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Solid-state physics, the largest branch of condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid matter, or solids. Condensed matter physics is the field of Physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of Matter. Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The bulk of solid-state physics theory and research is focused on crystals, largely because the periodicity of atoms in a crystal — its defining characteristic —facilitates mathematical modeling, and also because crystalline materials often have electrical, magnetic, optical, or mechanical properties that can be exploited for engineering purposes. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Periodicity is the quality of occurring at regular intervals or periods (in Time or Space) and can occur in different contexts A Clock marks History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and

The framework of most solid-state physics theory is the Schrödinger (wave) formulation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. In Physics, especially Quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is an equation that describes how the Quantum state of a Physical system Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Bloch's theorem, which characterizes the wavefunctions of electrons in a periodic potential, is an important starting point for much analysis. A wave function or wavefunction is a mathematical tool used in Quantum mechanics to describe any physical system The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J The Mathematical study of potentials is known as Potential theory; it is the study of Harmonic functions on Manifolds This mathematical Since Bloch's theorem applies only to periodic potentials, and since unceasing random movements of atoms in a crystal disrupt periodicity, this use of Bloch's theorem is only an approximation, but it has proven to be a tremendously valuable approximation, without which most solid-state physics analysis would be intractable. Deviations from periodicity are treated by quantum mechanical perturbation theory. In Quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system

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