11 neon ← sodium → magnesium Li ↑ Na ↓ K Periodic table - Extended periodic table
General
Name, symbol, number	sodium, Na, 11
Chemical series	alkali metals
Group, period, block	1, 3, s
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	22.98976928(2) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	0. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling A period 3 element is one of the Chemical elements in the third row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 968 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	0. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 927 g·cm−3
Melting point	370. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 87 K (97. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 72 °C, 207. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 9 °F)
Boiling point	1156 K (883 °C, 1621 °F)
Critical point	(extrapolated) 2573 K, 35 MPa
Heat of fusion	2. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Physical chemistry, Thermodynamics, Chemistry and Condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 60 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	97. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 42 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 28. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 230 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 554 617 697 802 946 1153
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic body centered
Oxidation states	1 (strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	0. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 93 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 495. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 8 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 4562 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 6910. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 3 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	180 pm
Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	190 pm
Covalent radius	154 pm
Van der Waals radius	227 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 47. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 7 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 142 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 71 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3200 m/s
Young's modulus	10 GPa
Shear modulus	3. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 3 GPa
Bulk modulus	6. 3 GPa
Mohs hardness	0. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness	0. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 69 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-23-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of sodium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 22Na syn 2.602 y β+→γ 0. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to There are thirteen recognized Isotopes of Sodium. 23Na is the only stable isotope Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 116 Days and 1157 days or 3 A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 5454 22Ne* 1. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state 27453(2)[1] 22Ne ε→γ - 22Ne* 1. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Excitation is an elevation in energy level above an arbitrary baseline energy state 27453(2) 22Ne β+ 1. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 8200 22Ne 23Na 100% 23Na is stable with 12 neutrons
References
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Sodium (pronounced /ˈsoʊdiəm/) is a chemical element which has the symbol Na (Latin: natrium), atomic number 11, atomic mass 22. Neon (ˈniːɒn is the Chemical element that has the symbol Ne and Atomic number 10 Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. 9898 g/mol, common oxidation number +1. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs Sodium is a soft, silvery white, highly reactive element and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" (formerly known as ‘group IA’). Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Trends The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance decreasing electronegativity increasing reactivity and decreasing melting and boiling It has only one stable isotope, ²³Na. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Sodium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by passing an electric current through molten sodium hydroxide. Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Sodium quickly oxidizes in air and is violently reactive with water, so it must be stored in an inert medium, such as kerosene. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Sodium is present in great quantities in the earth's oceans as sodium chloride (common salt). For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a It is also a component of many minerals, and it is an essential element for animal life. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and As such, it is classified as a “dietary inorganic macro-mineral. ”

Characteristics

At room temperature, sodium metal is so soft that it can be easily cut with a knife. In air, the bright silvery luster of freshly exposed sodium will rapidly tarnish. The density of alkali metals generally increases with increasing atomic number, but sodium is denser than potassium. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39

Chemical properties

Compared with other alkali metals, sodium is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium,^[2] in accordance with "periodic law": for example, their reaction in water, chlorine gas, etc. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is ; the reactivity of their nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, etc. In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms The chlorate anion has the formula ClO3− In this case the Chlorine atom is in the +5 Oxidation state. Perchlorates are the salts derived from Perchloric acid ( H[[chlorine Cl]] O4)

Sodium reacts exothermically with water: small pea-sized pieces will bounce across the surface of the water until they are consumed by it, whereas large pieces will explode. An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. While sodium reacts with water at room temperature, the sodium piece melts with the heat of the reaction to form a sphere, if the reacting sodium piece is large enough. The reaction with water produces very caustic sodium hydroxide (lye) and highly flammable hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature These are extreme hazards (see Precautions section below). When burned in air, sodium forms sodium peroxide Na₂O₂, or with limited oxygen, the oxide Na₂O (unlike lithium, the nitride is not formed). Sodium peroxide, Na2O2 is the normal product when sodium is burned Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3 If burned in oxygen under pressure, sodium superoxide NaO₂ will be produced. Sodium superoxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula Na[[Oxygen O2]]

