in the South Island. The east side of the island is home to the Canterbury Plains while the West Coast is famous for its rough coastlines, very high proportion of native bush, and Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers. Canterbury Plains cover an area bounded by the foothills of the Southern Alps and the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria The Fox Glacier ( Te Moeka o Tuawe in Māori) is a 12 km long Glacier located in Westland National Park on the West Coast of New Zealand The Franz Josef ( Ka Roimata o Hinehukatere in Māori) is a 12 km long Glacier located in Westland National Park on the West Coast of

Climate

The climate in the South Island is mostly temperate. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The Mean temperature for the South Island is 8 °C (46 °F). In Statistics, mean has two related meanings the Arithmetic mean (and is distinguished from the Geometric mean or Harmonic mean The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 [13] January and February are the warmest months while July is the coldest.

Most areas have between 600 and 1600 mm of rainfall with the most rain along the West Coast and the least rain on the East Coast, predominantly on the Canterbury Plains. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Canterbury Plains cover an area bounded by the foothills of the Southern Alps and the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Christchurch is the driest city receiving about 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches.

There are three main factors that influence New Zealand's climate:[14]

Geology

National Parks

Other Native Reserves and Parks

Geographic Features

Glaciers:

Rivers:

Education

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

The South Island has several tertiary level institutions:

Media

Print

Television

Radio

Nelson Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

West Coast Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

Canterbury Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

Dunedin and East Otago Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

Queenstown and Central Otago Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

Southland Stations

Current Stations

Previous Stations

Sport

Main article: Sport in New Zealand

A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the South Island, including:

International events hosted in the South Island include the National Basketball League, the ANZ Championship netball competition and the Super 14 rugby union competition. History See also History of rugby league The grass roots of rugby league can be traced to early football history, through the playing of ball games The current Canterbury Rugby League side also uses the Bulls moniker for this team see Canterbury Rugby League History Alongside the Mt Albert Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short For the speedway team see Canterbury Crusaders (speedway. The Crusaders (formerly the The Highlanders (formerly known as Otago Highlanders) are a New Zealand Rugby union team based in Dunedin that compete in the Super 14. The Tasman Rugby Union is New Zealand's newest provincial union The Southland Stags rugby team represents the Southland province in the Air New Zealand Cup also known as the Premier Division of the National Provincial Championship The National Basketball League (NBL is New Zealand 's top domestic Basketball competition The ANZ Championship is the elite Netball competition between five teams from Australia and five teams from New Zealand. The Super 14 is the largest Rugby union football club championship in the Southern hemisphere, consisting of four state teams from Australia (Queensland/Reds

The Arts

Art Galleries

Museums

Film location

Several movies have been filmed (in large part) in the South Island, including the Lord of the Rings and 2005's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe. The Centre of Contemporary Art (CoCA is an Art gallery in Christchurch New Zealand which specialises in the exhibition sale valuation and hire of New Zealand The Christchurch Arts Centre is a hub for arts crafts and entertainment in Christchurch, New Zealand. The Dunedin Public Art Gallery holds the main public art collection of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. For other museums of this name see Canterbury Museum. The Canterbury Museum is a Museum located in Christchurch New Zealand Ferrymead Heritage Park is a historical museum in Christchurch, New Zealand, housing a number of groups with historical themes the most frequent of which The Otago Museum is situated in Dunedin, New Zealand It is Otago's largest cultural and heritage institution with a collection of over two million artefacts and specimens The Otago Settlers Museum is a regional history Museum in Dunedin, New Zealand covering the territory of the old Otago Province, New Zealand The Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum is primarily a museum of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, its predecessor the New Zealand Permanent Air Force and New The Southland Museum and Art Gallery is located in Gala Street Invercargill. The World of Wearable Art (WOW is a museum devoted to Wearable art and classic cars located in Nelson New Zealand, opened in October 2001 The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 Fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson based on The Lion

See also

External links

Notes

  1. ^ The South Island takes the definite article when used as a noun whereas maps, headings or tables and adjectival expressions use South Island. New Zealand is a unitary nation rather than a federation and as such there has been no specific flag used to represent the two main islands or most of the minor islands other than This is a List of twin towns and sister cities (see Town twinning) in the South Island. See also Coastal fortifications of New Zealand. Royal New Zealand Navy Bases and Ships of the South Island HMNZS Canterbury New Munster was originally the name of the South Island of New Zealand The South Island Independence movement is a term applied to a loose grouping of organisations that have called for separate nationhood for New Zealand 's South Island Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. This pattern can be found in a number of other names, such as the United Kingdom, the Vatican and the Internet. Examples:
    • My mother lives in the South Island
    • The North Island is smaller in area than the South Island
    • I'm visiting the South Island
    • The major South Island peaks are all in the Southern Alps
    Note also that places are said to be in the South Island rather than on the South Island.
  2. ^ King, Michael (2003). Michael King, OBE ( December 15, 1945 &ndash March 30, 2004) was a widely respected New Zealand popular historian The Penguin History of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin Books, 280-281. ISBN 0143018671.  
  3. ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books, p 90. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.  
  4. ^ Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  5. ^ a b c Tau, Te Maire, “Ngāi Tahu”, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 
  6. ^ Michael King (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-301867-1.  
  7. ^ Manying Ip. 'Chinese', Te Ara—the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21-Dec-2006, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en
  8. ^ South Island population reaches one million: Subnational Population Estimates at 30 June 2007, Statistics New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official
  9. ^ Statistics New Zealand [1]
  10. ^ http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BE5F3426-1CB8-4450-84B3-B4587181907E/0/RegionalGDPTables.xls
  11. ^ Tony Hurst, Farewell to Steam: Four Decades of Change on New Zealand Railways (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1995), 96.
  12. ^ David Leitch, Steam, Steel and Splendour (Auckland: HarperCollins, 1994), 89.
  13. ^ From NIWA Science climate overview.
  14. ^ Statistics New Zealand [2] page.
  15. ^ Hakatere Conservation Park, Department of Conservation website, retrieved 21 January 2008.


Dictionary

South Island

-proper noun

  1. One of the two major islands making up New Zealand. Also known as the mainland.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic