Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism. Boris Eremeevich Vladimirsky, (1878 - 1950 was a Soviet painter of the Socialist Realism school Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Although related, it should not be confused with social realism, a type of art that realistically depicts subjects of social concern. Social Realism, also known as Socio-Realism, is an Artistic movement, expressed in the visual and other realist arts, which depicts Working class
Contents |
In the Soviet Union
Socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools. During the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks established an institution called Proletkult (the Proletarian Cultural and Enlightenment Organizations) which sought to put all arts into the service of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Proletkult is an Portmanteau of "proletarskaya kultura" (пролетарская культура Russian for "proletarian culture" The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the
In the early years of the Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet artists embraced a wide variety of art forms under the auspices of Proletkult. Revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms were seen as complementary. In art, constructivism flourished. Constructivism was an Artistic and architectural movement in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of " Art for art's sake " In poetry, the nontraditional and the avant-garde were often praised. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard
This, however, aroused criticism from elements in the Communist party, who rejected modern styles such as impressionism and cubism, since these movements existed before the revolution and hence were associated with "decadent bourgeois art. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Cubism was a 20th century Avant-garde Art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European " Socialist realism was thus to some extent a reaction against the adoption of these "decadent" styles. Also, it was thought that the non-representative forms of art were not understood by the proletariat and thus could not be used by the state for propaganda.
Socialist realism became state policy in 1932 when Soviet leader Joseph Stalin promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organizations". The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Union of Soviet Writers was founded to control the output of authors, and the new policy was rubber-stamped at the Congress of Socialist Writers in 1934. The USSR Union of Writers, or Union of Soviet Writers ( Союз писателей СССР was a creative union of professional writers in the USSR. It was enforced ruthlessly in all spheres of artistic endeavour. Artists who strayed from the official line were severely punished – many were sent to the Gulag labour camps in Siberia and elsewhere. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving
The restrictions were loosened somewhat after Stalin's death in 1953 but the state still kept a tight rein on personal artistic expression. This caused many artists to choose to go into exile, for example the Odessa Group from the city of that name. The Odessa Group of exiled and dissident artists take their name from the Ukrainian city of Odessa. Independent-minded artists that remained continued to feel the hostility of the state. In 1974, for instance, a show of unofficial art in a field near Moscow was broken up, and the artworks destroyed with a water cannon and bulldozers (see Bulldozer Exhibition). Bulldozer Exhibition (Бульдо́зерная вы́ставка was an unofficial art exhibition on a vacant lot in Belyayevo Urban forest by Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost and perestroika facilitated an explosion of interest in alternative art styles in the late 1980s, but socialist realism remained in limited force as the official state art style until as late as 1991. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev It was not until after the fall of the Soviet Union that artists were finally freed from state censorship. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985
In other states
The Soviet Union exported socialist realism to virtually all of the other Communist countries, although the degree to which it was enforced there varied somewhat from country to country. It became the predominant art form across the Communist world for almost fifty years.
The doctrine of socialist realism in other Soviet-controlled new People's Republics, was legally enforced from 1949 to 1956. People's Republic (rarely Popular Republic) is a title that is often used by Marxist-Leninist Governments to describe their State. It involved all domains of visual and literary arts, though its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of architecture, considered a key weapon in the creation of a new social order, intended to help spread the communist doctrine by influencing citizens' consciousness as well as their outlook on life. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Social order is a concept used in sociology history and other social sciences During this massive undertaking, a crucial role fell to architects perceived not as merely engineers creating streets and edifices, but rather as "Engineers of the human soul". Engineers of the human soul (Инженеры человеческих душ ( Chinese:人类灵魂的工程师) - a concept of culture promoted by Joseph Stalin The general theme, extending beyond simple aesthetics into an urban design, was meant to express grandiose ideas and arouse feelings of stability, persistence and political power.
Today, arguably the only countries still focused on these aesthetic principles are North Korea, Laos, and to some extent Vietnam. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The People's Republic of China occasionally reverts to socialist realism for specific purposes, such as idealised propaganda posters to promote the Chinese space program. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The space program of China was initiated soon after the founding of the PRC. Socialist realism had little mainstream impact in the non-Communist world, where it was widely seen as a totalitarian means of imposing state control on artists.
Roots
The political aspect of socialist realism was, in some respects, a continuation of pre-Soviet state policy. Censorship and attempts to control the content of art did not begin with the Soviets, but were a long-running feature of Russian life. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The Tsarist government also appreciated the potentially disruptive effect of art and required all books to be cleared by the censor. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Writers and artists in 19th century Imperial Russia became quite skilled at evading censorship by making their points without spelling it out in so many words. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya However, Soviet censors were not so easily evaded.