In chemistry, most sodium compounds are considered soluble but nature provides examples of many insoluble sodium compounds such as the feldspars. There are other insoluble sodium salts such as sodium bismuthate NaBiO₃, sodium octamolybdate Na₂Mo₈O₂₅• 4H₂O, sodium thioplatinate Na₄Pt₃S₆, sodium uranate Na₂UO₄. Sodium meta-antimonate's 2NaSbO₃•7H₂O solubility is 0. 3g/L as is the pyro form Na₂H₂Sb₂O₇• H₂O of this salt. Sodium metaphosphate NaPO₃ has a soluble and an insoluble form. ^[3]

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of sodium

There are thirteen isotopes of sodium that have been recognized. There are thirteen recognized Isotopes of Sodium. 23Na is the only stable isotope Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The only stable isotope is ²³Na^[4]. Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (²²Na, half-life = 2. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Environmental Radioactivity is the study of radioactive materials in the Human environment. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 605 years; and ²⁴Na, half-life ≈ 15 hours).

Acute neutron radiation exposure (e. g. , from a nuclear criticality accident) converts some of the stable ²³Na in human blood plasma to ²⁴Na. A criticality accident, sometimes referred to as an excursion or a power excursion, occurs when a Nuclear chain reaction accidentally occurs in Fissile By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.

Atomic spectral lines

Sodium spectral lines.

A FASOR tuned to the D2A component of the sodium D line, used at the Starfire Optical Range to excite sodium atoms in the upper atmosphere. In Physics, a FASOR is an acronym for Frequency Addition Source of Optical Radiation. Starfire Optical Range is a United States Air Force research laboratory on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque New Mexico. Sodium layer refers to a layer within the Earth 's Mesosphere of unbound non- Ionized Atoms of Sodium.

When sodium or its compounds are introduced into a flame, they turn the flame a bright yellow color.

One notable atomic spectral line of sodium vapor is the so-called D-line, which may be observed directly as the sodium flame-test line (see Applications) and also the major light output of low-pressure sodium lamps (these produce an unnatural yellow, rather than the peach-colored glow of high pressure lamps). In Physics, atomic Spectral lines are of two types An emission line is formed when an electron makes a transition from a particular discrete A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light The D-line is one of the classified Fraunhofer lines observed in the visible spectrum of the sun's electromagnetic radiation. In Physics and Optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of Spectral lines named for the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer ( 1787 Electromagnetic radiation takes the form of self-propagating Waves in a Vacuum or in Matter. Sodium vapor in the upper layers of the sun creates a dark line in the emitted spectrum of electromagnetic radiation by absorbing visible light in a band of wavelengths around 589. 5 nm. This wavelength corresponds to transitions in atomic sodium in which the valence-electron transitions from a 3p to 3s electronic state. Electronic state is a Quantum state of a system consisting of Electrons (usually Orbitals or Chemical bonds in Crystals or Molecules Closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium reveals that the D-line actually consists of two lines called the D₁ and D₂ lines at 589. 6 nm and 589. 0 nm, respectively. This fine structure results from a spin-orbit interaction of the valence electron in the 3p electronic state. In Atomic physics, the fine structure describes the splitting of the Spectral lines of Atoms due to first order relativistic corrections In Quantum physics, the spin-orbit interaction (also called spin-orbit effect or spin-orbit coupling) is any interaction of a particle's spin Electronic state is a Quantum state of a system consisting of Electrons (usually Orbitals or Chemical bonds in Crystals or Molecules The spin-orbit interaction couples the spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum of a 3p electron to form two states that are respectively notated as and in the LS coupling scheme. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin The Azimuthal quantum number (or orbital angular momentum quantum number, second quantum number) symbolized as l (lower-case L is a Quantum number In Quantum mechanics, the procedure of constructing Eigenstates of total angular momentum out of eigenstates of separate angular momenta is called angular momentum coupling The 3s state of the electron gives rise to a single state which is notated as 3s(²S_{1 / 2}) in the LS coupling scheme. The D₁-line results from an electronic transition between 3s(²S_{1 / 2}) lower state and upper state. The D₂-line results from an electronic transition between 3s(²S_{1 / 2}) lower state and upper state. Even closer examination of the visible spectrum of atomic sodium would reveal that the D-line actually consists of a lot more than two lines. These lines are associated with hyperfine structure of the 3p upper states and 3s lower states. In Atomic physics, hyperfine coupling is the weak magnetic interaction between Electrons and nuclei. Many different transitions involving visible light near 589. 5 nm may occur between the different upper and lower hyperfine levels. ^[5][6]

Phase behavior under pressure

Under extreme pressure, sodium departs from common melting behavior. Most materials require higher temperatures to melt under pressure than they do at normal atmospheric pressure. This is because they expand on melting due to looser molecular packing in the liquid, and thus pressure forces equilibrium in the direction of the denser solid phase.

