Sodium hydroxide
IUPAC name	Sodium hydroxide
Other names	Lye, Caustic Soda
Identifiers
CAS number	[1310-73-2]
Properties
Molecular formula	NaOH
Molar mass	39. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 9971 g/mol
Appearance	White solid
Density	2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 1 g/cm³, solid
Melting point	318°C (591 K)
Boiling point	1390°C (1663 K)
Solubility in water	111 g/100 ml (20°C)
Basicity (pKb)	-2. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 43
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
NFPA 704	0 3 1
Flash point	Non-flammable. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air
Related compounds
Related alkali hydroxides	Lithium hydroxide Potassium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide Caesium hydroxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly, according to IUPAC nomenclature)^[1] as sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. The alkali hydroxides are a class of Chemical compounds which are composed of an Alkali metal Cation and the Hydroxide anion (HO- Lithium hydroxide (LiOH is a corrosive Alkali hydroxide. It is a white Hygroscopic Crystalline material Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Rubidium Hydroxide (RbOH is a strong basic chemical and Alkali that is formed by one Rubidium ion and one Hydroxide ion Caesium hydroxide (CsOH is a Chemical compound consisting of an atom of Caesium and a Hydroxide group (also known as Hydroxyl) In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal It is used in many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents and as a drain cleaner. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Wood pulp is a dry fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating the fibers which make up Wood. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. Drain cleaner is a product used to dissolve Clogs to unblock pipes, such as the drainpipes of Sinks Bathtubs Toilets and Worldwide production in 1998 was around 45 million tonnes. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Sodium hydroxide is the most used base in chemical laboratories.

Pure sodium hydroxide is a white solid; available in pellets, flakes, granules and as a 50% saturated solution. It is deliquescent and readily absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, so it should be stored in an airtight container. Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single A hermetic seal is a seal which for practical purposes is considered airtight It is very soluble in water with liberation of heat. It also dissolves in ethanol and methanol, though it exhibits lower solubility in these solvents than potassium hydroxide. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] It is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a A sodium hydroxide solution will leave a yellow stain on fabric and paper. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances

Contents 1 Physical properties 2 Chemical properties 3 Manufacture 3.1 Methods of production 3.2 Major producers 4 Uses 4.1 General applications 4.2 Paint stripper 4.3 Gold pennies 4.4 Alumina production - Bayer process 4.5 Use in chemical analysis 4.6 Soap production 4.7 Paper making 4.8 Biodiesel 4.9 Aluminium etching 4.10 Food preparation 4.11 Domestic uses 4.12 Tissue digestion 4.13 Illegal drugs 4.14 Cleansing agent 5 Safety 6 See also 7 External links 8 References 9 General references

Physical properties

Δ H° dissolution for diluted aqueous -44. 45 kJ / mol;

From aqueous solutions at 12. 3-61. 8°C, it crystallizes in monohydrate, with a melting point 65. 1 °C and density of 1. 829 g/cm 3;

Δ H° form -734. 96 kJ / mol;

Monohydrate from -28 to -24°C;

Heptahydrate from -24 to -17. 7°C;

Pentahydrate from -17. 7 to -5. 4°C;

Tetrahydrate (α- changed), at -5 , 4 - 12. 3°C Also know metastable β- NaOH 4* H₂O. Which above 61. 8°C are crystallized.

Chemical properties

Sodium hydroxide is completely ionic, containing sodium ions and hydroxide ions. An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of Chemical bond that can often form between Metal and Non-metal Ions (or In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen The hydroxide ion makes sodium hydroxide a strong base which reacts with acids to form water and the corresponding salts, e. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. g. , with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

In general such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:

OH⁻(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq) → 2H₂O

This type of reaction with a strong acid, releases heat, and hence is referred to as exothermic. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of In chemistry Neutralization is a Chemical reaction (also called a water forming reaction since a water molecule is formed during the process in which an In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. Such acid-base reactions can also be used for titrations, which is a common method to determine the concentration of acids. Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant Another type of reaction that sodium hydroxide is involved in is with acidic oxides. The reaction of carbon dioxide has already been mentioned, but other acidic oxides such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) also react completely. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO₂ and H₂S) and prevent their release into the atmosphere.

2NaOH + CO₂ → Na₂CO₃ + H₂O

Sodium hydroxide slowly reacts with glass to form sodium silicate, so glass joints and stopcocks exposed to NaOH have a tendency to "freeze". Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. E550 redirects here For the Italian locomotive see FS Class E550 Sodium silicate, also known as water glass or liquid glass, available A stopcock is a Valve used to restrict or isolate the flow of a liquid or gas through a pipe. Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, and the glass becomes frosted. Laboratory flasks are vessels (containers which fall into the category of Laboratory equipment known as glassware. In Chemical engineering, chemical reactors are vessels designed to contain Chemical reactions The design of a chemical reactor deals with multiple aspects of Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron since Iron does not have amphoteric properties. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A few transition metals, however, may react with Sodium Hydroxide in a vigorous way.

