For sodium chloride in the diet, see salt. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants

Sodium chloride
IUPAC name	Sodium chloride
Other names	Common salt; halite; table salt
Identifiers
CAS number	[7647-14-5]
RTECS number	VZ4725000
Properties
Molecular formula	NaCl
Molar mass	58. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 44277 g/mol
Appearance	White or colorless crystals or powder
Density	2. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 16 g/cm³, solid
Melting point	801 °C
Boiling point	1465 °C (1738 K)
Solubility in water	35. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 9 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Structure
Coordination geometry	Octahedral
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Irritant and might sting
NFPA 704	0 1 0
R-phrases	26
S-phrases	none
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	NaF, NaBr, NaI
Other cations	LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, MgCl2, CaCl2
Related salts	Sodium acetate
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Sodium chloride. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Sodium fluoride is the Chemical compound with the formula NaF Sodium bromide, also known as sedoneural is a Salt with the formula Na[[bromine Br]] widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative Sodium iodide is a white Crystalline Salt with Chemical formula Na[[Iodine I]] used in radiation detection treatment of Iodine deficiency An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Lithium chloride is a Chemical compound with the formula Li[[Chlorine Cl]] The Chemical compound potassium chloride (KCl is a Metal Halide salt composed of Potassium and Chlorine. Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal Halide RbCl This alkali halide finds diverse uses from Electrochemistry to Molecular biology. Cesium chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Cs[[Chlorine Cl]] Magnesium chloride is the name for the Chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2Ox Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Sodium acetate, (also sodium ethanoate) is the Sodium salt of Acetic acid. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Sodium chloride. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Sodium chloride. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Sodium chloride. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Sodium chloride. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Extracellular fluid (ECF usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells As the major ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A condiment is a prepared edible substance or Mixture, often preserved or fermented (usually a liquid that is added in relatively small A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods pharmaceuticals paints biological samples wood etc In one gram of sodium chloride, there are approximately 0. 3933 grams of sodium, and 0. 6067 grams of chlorine.

Production and use

Salt is currently mass produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite. Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3 Brine (lat saltus) is Water saturated or nearly saturated with Salt (NaCl The salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of Water which has a concentration of Salts (mostly Sodium chloride) and other minerals significantly A salt mine is an operation involved in the extraction of salt from Rock salt or halite a type of evaporitic deposit Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tonnes, the top five producers being the United States (40. 3 million tonnes), China (32. 9), Germany (17. 7), India (14. 5), and Canada (12. 3). ^[1]

As well as the familiar uses of salt in cooking, salt is used in many applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps and detergents. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. In cold countries, large quantities of rock salt are used to help clear highways of ice during winter, although "Road Salt" loses its melting ability at temperatures below -15°C to -20°C (5°F to -4°F). Sodium chloride is sometimes used as a cheap and safe desiccant due to its hygroscopic properties, making salting an effective method of food preservation historically. A Desiccant is a Hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( Desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container Hygroscopy is the ability of a substance to attract Water Molecules from the surrounding environment through either absorption or Adsorption Salting is the preservation of Food with salt. It is related to Pickling (preparing food with brine rather than dry salt Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value Even though more effective desiccants are available, few are safe for humans to ingest.

Israeli and Jordanian salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea

Mounds of salt, Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Dead Sea (יָם הַ‏‏מֶ‏ּ‏לַ‏ח, "Sea of Salt"البَحْر المَيّت, "Dead Sea" is a salt lake between Salar de Uyuni (or Salar de Tunupa) is the world's largest Salt flat at 10582 km² (4085 square miles The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America.

Modern rock salt mine near Mount Morris, New York. Mount Morris New York refers to two locations in Livingston County New York, both named after Robert Morris, the financier of the American Revolution, New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

Evaporation lagoons, Aigues-Mortes, France

Synthetic uses

Salt is also the raw material used to produce chlorine which itself is required for the production of many modern materials including PVC and pesticides. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation

2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH

Sodium metal is produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. A chloralkali process always implies the Electrolysis of common salt or Sodium chloride. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a Chemical reaction. This is done in a Down's cell in which sodium chloride is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic Sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous method of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide.