At a pressure of 30 gigapascals (300,000 times sea level atmospheric pressure), the melting temperature of sodium begins to drop. At around 100 gigapascals, sodium will melt at near room temperature. A possible explanation for the aberrant behavior of sodium is that this element has one free electron that is pushed closer to the other 10 electrons when placed under pressure, forcing interactions that are not normally present. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J While under pressure, solid sodium assumes several odd crystal structures suggesting that the liquid might have unusual properties such as superconduction or superfluidity. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance Superfluidity is a phase of matter or description of Heat capacity in which unusual effects are observed when Liquids, typically of Helium-4 ^[7]

Occurrence

See also: Category:Sodium minerals

Owing to its high reactivity, sodium is found in nature only as a compound and never as the free element. Sodium makes up about 2. 6% by weight of the Earth's crust, making it the sixth most abundant element overall^[8] and the most abundant alkali metal. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Sodium is found in many different minerals, of which the commonest is ordinary salt (sodium chloride), which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater, as well as in solid deposits (halite). Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. Others include amphibole, cryolite, soda niter and zeolite. Amphibole (pronounced amfi-bowl defines an important group of generally dark-colored rock-forming inosilicate Minerals composed of double chain SiO4 Cryolite ( Na 3 Al[[fluorine F]]6 Sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon Mineral identified with the once large deposit Nitratine, also known as cubic Niter (UK nitre) soda niter or Chile saltpeter (UK saltpetre) is a mineral the naturally Zeolites (Greek zein, "to boil" lithos, "a stone" are hydrated Aluminosilicate Minerals and have a micro-porous structure

Sodium is relatively abundant in stars and the D spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range compared Though elemental sodium has a rather high vaporization temperature, its relatively high abundance and very intense spectral lines have allowed its presence to be detected by ground telescopes and confirmed by spacecraft (Mariner 10 and MESSENGER) in the thin atmosphere of the planet Mercury. Mariner 10 was a robotic Space probe launched on November 3, 1973 to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. The MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry and Ranging ( MESSENGER) probe is a NASA Spacecraft, launched August 3, 2004 ^[9]

Compounds

See also: Category:Sodium compounds

Sodium compounds are important to the chemical, glass, metal, paper, petroleum, soap, and textile industries. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Hard soaps are generally sodium salt of certain fatty acids (potassium produces softer or liquid soaps).

The sodium compounds that are the most important to industries are common salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na₂CO₃), baking soda (NaHCO₃), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), di- and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate (hypo, Na₂S₂O₃ · 5H₂O), and borax (Na₂B₄O₇ · 10H₂O). Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Sodium nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaNO3 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Sodium thiosulfate ( Na 2 S 2 O 3 is a colorless Crystalline compound that is more familiar as the Pentahydrate Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Borax (from Persian burah) also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important Boron Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B.

Biological role

Physiology and sodium ions

Main article: action potential

Sodium ions (often referred to as just "sodium") are necessary for regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and certain metabolic functions. In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal Interestingly, although sodium is needed by animals, which maintain high concentrations in their blood and extracellular fluids, the ion is not needed by plants, and is generally phytotoxic. A completely plant-based diet, therefore, will be very low in sodium. This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. A salt lick is a Salt deposit that animals regularly lick In an ecosystem salt/mineral licks sometimes occur naturally providing the Sodium, Calcium The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly-conserved ability to taste the sodium ion as "salty. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses " Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium, otherwise only to a few other small monovalent cations (Li⁺, NH₄⁺, and somewhat to K⁺). Calcium ion (Ca²⁺) also tastes salty and sometimes bitter to some people but like potassium, can trigger other tastes. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20

Sodium ions play a diverse and important role in many physiological processes. Excitable animal cells, for example, rely on the entry of Na⁺ to cause a depolarization. In biology depolarization is a decrease in the Absolute value of a cell's Membrane potential. An example of this is signal transduction in the human central nervous system, which depends on sodium ion motion across the nerve cell membrane, in all nerves. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges.