Na react with NaOH_(aq), gives H_2(g).

NaOH_(aq) + Na_(s) → NaOH_(aq) + H_2(g)

In 1986 an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker. A tank truck ( United States usage or tanker lorry ( United Kingdom usage is a Motor vehicle designed to carry liquefied loads, The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium:

2Al_(s) + 6NaOH_(aq) → 3H_2(g) + 2Na₃AlO_3(aq)

Unlike NaOH, the hydroxides of most metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to precipitate metal hydroxides. One such hydroxide is aluminium hydroxide, used as a gelatinous floc to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH3 is the most stable form of Aluminium in normal conditions Flocculation is a process where a Solute comes out of Solution in the form of floc or flakes Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting with NaOH. Aluminium sulfate, written as Al 2( S[[Oxygen O4]]3 or Al 2 O12[[Sulfur S]]3 This reaction is highly profitable, and is hence an important synthesis reaction.

Sodium hydroxide reacts readily with carboxylic acids to form their salts and is even a strong enough base to form salts with phenols. Carboxylic acids are Organic acids characterized by the presence of a Carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=OOH usually written -COOH or -CO2H Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" NaOH can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Saponification is the Hydrolysis of an Ester under basic conditions to form an Alcohol and the Salt of a Carboxylic acid In Chemistry, an amide is one of three kinds of Compounds (sometimes called acid amide the organic Functional group characterized The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane However, the limited solubility of NaOH in organic solvents means that the more soluble KOH is often preferred. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]]

Manufacture

In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. North America and Asia collectively contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes.

Methods of production

Sodium hydroxide is produced (along with chlorine and hydrogen) via the chloralkali process. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A chloralkali process always implies the Electrolysis of common salt or Sodium chloride. This involves the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a The sodium hydroxide builds up at the cathode, where water is reduced to hydrogen gas and hydroxide ion:

2Na⁺ + 2H₂O + 2e⁻ → H₂ + 2NaOH

To produce NaOH it is necessary to prevent reaction of the NaOH with the chlorine. A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This is typically done in one of three ways, of which the membrane cell process is economically the most viable.

• Mercury cell process (also called the Castner-Kellner process) – Sodium ions are reduced to sodium metal, which forms an amalgam with a mercury cathode; this sodium is then reacted with water to produce NaOH. The Castner-Kellner process is a method of Electrolysis on an Aqueous Alkali Chloride solution (usually Sodium chloride solution Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device There have been concerns about mercury releases, although modern plants claim to be safe in this regard. ^[2]
• Diaphragm cell process – uses a steel cathode, and the reaction of NaOH with Cl₂ is prevented using a porous diaphragm, often made of asbestos fibers. A diaphragm seal is a flexible membrane that seals and isolates an enclosure Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective In the diaphragm cell process the anode area is separated from the cathode area by a permeable diaphragm. The brine is introduced into the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm into the cathode compartment. A diluted caustic brine leaves the cell. The sodium hydroxide must usually be concentrated to 50% and the salt removed. This is done using an evaporative process with about three tonnes of steam per tonne of sodium hydroxide. The salt separated from the caustic brine can be used to saturate diluted brine. The chlorine contains oxygen and is purified by liquefaction and evaporation. ^[3][4]
• Membrane cell process – similar to the diaphragm cell process, with a Nafion membrane to separate the cathode and anode reactions. Nafion is a sulfonated tetrafluorethylene Copolymer discovered in the late 1960s by Walther Grot of DuPont de Nemours Only sodium ions and a little water pass through the membrane. It produces a higher quality of NaOH. Of the three processes, the membrane cell process requires the lowest consumption of electric energy and the amount of steam needed for concentration of the caustic is relatively small (less than one tonne per tonne of sodium hydroxide). ^[5][6]

An older method for sodium hydroxide production was the Leblanc process, which produced sodium carbonate, followed by roasting to create carbon dioxide and sodium oxide. The Leblanc process was the industrial process for the production of soda ash ( Sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century named after its inventor Nicolas Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Sodium oxide is a Chemical compound with the formula Na 2 O. It is used in Ceramics and Glasses Treatment with water This method is still occasionally used. It helped establish sodium hydroxide as an important commodity chemical.