Socialist realism had its roots in neoclassicism and the traditions of realism in Russian literature of the 19th century that described the life of simple people. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and This article is about literature from Russia For the song by Maxïmo Park, see Our Earthly Pleasures. It was exemplified by the aesthetic philosophy of Maxim Gorki. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим The work of the Peredvizhniki ("Wanderers," a Russian realist movement of the late 19th / early 20th centuries), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Yefimovich Repin were notable influences. Peredvizhniki (Передвижники often called The Wanderers or The Itinerants in English were a group of Russian realist artists Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин Ілля Юхимович Рєпін ( Chuhuiv, Russian Empire (now in Ukraine
Socialist Realism was a product of the Soviet system. Whereas in market societies professional artists earned their living selling to, or being commissioned by rich individuals or the Church, in Soviet society not only was the market suppressed, there were few if any individuals able to patronise the arts and only one institution - the State itself. Hence artists became state employees. As such the State set the parameters for what it employed them to do. What was expected of the artist was that s/he be formally qualified and to reach a standard of competence. However, whilst this rewarded basic competency, it did not provide an incentive to excel, resulting in a stultification similar to that in other spheres of Soviet society. The State, after the Congress of 1934, laid down four rules for what became known as "Socialist Realism"-
That the work be;
1. Proletarian- art relevant to the workers and understandable to them.
2. Typical- scenes of every day life of the people.
3. Realistic - in the representational sense.
4. Partisan - supportive of the aims of the State and the Party.
Even so, many of the art works glorifying Joseph Stalin and other leaders are hardly in keeping with these ideals and the charge that art be understandable to the whole people negated the Western notion of the avant garde (despite the Bolsheviks casting themselves as a political "vanguard")and discouraged experimental approaches. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard The realism achieved was often technically very good and similar to many Western works intended as magazine illustration or bookjackets, rather than High Art. The partisan quality tends to attract the most criticism, in that it often predominated to the exclusion of the other tenets, so that paintings of peasants feasting after bumper harvests was neither real nor typical of the lot of many of those depicted, especially in the Ukrainian Famine. The Holodomor (Голодомор is the famine that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the 1932-1933 agricultural season
Characteristics
Socialist realism held that successful art depicts and glorifies the proletariat's struggle toward socialist progress. The Palace of Culture and Science (Pałac Kultury i Nauki also abbreviated PKiN) in Warsaw is the tallest building in Poland, the seventh tallest Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The Statute of the Union of Soviet Writers in 1934 stated that socialist realism
- is the basic method of Soviet literature and literary criticism. It demands of the artist the truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development. Moreover, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic representation of reality must be linked with the task of ideological transformation and education of workers in the spirit of socialism.
Its purpose was to elevate the common worker, whether factory or agricultural, by presenting his life, work, and recreation as admirable. In other words, its goal was to educate the people in the goals and meaning of Communism. The ultimate aim was to create what Lenin called "an entirely new type of human being": New Soviet Man. The New Soviet man or New Soviet person (новый советский человек as postulated by the ideologists of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Stalin described the practitioners of socialist realism as "engineers of souls".
The "realism" part is important. Soviet art at this time aimed to depict the worker as he truly was, carrying his tools. In a sense, the movement mirrors the course of American and Western art, where the everyday human being became the subject of the novel, the play, poetry, and art. The proletariat was at the center of communist ideals; hence, his life was a worthy subject for study. This was an important shift away from the aristocratic art produced under the Russian tsars of previous centuries, but had much in common with the late-19th century fashion for depicting the social life of the common people. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation.
Compared to the eclectic variety of 20th century Western art, socialist realism often resulted in a fairly bland and predictable range of artistic products (indeed, Western critics wryly described the principles of socialist realism as "girl meets tractor"). [1] Painters would depict happy, muscular peasants and workers in factories and collective farms; during the Stalin period, they also produced numerous heroic portraits of the dictator to serve his cult of personality. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise Industrial and agricultural landscapes were popular subjects, glorifying the achievements of the Soviet economy. Novelists were expected to produce uplifting stories in a manner consistent with the Marxist doctrine of dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism, according to many followers of Karl Marx 's thinking is the philosophical basis of Marxism. Composers were to produce rousing, vivid music that reflected the life and struggles of the proletariat.