Some potent neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, increase the sodium ion permeability of the cell membranes in nerves and muscles, causing a massive and irreversible depolarization of the membranes, with potentially fatal consequences. A neurotoxin is a Toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells ( Neurons, usually by interacting with Membrane proteins such as Ion channels Batrachotoxins ( BTX) are extremely potent Cardiotoxic and Neurotoxic steroidal Alkaloids found in certain species of frogs ( The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer In biology depolarization is a decrease in the Absolute value of a cell's Membrane potential. However, drugs with smaller effects on sodium ion motion in nerves may have diverse pharmacological effects which range from anti-depressant to anti-seizure actions.

Main articles: hyponatremia, hypernatremia, diuretic, and vasopressin

Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. Hyponatremia ( British: hyponatraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood in which the Sodium ( Natrium Hypernatremia is an Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated Sodium level in the blood A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis) Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the concentration there is about 3. 8 times what it is normally in extracellular body fluids.

Although the system for maintaining optimal salt and water balance in the body is a complex one, one of the primary ways in which the human body keeps track of loss of body water is that osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a balance of sodium and water concentration in extracellular fluids. An osmoreceptor is a Sensory receptor primarily found in the Hypothalamus of most Homeothermic organisms that detects changes in Osmotic pressure The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Relative loss of body water will cause sodium concentration to rise higher than normal, a condition known as hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is an Electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated Sodium level in the blood This ordinarily results in thirst. Conversely, an excess of body water caused by drinking will result in too little sodium in the blood (hyponatremia), a condition which is again sensed by the hypothalamus, causing a decrease in vasopressin hormone secretion from the posterior pituitary, and a consequent loss of water in the urine, which acts to restore blood sodium concentrations to normal. Hyponatremia ( British: hyponatraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood in which the Sodium ( Natrium The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Arginine vasopressin ( AVP) also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone ( ADH) is a Hormone found in The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and is part of the Endocrine system.

Severely dehydrated persons, such as people rescued from ocean or desert survival situations, usually have very high blood sodium concentrations. These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram

Because the hypothalamus/osmoreceptor system ordinarily works well to cause drinking or urination to restore the body's sodium concentrations to normal, this system can be used in medical treatment to regulate the body's total fluid content, by first controlling the body's sodium content. The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis An osmoreceptor is a Sensory receptor primarily found in the Hypothalamus of most Homeothermic organisms that detects changes in Osmotic pressure Thus, when a powerful diuretic drug is given which causes the kidneys to excrete sodium, the effect is accompanied by an excretion of body water (water loss accompanies sodium loss). A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis) This happens because the kidney is unable to efficiently retain water while excreting large amounts of sodium. In addition, after sodium excretion, the osmoreceptor system may sense lowered sodium concentration in the blood and then direct compensatory urinary water loss in order to correct the hyponatremic (low blood sodium) state. An osmoreceptor is a Sensory receptor primarily found in the Hypothalamus of most Homeothermic organisms that detects changes in Osmotic pressure Hyponatremia ( British: hyponatraemia) is an Electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood in which the Sodium ( Natrium

In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to vessel homeostasis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and growth, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium ^[10]

Dietary uses

The most common sodium salt, sodium chloride (table salt), is used for seasoning (for example the English word "salad" refers to salt) and warm-climate food preservation, such as pickling and making jerky (the high osmotic content of salt inhibits bacterial and fungal growth). Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Jerky is Meat that has been cut into strips trimmed of fat Marinated in a spicy salty or sweet liquid and then dried with low heat (usually under 70°C/160°F The human requirement for sodium in the diet is about 500 mg per day,^[11] which is typically less than a tenth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste. " Most people consume far more sodium than is physiologically needed. For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.

Applications

A low pressure sodium lamp, glowing with the light of sodium D spectral lines.

