- For other uses of 'groom' and 'grooming', see groom.
In social animals and humans social grooming is a major social activity, and a means by which animals who live in proximity can bond and reinforce social structures, family links, and build relationships. The Japanese Macaque ( Macaca fuscata) also known as the Snow Monkey, is a terrestrial Old World monkey species native to Japan, although A social animal is a loosely defined term for an Organism that is highly interactive with other members of its Species to the point of having a recognizable An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people Social grooming is also used as a form of reconciliation and a means of conflict resolution in some species. The term "conflict resolution" refers to a range of processes aimed at alleviating or eliminating sources of conflict
It is a reuse of ordinary grooming behavior, a means of achieving hygiene and good health, in that an animal that helps another animal to clean itself, is also helping to form a social bond and trust between them. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Non-human animals
All animals regularly clean themselves to keep their fur, feathers, scales, or other skin coverings in good condition. The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant This activity is known as personal grooming, preening, or auto-grooming and is a form of hygiene. Personal grooming (also called titivating) is the art of cleaning grooming and maintaining parts of the body Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Foreign objects such as insects, ectoparasites, dead skin, and leaves, dirt and twigs, are some of the items typically removed. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel
Many social animals groom each other, an activity known as social grooming, mutual grooming, or allo-grooming. A social animal is a loosely defined term for an Organism that is highly interactive with other members of its Species to the point of having a recognizable Items removed during social grooming are identical to those removed by personal grooming. Social grooming also takes the form of stroking, scratching, and massaging.
Primates provide perhaps the best example of this activity. Primatologists have called grooming the social cement of the primate world. The trust and bonding it builds is critical to group cooperation. Trust is a relationship of reliance A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes Law and their previous promises Among primates, social grooming pays an important role in establishing and maintaining alliances and dominance hierarchies, for building coalitions, for reconciliation after conflicts, and is a resource that is exchanged for other resources like food and sex (Aureli, van Schaik, & van Hooff, 1989; Lawick-Goodall, 1968; de Waal, 1989; Smuts et al. A dominance hierarchy (in humans Social hierarchy) is the organization of individuals in a group that occurs when competition of resources lead to aggression , 1987). Primates groom socially in moments of boredom as well, and the act has been shown to reduce tension and stress (Schino, Scucchi, Maestripieri, & Turillazzi, 1988). Grooming stimulates the release of beta-endorphin which is one physiological reason for why grooming appears to be relaxing (Keverne, Martensz, & Tuite, 1989). Primates have been known to fall asleep while receiving grooming.
Results of a research shows that male Crab-eating Macaques will groom females in order to get sex. The Crab-eating Macaque ( Macaca fascicularis) is a primarily Arboreal Macaque native to Southeast Asia. The study found that a female has a greater likelihood to engage in sexual activity with a male if he had recently groomed her, compared to males who had not groomed her. [1]
Other animals groom socially as well. These include insects (Moore, Angel, Cheeseman, & Robinson, 1995), fish (Bshary & Schaffer, 2002; Poulin, Bansemer, Grutter, 2002), birds (Wachtmeister, 2000), ungulates (Kimura, 1998; Mooring & Hart, 1997; Mooring & Samuel, 1998), and bats (Wilkinson, 1986). Whereas social grooming among primates has been very well-studied, less is known about social grooming in these other animals.
Mammals often perform social grooming. Domesticated animals, especially cats and dogs, will groom trusted humans as a sign of affection.
Human mutual grooming
A few empirical studies of human social grooming exist (Nelson, 2006; Nelson, 2007). They rely on self-report survey and experimental methodology of adults living primarily in the U. S. and other Western cultures. People report grooming romantic partners more than grooming people they have other types of relationships with like family members, friends, and strangers. Grooming is associated with increased relationship satisfaction, trust, and experience of family affection while growing up. People who groom, as opposed to touch each other without grooming, are perceived to be better potential parents, more in love with the person they have groomed and more caring and committed to them. Women, but not men, tend to think people who have groomed one another are romantically involved. People also think that if people who have groomed one other are romantically involved, they are in a long-term relationship rather than one that has just begun. Human mutual grooming plays a role in pairbonding.
See also
References
- ^ Gumert, Michael D. Cleaner fish are Fishes that provide a service to other fish species by removing dead Skin and Parasites This is an example of Mutualism, an Personal grooming (also called titivating) is the art of cleaning grooming and maintaining parts of the body (December 2007). "Payment for sex in a macaque mating market". Animal Behavior 74 (6): 1655-1667. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
Aureli, F. , van Schaik, C. , & van Hooff, J. (1989). Functional aspects of reconciliation among captive long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). American Journal of Primatology, 19, 39-51.
Bshary, R. , & Schaeffer, D. (2002). Choosy reef fish select cleaner fish that provide high-quality service. Animal Behaviour, 63(3), 557-564.
Keverne, E. , Martensz, N. , & Tuite, B. (1989). Beta-endorphin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid on monkeys are influenced by grooming relationships. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 14, 155-161.
Kimura, R. (1998). Mutual grooming and preferred associate relationships in a band of free-ranging horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59(4), 265-276.
Lawick-Goodall, J. van. (1968). The behavior of free living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behavior Monographs, 1, 161-311.
Moore, D. , Angel, J. E. , Cheeseman, I. M. & Robinson, G. E. (1995). A highly specialized social grooming honey bee. Journal of Insect Behavior, 8(6), 855-861.
Mooring, M. S. & Hart, B. L. (1997). Reciprocal allogrooming in wild impala lambs. Ethology, 103(8), 665-680.
Mooring, M. S. & Samuel, W. M. (1998). The biological basis of grooming in moose: Programmed versus stimulus-driven grooming. Animal Behaviour, 56(6), 1561-1570.
Nelson, H. (2006). Human mutual grooming: An ethological perspective on its form and function. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, June 7-11.
Nelson, H. (2007). Encoding and decoding mutual grooming: Communication with a specialized form of touch. Dissertation. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH.
Poulin, R. , Bansemer, C. , Grutter, A. S. (2002). Geographic variation in the behaviour of the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae). Ethology, 108(4), 353-366.
Schino, G. , Scucchi, S. , Maestripieri, D. , & Turillazzi, P. G. (1988). Allogrooming as a tension-reduction mechanism: A behavioral approach. American Journal of Primatology, 16, 43-50.
Smuts, B. , Cheney, D. , Seyfarth, R. , Wrangham, R. , & Struhsaker, T. (1987). Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
de Waal, F. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilkinson, G. S. (1986). Social grooming in the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour, 34(6), 1880-1889.
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