The LeBlanc process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century. The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of Soda ash ( Sodium carbonate

Major producers

In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is the Dow Chemical Company, which has annual production around 3. The Dow Chemical Company () is an American Multinational corporation headquartered in Midland Michigan. 7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Freeport is a city in Brazoria County, Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Area and is situated in Southeast Texas. Plaquemine is a city in and the Parish seat of Iberville Parish, Louisiana, United States. Other major US producers include Oxychem, PPG, Olin, Pioneer Companies, Inc. Oxychem (more formally called Occidental Chemical Corporation) is the chemicals division of the Occidental Petroleum Corporation. PPG Industries ( is an American manufacturer of Glass and Chemical products including automotive safety glass (PIONA), and Formosa. Formosa Plastics Group ( Ch: 台塑關係企業 is a Taiwanese conglomerate of diverse interests including Biotechnology, Petrochemical processing All of these companies use the chloralkali process^[7]. A chloralkali process always implies the Electrolysis of common salt or Sodium chloride.

Uses

General applications

Sodium hydroxide is the principal strong base used in the chemical industry. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and In bulk it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances It is used to drive chemical reactions and also for the neutralization of acidic materials. It can be used also as a neutralizing agent in petroleum refining. It is sometimes used as a cleaner.

Paint stripper

A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Due to its caustic nature and the fact that it can damage the wood surface raising the grain and staining the color, its use has become less common.

Gold pennies

Sodium hydroxide has also been used in conjunction with zinc for creation of the famous "Gold pennies" experiment. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 When a penny is boiled in a solution of NaOH together with some granular zinc metal (galvanized nails are one source), the color of the penny will turn silver in about 45 seconds. A penny (pl pence or pennies) is a Coin or a unit of Currency used in several English -speaking countries Hot-dip galvanizing is a form of Galvanization. It is the process of coating Iron or Steel with a thin Zinc layer by passing the steel The penny is then held in the flame of a burner for a few seconds and it turns golden brown . The reason this happens is that granular zinc dissolves in NaOH to form Zn(OH)₄^2- (tetrahydroxozincate). This zincate ion becomes reduced to metallic zinc on the surface of a copper penny. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Zinc and copper when heated in a flame form brass. Brass is any Alloy of Copper and Zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties

Alumina production - Bayer process

Sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ore (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the smelting process. The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining Bauxite to produce Alumina. Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and WikipediaNaming Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy.

Use in chemical analysis

In analytical chemistry, sodium hydroxide solutions are often used to measure the concentration of acids by titration. Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Titration is a common laboratory method of Quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown Concentration of a known Reactant Since NaOH is not a primary standard, solutions must first be standardised by titration against a standard such as KHP. In Metrology, a primary standard is a standard that is accurate enough that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards Potassium hydrogen phthalate, often called simply KHP, is a white or colorless ionic Solid that is the monopotassium salt of Phthalic acid Burettes exposed to NaOH should be rinsed out immediately after use to prevent "freezing" of the stopcock. A burette (also buret) is a vertical cylindrical piece of Laboratory glassware with a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision tap or Stopcock Sodium hydroxide was traditionally used to test for cations in Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, as well as to provide alkaline media for some reactions that need it, such as the Biuret test. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Classical qualitative inorganic analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry which seeks to find elemental composition of inorganic compounds Biuret is a condensation compound of Urea, equivalent to two molecules of urea less one of Ammonia.

Soap production

Sodium hydroxide was traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification). SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Saponification is the Hydrolysis of an Ester under basic conditions to form an Alcohol and the Salt of a Carboxylic acid The Arabs began producing soap in this way in the 7th century, and the same basic process is used today. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding

Paper making

Sodium hydroxide was also widely used in making paper. Along with sodium sulfide, NaOH is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the Kraft process. Sodium sulfide is the name used to refer to the Chemical compound Na2S but more commonly its hydrate Lignin or lignen is a complex Chemical compound most commonly derived from Wood and an integral part of the secondary Cell walls of Plants Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. The Kraft process (also known as Kraft pulping or sulfate process) describes a technology for conversion of wood into Wood pulp consisting of almost pure It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process. Bleaching of wood pulp is the Chemical processing carried out on various types of Wood pulp to decrease the color of the pulp so that it becomes whiter These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state 5 at the end of the stages.

Biodiesel

For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based Diesel fuel consisting of short chain Alkyl ( Methyl or ethyl) Esters made by Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst In Organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging the Alcohol group of an Ester compound with another Alcohol. This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound It is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]]

Aluminium etching

Strong bases attack aluminium. WikipediaNaming This can be useful in etching through a resist or in converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions. Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together Anodizing, or anodising, is an electrolytic Passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural Oxide layer on the surface of metal

Food preparation

Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel color production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made Caramel (pronounced /ˈkærəmɛl/ or /ˈkɑrməl/ refers to a range of confections that are Beige to dark brown in Color, derived from the Poultry is the category of Domesticated Birds which some humans keep for the purpose of collecting their eggs, or kill for their Meat and/or Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide to soften them, while pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern A pretzel is a bread pastry of German origin that has the shape of a three looped Knot or twisted braid Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Lye rolls are a baked specialty in Germany (especially in Bavaria and Swabia) Austria, and Switzerland. Due to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide^[8]. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid.

Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include:

• The Scandinavian delicacy known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish"). Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Lutefisk (lutfisk (lʉːtəfɪsk in Southern Norway, in Central and Northern Norway Sweden and the Swedish-speaking areas in Finland
• Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water. Hominy or nixtamal is dried maize (corn kernels which have been treated with an Alkali of some kind Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits. Corn nuts (or toasted corn are a snack food made by Roasting or Deep frying Corn. GRITS is a Christian hip hop group from Nashville, Tennessee. Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide. Nixtamalization typically refers to a process for the preparation of maize (corn in which the Grain is soaked and cooked in an Alkaline solution Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime, hydrated lime, or pickling lime, is a Chemical compound with the chemical formula
• Sodium hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs. Century egg, also known as preserved egg, hundred-year egg, thousand-year egg, and thousand-year-old egg, is a Chinese cuisine
• German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust. A pretzel is a bread pastry of German origin that has the shape of a three looped Knot or twisted braid
• Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg. Chinese noodles are an essential ingredient and staple in Chinese cuisine. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH

Domestic uses

Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a drain cleaning agent for clearing clogged drains. It is distributed as a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The chemical mechanism employed is the conversion of grease to a form of soap. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Soap is water-soluble, and can be dissolved by flushing with water. Sodium hydroxide also decomposes complex molecules such as the protein that composes hair. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. Such drain cleaners (and their acidic versions) are highly caustic and should be handled with care. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

Sodium hydroxide has been used as a relaxer to straighten hair. A relaxer is a type of Lotion or cream which straightens hair by chemically "relaxing" the natural curls Hair straightening is a hair styling technique which involves the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth streamlined and 'sleek' appearance However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, chemical relaxer manufacturers have now switched to other alkaline chemicals, although sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, used mostly by professionals.

Tissue digestion

This is a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involves the placing of a carcass into a sealed chamber, which then puts the carcass in a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water, which breaks chemical bonds keeping the body intact. This eventually turns the body into a coffee-like liquid, and the only solid remains are bone hulls, which could be crushed between one's fingertips. It is also of note that sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors. RoadKill is a Video game of the action genre released in 2003 by Midway Games.

Sodium hydroxide has also been used by criminals and serial killers to dispose of their victims' bodies. A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based ^[9]

Illegal drugs

Sodium hydroxide is a key reagent in the process of making methamphetamine and other illegal drugs. Contrary to popular media reports, it is not actually an "ingredient" in these drugs, but simply a strong base used to manipulate the pH at various points in a chemical synthesis.

Cleansing agent

Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as a cleaner in breweries, where it is simply called "caustic". A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of Beer, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of beer's history It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean the large stainless steel tanks where beer is brewed, fermented, and stored. It can dissolve oils and protein-based deposits. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless and glass bakeware. It also the most common ingredient in oven cleaners.

Safety

Solid sodium hydroxide or solutions containing high concentrations of sodium hydroxide may cause chemical burns, permanent injury or scarring, and blindness. A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to a reactive chemical substance such as a strong Acid or base. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors

Dissolution of sodium hydroxide is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of Molecules of a Solvent with molecules or Ions of a

Sodium hydroxide is extremely caustic, and can react with fats and oils on skin, in a reaction which creates salts. For this reason, sodium hydroxide is very dangerous, and skin should be washed thoroughly with water following contact with this substance.

A solution of 0. 5M or more of sodium hydroxide should be labelled corrosive, while a solution between 0. 5-0. 05M should be labelled irritant.

See also

• Common chemicals
• Soda lime

External links

• Certified Lye - History, manufacture, first aid, storage, and safety of sodium hydroxide. Table of Common Chemical Ingredients and Where to Find Them Soda lime is a mixture of Chemicals used in granular form in closed breathing environments such as General anaesthesia, Submarines Rebreathers
• International Chemical Safety Card 0360
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• European Chemicals Bureau
• Chlorine Online - Facts about chlorine; sodium hydroxide is an important co-product of chlorine.
• The Chlorine Institute, Inc. website
• Sodium hydroxide products of Bayer MaterialScience in North America
• Titration of acids with sodium hydroxide – freeware for data analysis, simulation of curves and pH calculation
• Brine electrolysis

References

General references

1. N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed. , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
2. Heaton, A. (1996) An Introduction to Industrial Chemistry, 3rd edition, New York:Blackie. ISBN 0-7514-0272-9.
3. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 5th edition (online, account needed), John Wiley & Sons. Accessed November 21, 2005. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
4. Euro Chlor - How is chlorine made? Chlorine Online

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