Sodium chloride is used in other chemical processes for the large-scale production of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used for producing sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. The Solvay process, also referred to as the ammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of Soda ash ( Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. In the Mannheim process and in the Hargreaves process, it is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The Mannheim process is an important method for the manufacture of Hydrogen chloride and Sodium sulfate from Sodium chloride (table salt and Sulfuric Sodium sulfate is the Sodium salt of Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water

Biological uses

Many microorganisms cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Osmosis is the Diffusion of a solvent (frequently water through a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as smoked bacon or fish and can also be used to detach leeches that have attached themselves to feed. Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value Leeches are Annelids comprising the Subclass Hirudinea. There are freshwater terrestrial and marine leeches It has also been used to disinfect wounds. In medieval times salt would be rubbed into household surfaces as a cleansing agent.

Biological functions

In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate Nitric Oxide production. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium [[1]]

Crystal structure

The crystal structure of sodium chloride. Each atom has six nearest neighbors, with octahedral geometry. In Chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where in six atoms or groups of atoms or Ligands are symmetrically arranged around

Sodium chloride forms crystals with cubic symmetry. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or In these, the larger chloride ions, shown to the right as green spheres, are arranged in a cubic close-packing, while the smaller sodium ions, shown to the right as blue spheres, fill the octahedral gaps between them. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22

Each ion is surrounded by six ions of the other kind. This same basic structure is found in many other minerals, and is known as the halite structure. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. This arrangement is known as cubic close packed (ccp). The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. It can be represented as two interpenetrating face-centered cubic (fcc) lattices, or one fcc lattice with a two atom basis. It is most commonly known as the rocksalt crystal structure.

It is held together with an ionic bond and electrostatic forces. An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of Chemical bond that can often form between Metal and Non-metal Ions (or ---- Bold text Coulomb's law', developed in the 1780s by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb, may be stated in scalar form

Road salt

While salt was once a scarce commodity in history, industrialized production has now made salt plentiful. About 51% of world output is now used by cold countries to de-ice roads in winter, both in grit bins and spread by winter service vehicles. De-icing is the process of removing Ice from a Surface. Anti-icing is the process of Preventing ice from forming on a surface A grit bin or salt bin is an item of Street furniture, commonly found in countries where freezing temperatures and snowfall occur, which holds a mixture of A winter service vehicle ( WSV) or snow removal vehicle, is used to clear thoroughfares of Ice and Snow. This works because salt and water form an eutectic mixture. Adding salt to water will lower the freezing temperature of the water, depending on the concentration. The salinity (S) of water is measured as grams salt per kilogram (1000g) water, and the freezing temperatures are as follows.

Additives

Table salt sold for consumption today is not pure sodium chloride. In 1911 magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 is a white Solid that occurs in nature as a Mineral. ^[2] In 1924 trace amounts of iodine in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodate were first added, to reduce the incidence of simple goiter. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic Potassium iodide is an Inorganic compound with formula K[[iodide I]] Potassium iodate ( K[[Iodine I]] O3) is a Chemical compound. It is sometimes used in radiation treatment as it can replace radioactive iodine A goitre ( BrE) or goiter ( AmE) ( Latin struma) also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below the ^[3]

Salt for de-icing in the UK typically contains sodium hexacyanoferrate (II) at less than 100ppm as an anti-caking agent. Ferrocyanide is the name of the Anion Fe ( C[[Nitrogen N]]64− In recent years this additive has also been used in table salt.

Common chemicals

Chemicals used in de-icing salts are mostly found to be sodium chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl₂). Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. Both are similar and are effective in de-icing roads. When these chemicals are produced, they are mined/made, crushed to fine granules, then treated with an anti-caking agent. Adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water, which allows the liquid to be stable at lower temperatures and allows the ice to melt. Alternative de-icing chemicals have also been used. Chemicals such as calcium magnesium acetate and potassium formate are being produced. Calcium magnesium acetate is an alternative to road salt It is approximately as corrosive as normal tap water and in varying concentrations can be effective in stopping road ice from These chemicals have few of the negative chemical effects on the environment commonly associated with NaCl and CaCl₂. ^[4][5]

See also

• Biosalinity
• Black salt
• Edible salt
• Halite, the mineral form of sodium chloride
• Salinity
• Soap
• Salting the earth

References

External links

• The Salt Manufacturers Association website
• Salt Institute website
• Salt Archive website
• Video of rotating rock salt unit cell (divx, 378kb)
• Salt United States Geological Survey Statistics and Information
• US Road Management website
• Salt Intake in Cold Weather