Facsimile of a Woodcut in "Exercises in Leaping and Vaulting," by A. Tuccaro: 4to (Paris, 1599).

A somersault (sometimes salto) is an acrobatic feat in which a person rotates around the somersault axis, moving the feet over the head. Acrobatics (from Greek Akros, high and bat, walking is one of the Performing arts, and is also practiced as a Sport. The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. In Anatomy, the head of an Animal is the Rostral part (from Anatomical position that usually comprises the Brain, Eyes The somersault can be performed either forwards, backwards, or sideways.

The word originates from the obsolete French word sombresault. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In Dgèrnésiais the word is buncho. Guernésiais, also known as Dgèrnésiais, Guernsey French, Guernsey Norman French, is the variety of Norman language spoken in Guernsey

There are many variations of front and back somersaults with most technically recognized versions being defined in the competitive sport of Trampolining - in which a somersault can be competitively performed in three shapes: tuck, pike or straight. Trampolining is a competitive Sport in which Gymnasts perform Acrobatics while bouncing on a Trampoline.

The word 'flip' is not used in trampolining in some countries such as Britain, as for them it is a skill that is executed with more of a backward movement, and also relies on the arms to create rotation and to land on the floor mid flight (whilst going backwards) or to start the move (whilst going forwards) to take all the weight of the body. There is a lot of confusion, as many people who may come from a gymnastics background regard trampolining as bouncing gymnastics. The two are different sports and have different moves, terminology and techniques. Other English speaking countries do use 'flip' as a synonym for a somersault in trampolining.

Other associated moves are:

• Barani (Front Somersault with 1/2 twist)
• Rudi (Front Somersault with 1 1/2 twists)
• Full Back or frontfull (Backflip or frontflip with 1 twist) [less common with single fronts]
• Double (Double Front or Back Somersault)
• Double Full (Back Somersault with 2 twists)
• Half Out (Double Front Somersault with 1/2 twist in the second somersault)
• Adolf (Front Somersault with 3 1/2 twists)
• Back in - Full out (Double Back Somersault with 1 twist in the second somersault)

etc - the list is very long

There are also sport variations:

• Flash Kick (Back Somersault with legs split to represent a 'kick') [not a recognised competition move]
• X-Out (Back Somersault with both legs kicking out so legs form a V shape) [not a recognised competition move]
• Gainer (Back Somersault whilst the momentum of the body is moving forward)
• Barrelroll (Performing a Sideflip in a forward movement)
• Front gain (Front somersault but moving backwards from take off)

NB: gain is a term used in trampolining to denote travel in the opposite direction to the somersault rotation (i. Rudi was a Punk rock / Power pop band, formed in 1975 in East Belfast. Trampolining terms are used to describe various positions and types of skill performed in the sport of Trampolining. The 'Double Full' is a Trampoline move that comprises a single (normally straight back Somersault with two full twists Adolf, also spelled Adolph and sometimes Latinised to Adolphus, was a popular Given name, especially in the German -speaking countries A flashkick is a type of back flip that is performed in Tricking. A gainer is slang term for an Acrobatic skill in which the acrobat performs a backwards Somersault while still moving forward e. moving backwards during a front somersault or forwards during a back somersault. )

As well as using full somersualts, somersaults can be used in 1/4 rotations. As you can have a half twist, by only twisting around part of the twist axis, so you can have rotation around part of the somersault axis (although half somersaults usually land on the head, so let's stick to 1/4 increments!)

These variations can include moves such as:

• Crash Dive (3/4 Front Somersault to back landing) [currently in discussion to change the name]
• Lazy Back (3/4 Back Somersault to front landing)
• Ballout (1 1/4 Front Somersault to feet from back landing)
• Cody (1 1/4 back Somersault to feet from front landing)

and all manner of double and triple somersaults, including twist rotation can all land in body landings - however for competition purposes these are usually left out as they severely kill height. A crash dive is a maneuver performed by a Submarine to submerge as quickly as possible to avoid attack Pinout is a term used in Electronics to describe how an Electrical connector is wired Many sports (not just gymnastics) have aided the confusion. For instance in many extreme sports such as BMX, FMX, scootering, snowboarding and even skateboarding, a backward rotation is referred to as a "backflip". Certain new wave sports such as tricking and parkour also name their moves flips. Although this has caused conflicts in the sports, it must be widely accepted that each sport will have its own terms for the moves performed.

As with all trampoline moves the somersault can be linked into many different sequences,and at the highest level somersaults may be the only skill the performer uses.

A somersault performed on a trampoline.

Animation of a Somersault

See also

• Gymnastics
• Trampolining
• Jules Léotard
• Tricking

External links

• Front Flip Biomechanics and Technique - Animated Comic Tutorial