Sodium in its metallic form can be used to refine some reactive metals, such as zirconium and potassium, from their compounds. Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 This alkali metal as the Na⁺ ion is vital to animal life. Other uses:

• In certain alloys to improve their structure. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has
• In soap, in combination with fatty acids. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Sodium soaps are harder (higher melting) soaps than potassium soaps.
• To descale metal (make its surface smooth).
• To purify molten metals.

• In sodium vapor lamps, an efficient means of producing light from electricity (see the picture), often used for street lighting in cities. A sodium vapor lamp is a Gas discharge lamp which uses Sodium in an excited state to produce Light Low-pressure sodium lamps give a distinctive yellow-orange light which consists primarily of the twin sodium D lines. In Physics and Optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of Spectral lines named for the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer ( 1787 High-pressure sodium lamps give a more natural peach-colored light, composed of wavelengths spread much more widely across the spectrum.
• As a heat transfer fluid in some types of nuclear reactors and inside the hollow valves of high-performance internal combustion engines. A coolant is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled For other uses see Valve (disambiguation. For the electronic component see Thermionic valve. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a
• NaCl, a compound of sodium ions and chloride ions, is an important heat transfer material. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus In thermal physics, heat transfer is the passage of Thermal energy from a hot to a colder body
• In organic synthesis, sodium is used as a reducing agent, for example in the Birch reduction. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state The Birch reduction is the Organic reduction of aromatic rings with Sodium and an Alcohol in liquid Ammonia to form 14-cyclohexadienes
• In chemistry, sodium is often used either alone or with potassium in an alloy, NaK as a desiccant for drying solvents. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 NaK (næk rhyming with "sack" is an alloy of Sodium (Na and Potassium (K and particularly one that is liquid at room temperatures Used with benzophenone, it forms an intense blue coloration when the solvent is dry and oxygen-free. Benzophenone is the Organic compound with the formula ( C 6 H 52C O, generally abbreviated Ph 2CO Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

Commercial production

Sodium was first produced commercially in 1855 by thermal reduction of sodium carbonate with carbon at 1100 °C, in what is known as the Deville process. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 ^[12] A process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886. ^[12]

Na₂CO₃ (liquid) + 2 C (solid) → 2 Na (vapor) + 3 CO (gas).

It is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride, based on a process patented in 1924. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a ^[13][14] This is done in a Downs Cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 °C. The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic Sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell. Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. As calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the anode. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate Electrons, and therefore form positive Ions. This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide. The Castner process is a process for manufacturing Sodium metal by Electrolysis of molten Sodium hydroxide at approximately 330°C Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature

Very pure sodium can be isolated by the thermal decomposition of sodium azide. Sodium azide is the Chemical compound with the formula NaN3 This colourless Azide salt is a common reagent in Organic ^[15]

Metallic sodium costs about 15 to 20 US cents per pound (US$0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass 30/kg to US$0. 45/kg) in 1997 but reagent grade (ACS) sodium cost about US$35 per pound (US$75/kg) in 1990. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar)

History

The flame test for sodium displays a brilliantly bright yellow emission due to the so called "sodium D-lines" at 588. A flame test is a procedure used in Chemistry to detect the presence of certain Metal ions based on each element's characteristic Emission spectrum 9950 and 589. 5924 nanometers.

Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as testified by the English word salary, referring to salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages.

Sodium (sometimes called "soda" in English) has long been recognized in compounds, but was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of caustic soda. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet FRS MRIA (17 December 1778 &ndash 29 May 1829 was a British Chemist and inventor In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature In medieval Europe a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted The name sodium probably originates from the Arabic word suda meaning headache as the headache curing properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times. ^[16]

Sodium's chemical abbreviation Na was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols (Thomas Thomson's Annals of Philosophy^[17]) and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium which refers to the Egyptian natron^[18] word for a natural mineral salt whose primary ingredient is hydrated sodium carbonate. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of Sodium carbonate decahydrate ( Na 2 C[[oxygen O]]3 · 10 H2O Which historically had several important industrial and household uses later eclipsed by soda ash, baking soda and other sodium compounds. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3

Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames. As early as 1860, Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity that a flame test for sodium could give. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff ( March 12, 1824 &ndash October 17, 1887) was a German Physicist who contributed to the fundamental Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. They state in Annalen der Physik und der Chemie in the paper "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra":

In a corner of our 60 cu. Annalen der Physik is one of the best-known and oldest (since 1790 Physics journals worldwide m. room farthest away from the apparatus, we exploded 3 mg. of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit. After a while, it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes. From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1/20 millionth weight of sodium.

