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Social intelligence according to the original definition of Edward Thorndike, is "the ability to understand and manage men and women, boys and girls -- to act wisely in human relations" [1]. Edward Lee Thorndike ( August 31, 1874 Williamsburg Mass – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who It is equivalent to interpersonal intelligence, one of the types of intelligences identified in Howard Gardner's Theory of multiple intelligences, and closely related to Emotional intelligence. Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton Pennsylvania) is an American Psychologist who is based at New York University The Multiple intelligences is an educational theory first developed by Howard Gardner that describes an Array of different kinds of " intelligences quot exhibited Emotional Intelligence ( EI) often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient ( EQ) describes an Ability, capacity Skill or (in Some authors have restricted the definition to deal only with knowledge of social situations, perhaps more properly called social cognition. Social cognition is the study of how people process social information especially its encoding storage retrieval and application to social situations


Contents

Scientific studies

There are various types of intelligence. The Multiple intelligences is an educational theory first developed by Howard Gardner that describes an Array of different kinds of " intelligences quot exhibited As society became more complex, intellectual competences became more sophisticated. This competence is social intelligence and can be defined as the intelligence that lies behind group interactions and behaviours.

This type of intelligence is closely related to cognition and emotional intelligence, and can also be seen as a first level in developing systems intelligence. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought Emotional Intelligence ( EI) often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient ( EQ) describes an Ability, capacity Skill or (in Systems intelligence is human action that connects sensitivity about a systemic environment with Systems thinking, thus spurring a persons Problem solving capabilities One specific interest in studying social intelligence is in applying it to robotic systems and artificial animals (commonly known as 'animats' and 'agents'). The discipline of social intelligence enhances the field of artificial intelligence with a variety of theories from system theory, adaptive systems, simulation, game theory, biologically inspired algorithms, software agents, etc. Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and An adaptive system is a System that is able to adapt its behavior according to changes in its environment or in parts of the system itself Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, Biologically inspired algorithms is a category of algorithms that imitate the way nature performs In Computer science, a software agent is a piece of software that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency. Application examples of social intelligence are social robots, the swarm intelligence paradigm, action selection and the foraging procedure. A social robot is an autonomous robot that interacts and communicates with humans or other autonomous physical agents by following social behaviors and rules attached to its role Swarm intelligence (SI is Artificial intelligence based on the Collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems what to do next Foraging theory is a branch of Behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives

Research psychologists studying social cognition and social neuroscience have discovered many principles which human social intelligence operates. In early work on this topic, psychologists Nancy Cantor and John Kihlstrom outlined the kinds of concepts people use to make sense of their social relations (e. g. , “What situation am I in and what kind of person is this who is talking to me?”), and the rules they use to draw inferences (“What did he mean by that?”) and plan actions (“What am I going to do about it?”)

In 2005, business writer Karl Albrecht proposed a five-part model of social intelligence in his book Social Intelligence: the New Science of Success, presented with the acronym "S. Karl Hans Albrecht (born 20 February 1920) is a German entrepreneur who founded the discount Supermarket chain Aldi with his P. A. C. E. " - 1) Situational Awareness, 2) Presence, 3) Authenticity, 4) Clarity, and 5) Empathy.

More recently, popular science writer Daniel Goleman has drawn on social neuroscience research to propose that social intelligence is made up of Social Awareness (including empathy, attunement, empathic accuracy, and social cognition) and Social Facility (including synchrony, self-presentation, influence, and concern). Daniel Goleman (born March 7 1946 is an internationally renowned author psychologist and science journalist and for twelve years wrote for the New York Times specializing in psychology

Psychotherapy often involves helping people to modify their patterns of social intelligence, particularly those that cause them problems in their interpersonal relations. Some efforts are also underway to use computer-based interventions to help people develop their own social intelligence. Paul Ekman, for example, has created the MicroExpression Training Tool, to allow people to practice identifying the brief emotional expressions that flit across people’s faces. The website MindHabits. com offers a research-based software program with which people learn to modify their mind habits, focusing attention on positive social feedback and inhibiting attention to the social threats and rejections that can cause stress. Other interventions, for example to help autistic individuals develop social perception and interaction skills, are also in development.

Measuring social intelligence

Social IQ is a measure of social intelligence compared to other people of their age. Like IQ, Social IQ is based on the "100 point" scale, in which 100 is the average score. An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. Scores of 140 or above are considered to be very high.

Social IQ has until recently been measured by techniques such as question and answer sessions. These sessions assess the person's pragmatic abilities to test eligibility in certain special education courses, however some tests have been developed to measure social intelligence. One of these is the EQ Test, which stands for Emotional Intelligence. Emotional Intelligence ( EI) often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient ( EQ) describes an Ability, capacity Skill or (in This test is often useful in diagnosing autism spectrum disorders, including autism and Asperger's Syndrome. The autism spectrum, also called autism spectrum disorders (ASD or autism spectrum conditions (ASC with the word autistic sometimes replacing autism Language development. The terminology Asperger syndrome (also called Asperger's syndrome, Asperger's disorder, Asperger's or AS) is the Autism spectrum disorder (ASD Other, non-autistic or semi-autistic conditions such as Semantic Pragmatic Disorder or SPD, Schizophrenia, dyssemia and ADHD, are also of relevance. Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder ( SPD) or pragmatic language impairment ( PLI) is a developmental disorder that many experts believe is closely related to Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Dyssemia is a term coined by Psychologists Marshall Duke and Stephen Nowicki in their 1992 book Helping The Child Who Doesn't Fit In, to decipher Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population People with low social IQ will be considered "child like" and immature, even at the adult age group. This test could also be used to assess people that might have some sort of a personality disorder such as Schizophrenia or ADHD. Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a neurobehavioral developmental disorder affecting about 3-5% of the world's population

A good way to measure Social IQ is to use the basic IQ system, adapted for social skills. Most people have social IQ's from 85-115, but many exceed these limits. People with social IQ's below 80 may show symptoms of autism spectrum disorders such as Asperger's Syndrome and have trouble with making friends, and with communication, and might need some social skill training or extra support from specialists. Asperger syndrome (also called Asperger's syndrome, Asperger's disorder, Asperger's or AS) is the Autism spectrum disorder (ASD People with social IQ's over 120 are considered very socially skilled and well adjusted and will work well with very social jobs such as social work, education, and law enforcement.

The following example chart shows (assuming a person aged 12 is being tested, with an average social IQ of 100 for that age) how a person's social age can be higher or lower based on scores in the social IQ test. :

Social IQ Social Age
120 (above average - socially mature for age) 14. 4
110 13. 2
100 (average) 12
90 10. 8
80 9. 6
70 (below this level, help is recommended) 8. 4
60 7. 2
50 6
40 4. 8
30 3. 6
20 2

References

  1. ^ Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Edward Lee Thorndike ( August 31, 1874 Williamsburg Mass – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who "Intelligence and its use". Harper's Magazine 140: 227–235.  

See also

External links

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