Soil chemistry studies the chemical characteristics of soil. Soil chemistry is affected by mineral composition, organic matter and environmental factors.

Contents 1 Overview 2 Concepts 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links

Overview

Until the late 1960s, soil chemistry focused primarily on chemical reactions in the soil that contribute to pedogenesis or that affect plant growth. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Pedogenesis or soil evolution (formation is the process by which Soil is created Since then concerns have grown about environmental pollution, organic and inorganic soil contamination and potential ecological health and environmental health risks. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Soil contamination is caused by the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment Ecological health or ecological integrity or ecological damage is used to refer to symptoms of an Ecosystem 's pending loss of Carrying capacity Environmental health is the branch of Public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and Built environment that may affect human Health Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities Consequently, the emphasis in soil chemistry has shifted from pedology and agricultural soil science to an emphasis on environmental soil science. Agricultural soil science is a branch of Soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the Pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the Biosphere, the Lithosphere,

A knowledge of environmental soil chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate, mobility and potential toxicity of contaminants in the environment. Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the Pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the Biosphere, the Lithosphere, Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism The vast majority of environmental contaminants are initially released to the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment a myriad of chemical reactions can occur that may increase/decrease contaminant toxicity. These reactions include adsorption/desorption, precipitation, polymerization, dissolution, complexation, and oxidation/reduction. Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Desorption is a Phenomenon whereby a substance is released from or through a surface Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of Molecules of a Solvent with molecules or Ions of a The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state These reactions are often disregarded by scientists and engineers involved with environmental remediation. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. Generally remediation means providing a Remedy, so environmental remediation deals with the removal of Pollution or Contaminants from environmental Understanding these processes enable us to better predict the fate and toxicity of contaminants and provide the knowledge to develop scientifically correct, and cost-effective remediation strategies.

Concepts

• Anion and cation exchange capacity
• Soil pH
• Mineral formation and transformation processes
• Clay mineralogy
• Sorption and precipitation reactions in soil
• Oxidation-reduction reactions
• Chemistry of problem soils

References

• Sonon, L. In Soil science, cation exchange capacity (CEC is the capacity of a Soil for Ion exchange of positively charged ions between the soil and the Soil pH is the PH of soil water It is based on the measurement of pH which depends on the activity of Hydrogen Ions (H+ in a solution Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state S. , M. A. Chappell and V. P. Evangelou (2000) The History of Soil Chemistry. Url accessed on 2006-04-11

Bibliography

• Alexander, 1977, Soil Microbiology, 2nd Ed. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. , Wiley Interscience
• Bohn, McNeal, and O'Connor, 1985, Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed, Wiley Interscience
• Bolt and Bruggenwert, 1976, Soil Chemistry. A. Basic Elements, Elsevier
• Cresser, Killham, and Edwards, 1993, Soil Chemistry and its applications, Cambridge
• Davis and Hayes, 1986, Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces, American Chemical Soc.
• Dixon and Weed, 1989, Minerals in Soil Environments, Soil Sci. Soc. America
• Essington, 2003, Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach, CRC Press
• Harter, 1986, Adsorption Phenomena, Van Nostrand Reinhold
• Lindsay, Willard L. 1979, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, Wiley Interscience
• McBride, Murray M. 1994. Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford
• Schulthess, C. P. 2005. Soil Chemistry with Applied Mathematics. Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC, Canada.
• Sparks, D. L. 1989, Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes, Academic Press
• Sparks, D. L. 1999, Soil Physical Chemistry, CRC Press
• Sparks, D. L. 2003, Environmental Soil Chemistry, Academic Press
• Sposito, G. 1984, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, Oxford Press
• Sposito, G. , 1989,The Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press
• Tan, Kim H. , 1993, Principles of Soil Chemistry, 2nd Ed. , Marcel Dekker
• Wild, 1988, Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 11th Ed. , Longman
• Wolt, Jeffrey D. 1994, Soil Solution Chemistry: Applications to Environmental Science and Agriculture, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

External links

• SSSA - Div. S-2 Soil Chemistry
• Council of Soil Science Examiners (CSSE): Minimum Competencies in Soil Chemistry and Mineralogy Q. & A.
• Soil Chemistry in Encyclopedia of Soil Science

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