Precautions

Extreme care is required in handling elemental/metallic sodium. Sodium is potentially explosive in water (depending on quantity) and is a caustic poison, since it is rapidly converted to sodium hydroxide on contact with moisture. The powdered form may combust spontaneously in air or oxygen. Sodium must be stored either in an inert (oxygen and moisture free) atmosphere (such as nitrogen or argon), or under a liquid hydrocarbon such as mineral oil or kerosene. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid

The reaction of sodium and water is a familiar one in chemistry labs, and is reasonably safe if amounts of sodium smaller than a pencil eraser are used and the reaction is done behind a plastic shield by people wearing eye protection. However, the sodium-water reaction does not scale up well, and is treacherous when larger amounts of sodium are used. Larger pieces of sodium melt under the heat of the reaction, and the molten ball of metal is buoyed up by hydrogen and may appear to be stably reacting with water, until splashing covers more of the reaction mass, causing thermal runaway and an explosion which scatters molten sodium, lye solution, and sometimes flame. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. (18. 5 g explosion [2]) This behavior is unpredictable, and among the alkali metals it is usually sodium which invites this surprise phenomenon, because lithium is not reactive enough to do it, and potassium is so reactive that chemistry students are not tempted to try the reaction with larger potassium pieces. Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39

Sodium is much more reactive than magnesium; a reactivity which can be further enhanced due to sodium's much lower melting point. Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 When sodium catches fire in air (as opposed to just the hydrogen gas generated from water by means of its reaction with sodium) it more easily produces temperatures high enough to melt the sodium, exposing more of its surface to the air and spreading the fire.

Few common fire extinguishers work on sodium fires. Water, of course, exacerbates sodium fires, as do water-based foams. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. CO₂ and Halon are often ineffective on sodium fires, which reignite when the extinguisher dissipates. Bromochlorodifluoromethane, also known by the trade name Halon 1211 or BCF, or Halon 1211 BCF, or Freon 12B1, is a Haloalkane Among the very few materials effective on a sodium fire are Pyromet and Met-L-X. Pyromet is a NaCl/(NH₄)₂HPO₄ mix, with flow/anti-clump agents. It smothers the fire, drains away heat, and melts to form an impermeable crust. This is the standard dry-powder canister fire extinguisher for all classes of fires. Met-L-X is mostly sodium chloride, NaCl, with approximately 5% Saran plastic as a crust-former, and flow/anti-clumping agents. Saran is the Trade name for a number of Polymers made from Vinylidene chloride (especially Polyvinylidene chloride or PVDC) along It is most commonly hand-applied, with a scoop. Other extreme fire extinguishing materials include Lith+, a graphite based dry powder with an organophosphate flame retardant; and Na+, a Na₂CO₃-based material.

Because of the reaction scale problems discussed above, disposing of large quantities of sodium (more than 10 to 100 grams) must be done through a licensed hazardous materials disposer. Smaller quantities may be broken up and neutralized carefully with ethanol (which has a much slower reaction than water), or even methanol (where the reaction is more rapid than ethanol's but still less than in water), but care should nevertheless be taken, as the caustic products from the ethanol or methanol reaction are just as hazardous to eyes and skin as those from water. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound After the alcohol reaction appears complete, and all pieces of reaction debris have been broken up or dissolved, a mixture of alcohol and water, then pure water, may then be carefully used for a final cleaning. This should be allowed to stand a few minutes until the reaction products are diluted more thoroughly and flushed down the drain. The purpose of the final water soak and wash of any reaction mass which may contain sodium is to ensure that alcohol does not carry unreacted sodium into the sink trap, where a water reaction may generate hydrogen in the trap space which can then be potentially ignited, causing a confined sink trap explosion.

See also

• Sodium compounds
• Alkali metals

References

• Rebecca J. Donatelle. Health, The Basics. 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005.

External links

• WebElements.com – Sodium
• The Wooden Periodic Table Table's Entry on Sodium
• Dietary Sodium
• Sodium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's