Continuum mechanics

Conservation of mass Conservation of momentum Navier–Stokes equations

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A solid object is in the states of matter characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. A state of matter (or physical state, or form of matter) has physical properties which are qualitatively different from other states of matter In Materials science, deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force. The volume of any solid plasma vacuum or theoretical object is how much three- Dimensional space it occupies often quantified numerically At the microscopic scale, a solid has these properties :

• The atoms or molecules that compose the solid are packed closely together. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by
• These constituent elements have fixed positions in space relative to each other. Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another This accounts for the solid's rigidity. In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way; which is periodically repeated in three dimensions on a lattice. The spacing between unit cellious devoicecal in various directions is called its lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are embodied in its space group. A crystal's structure and symmetry play a role in determining many of its properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical properties.
  • If sufficient force is applied, either of these properties can be disrupted, causing permanent deformation.
• Because solids have thermal energy, their atoms vibrate. Thermal energy is the sum of the sensible energy and latent energy. However, this movement is very small, and cannot be observed or felt under ordinary conditions.

The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is a type of condensed matter physics. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Solid-state physics, the largest branch of Condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid Matter, or Solids The bulk of solid-state physics theory and Condensed matter physics is the field of Physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of Matter. Materials science is primarily concerned with properties of solids such as strength and phase transformations. Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties It overlaps strongly with solid-state physics. Solid-state chemistry overlaps both of these fields, but is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials. Solid-state chemistry is the study of the synthesis structure and physical properties of solid materials

The lightest known solid is aerogel. Aerogel is a low-density solid-state material derived from Gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with gas The lightest aerogel produced has a density of 1. 9 mg/cm³ or 1. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. 9 kg/m³ (1/530 the density of water).