Socialist realism thus demanded close adherence to party doctrine, and has often been criticized as detrimental to the creation of true, unfettered art – or as being little more than a means to censor artistic expression. Czesław Miłosz, writing in the introduction to Sinyavsky's On Socialist Realism, describes the products of socialist realism as "inferior", ascribing this as necessarily proceeding from the limited view of reality permitted to creative artists. Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator
Not all Marxists accepted the necessity of socialist realism. Its establishment as state doctrine in the 1930s had rather more to do with internal Communist Party politics than classic Marxist imperatives. The Hungarian Marxist essayist Georg Lukács criticized the rigidity of socialist realism, proposing his own "critical realism" as an alternative. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian However, such critical voices were a rarity until the 1980s.
Notable works and artists
Maxim Gorky's novel Mother is usually considered to have been the first work of socialist realism. Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov ( In Алексе́й Макси́мович Пешко́в ( &ndash June 18, 1936) better known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Gorky was also a major factor in the school's rapid rise, and his pamphlet, On Socialist Realism, essentially lays out the needs of Soviet art. Other important works of literature include Fyodor Gladkov's Cement (1925) and Mikhail Sholokhov's two volume epic, And Quiet Flows the Don (1934) and The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940). Fyodor Vasilyevich Gladkov (Федор Васильевич Гладков was a Soviet Socialist realist writer born on in Chernavka Saratov Gubernia Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov ( Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Шо́лохов mʲɪxɐˈil əlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ ˈʂoləxəf ( – And Quiet Flows the Don or Quietly Flows the Don (1934 is the first part of the great Don epic ( Tikhii Don / Тихий The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940 is the next in the series of the great Don epic ( Tikhii Don) written by Mikhail Sholokhov
The painter Aleksandr Deineka provides a notable example for his expressionist and patriotic scenes of the Second World War, collective farms, and sports. Alexander Alexandrovich Deyneka ( Russian: Александр Александрович Дейнека May 20, 1899, Kursk - June 12 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Yuri Pimenov, Boris Ioganson and Geli Korzev have also been described as "unappreciated masters of twentieth-century realism". Boris Vladimirovich Ioganson (Борис Владимирович Иогансон 1893&ndash1973 was a Russian painter Gely Mikhailovich Korzhev-Chuvelev (1925-) is a Russian painter [2] Another well-known practitioner was Fyodor Pavlovich Reshetnikov.
Consequences
Socialist realism's rigid precepts and enforcement inevitably caused great damage to the freedom of Soviet artists to express themselves. Many artists and authors found their works censored, ignored, or rejected. Mikhail Bulgakov, for instance, was forced to write his masterwork, The Master and Margarita, in secret, despite earlier successes such as White Guard. Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov (Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков, Kiev &ndash March 10, 1940, Moscow) was a Russian The Master and Margarita (Мастер и Маргарита is a novel by Mikhail Bulgakov, woven about the premise of a visit by the Devil to the Sergey Prokofiev found himself essentially unable to compose music during this period. Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Серге́й Серге́евич Проко́фьев Sergéj Sergéjevič Prokófjev) ( - 5 March 1953 was a Russian composer who Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.
The political doctrine behind socialist realism also underlay the pervasive censorship of Communist societies. Apart from obvious political considerations that saw works such as those of George Orwell being banned, access to foreign art and literature was also restricted on aesthetic grounds. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Bourgeois art and all forms of experimentalism and formalism were denounced as decadent, degenerate and pessimistic, and therefore anti-Communist in principle. The works of James Joyce were particularly harshly condemned. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the The net effect was that it was not until the 1980s that the general public in the Communist countries were able to freely access many works of Western art and literature. Many then joined Western observers in denouncing socialist realism as mere propaganda. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people
The Sots Art paintings of Komar and Melamid can be viewed as a parody of socialist realism. Often referred to as “Soviet Pop Art” Sots Art (short for Socialist Art originated in the Soviet Union in the early 1970s as a reaction against the official Komar and Melamid is an artistic team made up of Russian graphic artists Vitaly Komar (born 1943 and Alexander Melamid (born 1945 A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject
Gallery
Click on each image for more details. An asterisk indicates that more information is available.
