Sorbitol
IUPAC name	(2R,3S,4S,5S)-Hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
Identifiers
CAS number	[50-70-4]
PubChem	82170
MeSH	Sorbitol
SMILES	OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)CO
Properties
Molecular formula	C6H14O6
Molar mass	182. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 17 g/mol
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 489 g/cm³
Melting point	95 °C
Boiling point	296 °C
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sugar alcohol that the body metabolises slowly. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A sugar alcohol (also known as a Polyol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol) is a hydrogenated form of Carbohydrate, whose It is obtained by reduction of glucose changing the aldehyde group to an additional hydroxyl group hence the name sugar alcohol. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond.

Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Sweetener 1.2 Laxative 1.3 Miscellaneous 2 Overdose effects 3 See also 4 External links 5 References

Uses

Sweetener

Sorbitol is used in "sugar-free" mints and various cough syrups and is usually listed under the inactive ingredients. This article is about the Candy. See Mint (disambiguation for other meanings A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions

Sorbitol is a sugar substitute often used in diet foods (including diet drinks and ice cream) and sugar-free chewing gum. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an For songs called "Chewing Gum" see Chewing Gum (song Chewing gum is a type of Confectionery traditionally made of Chicle It also occurs naturally in many stone fruits and berries from trees of the genus Sorbus^[1]. In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit The genus Sorbus is a Genus of about 100–200 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Subfamily Maloideae of the Rose Sorbitol is also referred to as a nutritive sweetener because it provides dietary energy: 2. 6 kilocalories (11 kilojoules) per gram versus the average 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) of sugar and starch, while retaining 60% of the sweetness. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Sweet is one of the five Basic tastes and is almost universally regarded as a pleasurable experience As a food additive it has an E number E420, categorized as a sweetener, emulsifier and humectant. E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union. A sweetener is a Food additive which adds the Basic taste of Sweetness to a food artificial sweeteners are Sugar substitutes An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids A humectant is a Hygroscopic substance. It is often a molecule with several Hydrophilic groups most often Hydroxyl groups but Amines

Laxative

Sorbitol can be used as a non-stimulant laxative as either an oral suspension or suppository. Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods compounds or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool most often taken to treat Constipation. A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted either into the Rectum (rectal suppository Vagina (vaginal suppository or Urethra (urethral The drug works by drawing water into the large intestine, thereby stimulating bowel movements. The large intestine is the last part of the Digestive system: the final stage of the Alimentary canal in Vertebrate Animals Its function is to ^[2] Sorbitol has been determined safe to use in the elderly although it is by no means recommended. ^[3]

Miscellaneous

Sorbitol is often used in modern cosmetics as a humectant and thickener. A humectant is a Hygroscopic substance. It is often a molecule with several Hydrophilic groups most often Hydroxyl groups but Amines Thickening agents, or thickeners, are substances which when added to an aqueous mixture increase its Viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties Some transparent gels can only be made with sorbitol as it has a refractive index sufficiently high for transparent formulations. A gel (from the lat gelu &mdashfreezing cold ice or gelatus &mdashfrozen immobile is an apparently solid jelly-like material formed from a The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium It is also used as a humectant in some cigarettes. A humectant is a Hygroscopic substance. It is often a molecule with several Hydrophilic groups most often Hydroxyl groups but Amines A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured ^[4]

Sorbitol is used as a cryoprotectant additive (mixed with sucrose and sodium polyphosphates) in the manufacture of surimi, a highly refined, uncooked fish paste most commonly produced from Alaska (or walleye) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). A cryoprotectant is a substance that is used to protect Biological tissue from Freezing damage (damage due to Ice formation Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Surimi ( Japanese: 擂[[wiktionary り|り]] 身, lit "ground meat" also called kani;) is a Japanese Loan word Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine

Furthermore, Sorbitol, combined with Kayexalate, helps the body rid itself of excess potassium ions in a hyperkalaemic state. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (or polystyrene sulfonic acid) is a type of Polymer and Ionomer based on Polystyrene. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Hyperkalemia ( AE) or Hyperkalaemia ( BE) is an elevated blood level of the Electrolyte Potassium. The Kayexalate exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in the bowel, while sorbitol helps to eliminate it.

Sorbitol when combined with potassium nitrate has found some success as an amateur solid rocket fuel. Rocket propellant is mass that is stored usually in some form of Propellant tank prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form ^[5]

Sorbitol is often used in Mouthwash, as it said that when mixed with other certain ingredients it can help fight plaque. Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a product used for Oral hygiene. Antiseptic and anti-plaque mouth rinse claims to kill the bacterial plaque

Sorbitol is identified as a potential key chemical intermediate ^[6] from biomass resources. Biomass refers to living and recently dead Biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production Complete reduction of sorbitol opens the way to alkanes such as hexane which can be used as a biofuel. Alkanes, also known as Paraffins are Chemical compounds that consist only of the elements Carbon (C and Hydrogen (H (i Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 Sorbitol itself provides much of the hydrogen required for the transformation.

19 C₆O₆H₁₄ → 13 C₆H₁₄ + 36 CO₂ + 42 H₂O

The above chemical reaction is exothermic and 1. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. 5 mole of sorbitol generates 1 mole of hexane. The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 When hydrogen is co-fed, no carbon dioxide production takes place. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single

Overdose effects

Ingesting large amounts of sorbitol can lead to some abdominal pain, gas, and mild to severe diarrhea. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Sorbitol ingestion of 20 grams/day (g/d) as sugar-free gum has led to severe diarrhea leading to unintended weight loss of 24 lbs in an 114 lb woman; another patient required hospitalization after habitually consuming 30g/d. ^[7] Sorbitol can also aggravate irritable bowel syndrome and fructose malabsorption. In Gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) is a Functional bowel disorder characterized by mild to severe Abdominal pain, discomfort Fructose malabsorption or Dietary Fructose Intolerance is a digestive disorder of the Small intestine in which the Fructose carrier in Enterocytes ^[8]

Even in the absence of dietary sorbitol, cells also produce sorbitol naturally. When too much sorbitol is produced inside cells, it can cause damage. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called ^[9] Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy may be related to excess sorbitol in the cells of the eyes and nerves. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the Retina of the Eye. Neuropathy is a medical term usually short for Peripheral neuropathy. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain A nerve is an enclosed cable-like bundle of peripheral Axons (the long slender projections of Neurons. The source of this sorbitol in diabetics is excess glucose, which goes through the polyol pathway ^[10]. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Also called the Sorbitol -aldose reductase pathway, the Polyol pathway appears to be implicated in diabetic complications especially in microvascular damage to the

See also

• Mannitol
• Xylitol

External links

• NIH Diabetes dictionary — see entry on sorbitol

References

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