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Social stigma is severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms. Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors Social stigma often leads to marginalization. Marginalization is the social process of becoming or being made Marginal (to relegate or confine to a lower social standing or outer limit or edge as of social standing "the

Examples of existing or historical social stigmas can be physical or mental disabilities and disorders, as well as illegitimacy, homosexuality or affiliation with a specific nationality, religion (or lack of religion[1][2]) or being deemed to be or proclaiming oneself to be of a certain ethnicity, in any of a myriad of geopolitical and corresponding sociopolitical contexts in various parts of the world. Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos

The perception or attribution, rightly or wrongly, of criminality carries a strong social stigma. In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment

Stigma comes in three forms:[3] Firstly, overt or external deformations. Examples of this are scars, physical manifestations of anorexia nervosa, leprosy, or of a physical disability or social disability, such as obesity. Scars (also called cicatrices) are areas of fibrous tissue that replace normal Skin (or other tissue after injury Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric Diagnosis that describes an Eating disorder characterized by low Body weight and Body image distortion Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Second, known deviations in personal traits. For example, drug addicts, alcoholics, and criminals are stigmatized in this way. Drug addiction is widely considered a pathological state. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of acute Drug use to the development of drug-seeking Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Third, "tribal stigmas" are traits of an ethnicity, nation, or religion that is deemed to constitute a deviation from the what is perceived to be the prevailing normative ethnicity, nationality or religion.

Although the specific social categories that become stigmatized can vary across times and places, the three basic forms of stigma (physical deformity, poor personal traits, and tribal outgroup status) are found in most cultures and time periods, leading some psychologists to hypothesize that the tendency to stigmatize may have evolutionary roots.

Contents

Link and Phelan Stigmatization Model

Bruce Link and Jo Phelan[4] propose that stigma exists when four specific components converge. (1) Individuals differentiate and label human variations. Labelling or Labeling (US is defining or describing a person in terms of his or her behavior (2) Prevailing cultural beliefs tie those labeled to adverse attributes. (3) Labeled individuals are placed in distinguished groups that serve to establish a sense of disconnection between “us” and “them. ” (4) Labeled individuals experience “status loss and discrimination” that leads to unequal circumstances. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is In this model stigmatization is also contingent on “access to social, economic, and political power that allows the identification of differences, construction of stereotypes, the separation of labeled persons into distinct groups, and the full execution of disapproval, rejection, exclusion, and discrimination. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people There is no agreed-upon definition of power in Economics. At least five definitions of power have been used Purchasing power, i Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is ” Subsequently, in this model the term stigma is applied when labeling, stereotyping, disconnection, status loss, and discrimination all exist within a power situation that facilitates stigma to occur.

Differentiation and Labeling

Identifying which human differences are salient, and therefore worthy of labeling, is a social process. There are two primary factors to examine when considering the extent to which this process is a social one. The first issue is the fact that significant oversimplification is needed to create groups. In Sociology, a group can be defined as two or more Humans that interact with one another accept expectations and obligations as members of the group and share a The broad groups of black and white, homosexual and heterosexual, the sane and the mentally ill; and young and old are all examples of this. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation Mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs in an individual and is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as Youth is the period from infancy or childhood to maturity Usage Around the world the terms "youth" " Adolescent " "teenager" and Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the Average life span of Human beings and thus the end of the human life cycle. Secondly, the differences that are socially judged to be relevant differ vastly according to time and place. An example of this is the emphasis that was put on the size of forehead and faces of individuals in the late nineteenth century – which was believed to be an indication of a person’s degree of criminal nature. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Linking to Stereotypes

The second component of this model centers on the linking of labeled differences with stereotypes. A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group Goffman’s 1963 work made this aspect of stigma prominent and it has remained so ever since. Erving Goffman ( June 11, 1922 – November 19, 1982) was a Canadian and American sociologist and writer Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This process of applying certain stereotypes to differentiated groups of individuals has garnered a large amount of attention and research in recent decades as it helps to understand the psychological nature of the thought process taking place as this linkage occurs. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and

Us and Them

The linking of negative attributes to differentiated groups of individuals described above facilitates a sense of separation between the proverbial “us” and “them. ” This sense that the individuals of the labeled group are fundamentally different causes stereotyping to take place with little hesitation. The "us" and "them" component of the stigmatization process implies that the labeled group is slightly less human in nature, and at the extreme not human at all. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus It is at this extreme that the most horrific events occur.

Disadvantage

The fourth component of stigmatization in this model includes the “status loss and discrimination” that is experienced. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Many definitions of stigma do not include this aspect, however it is the belief of these authors that this loss occurs inherently as individuals are “labeled, set apart, and linked to undesirable characteristics. ” The members of the labeled groups are subsequently disadvantaged in the most common group of life chances including income, education, mental well-being, housing status, health, and medical treatment. Life chances ( Lebenschancen in German) are the opportunities each individual has to improve their quality of life Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or Emotional wellbeing or an absence of a Mental disorder. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing However, the authors are quick to point out that even though some groups are able to escape some of the disadvantages listed, the principle is sound when broadly applied. In Policy debate, a disadvantage (abbreviated as DA, and sometimes referred to as a Disad) is an argument that a team brings up against a policy action For the term in chemistry see Principle (chemistry. Not to be confused with Principal.

Necessity of Power

The authors also emphasize the necessity of power (social, economic, and political power) to stigmatize. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people There is no agreed-upon definition of power in Economics. At least five definitions of power have been used Purchasing power, i Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of While the role of power is clear in some situations, in others it can become masked as the power differences are so stark. An extreme example of a situation in which the power role was explicitly clear was the treatment of Jewish people by the Nazis. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers On the other hand, an example of a situation in which individuals of a stigmatized group have “stigma-related processes” occurring would be the inmates of a prison. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of It is very imaginable that each of the steps described above would take place regarding the inmates’ thoughts about the guards. A corrections officer, correctional officer, detention officer, jail guard, prison guard, prison warder, or prison officer However, this situation cannot involve true stigmatization according to this model because the prisoners do not have the economic, political, or social power to act on these thoughts with any serious discriminatory consequences.

See also

Further reading

This article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article.

References

  1. ^ globeandmail.com
  2. ^ Atheists Attacked in Hate Crime?
  3. ^ Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Prentice-Hall, 1963, ISBN 0-671-62244-7.
  4. ^ Bruce G. Link and Jo C. Phelan, "Conceptualizing Stigma", Annual Review of Sociology, 2001, p. 363

External links

Research group that studies stigma related to people with mental illness

Dictionary

social stigma

-noun

  1. Mark of infamy or disgrace; sign of moral blemish; stain or reproach caused by dishonorable conduct; reproachful characterization.
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