| Lenin | Stalin | ||
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Ordinary life | ||||
 Boris Vladimirski |
 by Vladimirski |
 by Ivan Vladimirov |
 to 1887" by Vladimir Krikhatzkij |
|
| Revolution and War | Technology | |
 by Efim Cheptsov |
 by Vladimir Krikhatsky |
 by Mikhail Kostin |
Architecture
 Unrealized project of Eighth Sister in Moscow |
 Railway station, Petrozavodsk |
||
 Palace of cultures, Rostov on Don |
 Centre of Nowa Huta |
 Centre of new part of Ostrov town in the west of Czech Republic |
 House in the centre of Krasnoyarsk |
Sculpture
 Kiev's monumental statue of the Mother Motherland. Isaak Ivanovich Izrailevich Brodervskiy (Исаак Израилевич Бродский - August 14, 1939, Leningrad) was a Soviet painter Stalin's Monument was a massive granite statue honoring Joseph Stalin that was unveiled in 1955 after more than 5½ years of work in Prague, Czech Republic Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Boris Eremeevich Vladimirsky, (1878 - 1950 was a Soviet painter of the Socialist Realism school Boris Eremeevich Vladimirsky, (1878 - 1950 was a Soviet painter of the Socialist Realism school Ulyanovsk (Улья́новск formerly Simbirsk (ru Симби́рск is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from The First Tractor is the name of several Socialist realist Paintings and other works of art that portray the beginning of Collectivisation in the Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalin 's Empire style Stalinist Gothic, or Socialist Classicism The Eighth Sister is the Project for the Eighth Sister to the group of seven Stalinist Skyscrapers in Moscow, Russia Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Palace of Culture and Science (Pałac Kultury i Nauki also abbreviated PKiN) in Warsaw is the tallest building in Poland, the seventh tallest Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. All-Russian Exhibition Centre (Всероссийский выставочный центр is a permanent general-purpose Trade show in Moscow, Russia Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Petrozavodsk (Петрозаво́дск Karelian / Vepsian / Petroskoi) is the Capital of the Republic of Karelia, Russia Rostov-on-Don (Росто́в-на-Дону́ Rostov-na-Donu rɐ'stof nə dɐ'nu is the city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Nowa Huta (ˈnɔva ˈxuta literally The New Steel Mill) - is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland, (District XVIII see map) Ostrov (ˈostrof formerly Ostrov nad Ohří (Schlackenwerth is a Town in the Carlsbad Region, Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Krasnoyarsk (Красноя́рск is the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, and the third largest city in Siberia. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the (See Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev) |
 Soc-Realist allegories surrounding the Palace of Culture and Science |
 A relief from the Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw showing workers greeting victorious soldiers. The National Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 years (Національний музей історії Великої Вітчизняної Війни The Palace of Culture and Science (Pałac Kultury i Nauki also abbreviated PKiN) in Warsaw is the tallest building in Poland, the seventh tallest The Soviet Military Cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, is the burial place of over 20000 Soviet soldiers who died fighting against Nazi Germany. |
 A figure of a worker over the main entrance to the skyscraper on Rebellions Square in Moscow |
 The 85-meter-tall statue of Mother Motherland crowns the Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd |
 Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculpture in Moscow (1935-37) |
 The construction and industry statue on the Green Bridge, Vilnius; it is one of the few remaining in its original place in Lithuania. The Seven Sisters is the name given to various Moscow Skyscrapers by British immigrants who came to live in Russia in the 1980s and 90s Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Motherland Calls, (Родина-мать зовёт! "Rodina Mat' Zovyot!" also called Mother Motherland, Mother Motherland Is Calling, or simply Mamayev Kurgan (Мамаев Курган is a dominant height overlooking the city of Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad in southern Russia. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of |
Notes
- ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia, Published 1992 by Cornell University Press, ISBN 0801495164.
- ^ Marek Bartelik, Concerning Socialist Realism: Recent Publications on Russian Art, book review. Art Journal, Winter, 1999.
See also
- List of statues of Lenin
- The First Tractor
- Socialist realism in Poland
- Socialist realism in Romania
- Heroic realism, a term which embraces both Socialist realism and Nazi heroic realism, the very similar art style associated with Fascism. In the Soviet Union, many cities had monuments of Vladimir Lenin. The First Tractor is the name of several Socialist realist Paintings and other works of art that portray the beginning of Collectivisation in the Socialist realism in Poland ( Polish: socrealizm) was introduced to the postwar People's Republic of Poland by a Decree of the communist After World War II, Socialist realism on the Soviet model was imposed on the USSR's new satellites including Romania. Heroic realism is a term which has sometimes been used to describe art used as Propaganda. The Art of the Third Reich, the officially approved art produced in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945 was characterized by a style of Romantic realism based on
- Seven Sisters (Moscow)
- Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw
- Social realism
- Andrei Zhdanov
- Engineers of the human soul
- Worker and Parasite, from the Simpsons tv series episode Krusty Gets Kancelled for a supposed parody of socialist realism
- Stalin Monument in Budapest
- Stalin's Monument (Prague)
References and further reading
- Andrei Sinyavsky writing as Abram Tertz, The Trial Begins and On Socialist Realism, University of California Press, 1982, trade paperback, 219 pages, ISBN 0-520-04677-3, Introduction to On Socialist Realism by Czesław Miłosz
- Igor Golomstock, Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China, Harper Collins, 1990
External links
- Marxists.org Socialist Realism page
- Socialist Realism art gallery
- Virtual Museum of Political Art - Socialist Realism
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic