Soap is a surfactant used in conjunction with water for washing and cleaning that is available in solid bars and in the form of a viscous liquid. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Cleanliness is the absence of dirt including Dust, Stains bad smells and Garbage. Molding is the process of Manufacturing by shaping pliable raw material using a rigid frame or model called a pattern. Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of

A collection of decorative soaps used for human hygiene purposes. This type of soap is typically found inside hotels. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis

Chemically, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which Traditionally, soap is made by the reaction between a fat and a strong alkali such as lye (sodium hydroxide), potash (potassium hydroxide), or soda ash (sodium carbonate). Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of Potassium carbonate ( K 2 CO3) Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Historically, the alkali was leached from hardwood ashes. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal The term hardwood is used to describe Wood from broad-leaved angiosperm Trees mostly Deciduous, but not necessarily in the case of tropical

The chemical reaction that yields soap is known as saponification. Saponification is the Hydrolysis of an Ester under basic conditions to form an Alcohol and the Salt of a Carboxylic acid In the saponification of a fat to form soap the alkali and water hydrolyze the fat thus converting it into free glycerol/glycerin and soap (fatty acid salt). Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions In Chemistry, especially Biochemistry, a fatty acid is a Carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched Aliphatic tail ( chain) which ^[1] Occasionally, saponification can occur naturally: an underground mass tomb in Sicily has corpses whose bodies are slowly becoming saponified. ^[2]

Many cleaning agents today are technically not soaps, but detergents, which are less expensive and easier to manufacture. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning.

In some countries, it’s compulsory to indicate the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) content of soap that is sold to consumers, as a percentage. Usually it averages around 70%.

How soap works

a diagram of the function of soap

Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules attach readily to both nonpolar molecules (such as grease or oil) and polar molecules (such as water). In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Although grease will normally adhere to skin or clothing, the soap molecules can attach to it as a "handle" and make it easier to rinse away. Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds particles in suspension so the whole of it can be rinsed off with clean water.

(fatty end)  :CH₃-(CH₂)_n-CO₂^{- +}Na: (water soluble end)

The hydrocarbon ("fatty") portion dissolves dirt and oils, while the ionic end makes it soluble in water. Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter by emulsification. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids

Soap making

Handmade soaps sold at a shop in Hyères, France

The most common soap making process today is the cold process method, where fats such as rendered lard react with lye. Hyères ( Provençal Occitan: Ieras in classical norm or Iero in Mistralian norm is a town and commune in the southeast of France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Some soapers also practice other processes, such as the historical hot process, and make special soaps such as clear or transparent soap, which must be made with ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. In modern slang a soaper is a person who makes Soap. It is the origin of the Surnames "Soper" "Saboni" (Arabic for soap maker and "Soaper Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol, iso, isopro, Rubbing alcohol, or the abbreviation IPA) is a common name for ^[3]

Soap makers sometimes use the melt and pour process, where a premade soap base is melted and poured in individual molds. Melt and Pour Soap Crafting is a process often used by soapmakers. While some people think that this is not really soap making, the Hand Crafted Soap Makers Guild does recognize this as a legitimate form of soap crafting.

Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that whole oils containing intact triglycerides are used and glycerin is a desirable byproduct. (more properly known as, TAG or triacylglyceride) is Glyceride in which the Glycerol is Esterified with three Fatty acids It is the Industrial detergent manufacturers commonly use fatty acids, which are detached from the gylcerol heads found in triglycerides. Without the glycerol heads, the detached fatty acids do not yield glycerin as a byproduct. ^[4]

Lye

Reacting fat with lye (sodium hydroxide) will produce a hard bar soap. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH Reacting fat with potassium hydroxide will produce a soap that is either soft or liquid. Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Historically, the alkalis used were sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate leeched from hardwood ashes. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. ^[5]

Fat

Handicraft made Marseille soap

Soap is made from either vegetable or animal fats. Marseille soap or Savon de Marseille is a traditional Soap made from Vegetable oils that has been made around Marseille, France Sodium tallowate, a fatty acid sometimes used to make soaps, is derived from tallow, which is rendered from cattle or sheep tissue. Sodium tallowate is made from Sodium hydroxide (better known as caustic soda or lye steam and animal fat ( Tallow) Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value-added materials Soap can also be made of vegetable oils, such as palm oil, olive oil, or coconut oil. Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a tropical oil with many applications If soap is made from pure olive oil it may be called Castile soap or Marseille soap. Castile soap is a name used in English -speaking countries for Soap made exclusively from Vegetable oil (as opposed to animal fat although many soapmaking Marseille soap or Savon de Marseille is a traditional Soap made from Vegetable oils that has been made around Marseille, France Castile is also sometimes applied to soaps with a mix of oils, but a high percentage of olive oil.

An array of oils and butters are used in the process such as olive oil, coconut oil, palm oil, cocoa butter, hemp oil and shea butter to provide different qualities. Hemp oil can be extracted from the seed of the Hemp plant which contains between 30-35% oil by weight which is high in Essential fatty acids The plant can also For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap; coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide hardness. Most common, is a combination of coconut, palm, and olive oils.

Process

Cold process soap making is done without heating the soap batter, while hot process soap making requires that the soap batter be heated. Both processes are further described after the general soap making process description.

General soap making process

Soap making requires the use of saponification charts^[6] to determine the correct lye/fat ratio. If excess unreacted lye remains in the soap^[1], the resultant high pH can burn or irritate skin. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution.

Conversely, a high proportion of excess fat will result in greasy sludge that will not form solid bars of soap, although some soap makers deliberately "superfat" their soap so that some oils will remain in the finished bars of soap. This can be done by either adding a small (5-10%) excess proportion of fats, or by discounting the formulated amount of lye to 90-95%. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH ^[7]

The lye is dissolved in water; as this is an exothermic process, the solution will spontaneously generate heat and may even boil. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH In Thermodynamics, the word exothermic "outside heating" describes a process or reaction that releases Energy usually in the form of Heat, but The oils are heated separately (to the point of liquefaction if they are solid at room temperature). Once fats and lye water have both cooled to 80-100°F (27-38°C), they are combined. This mixture of lye water and fats is stirred until "trace" occurs and the mixture becomes a soap batter. ^[7] There are varying levels of trace: a light trace implies a thinner soap batter and a heavy trace implies a thicker soap batter. Additives, such as essential oils, fragrance oils, botanicals, clays, colorants or other fragrance materials, are combined with the soap batter at different degrees of trace, depending upon the additive. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Fragrance oil (s also known as aroma oils, aromatic oils, and flavor oils, are blended synthetic Aroma compounds or natural Essential With elapsed time and continued agitation the soap batter will continue to thicken. The cold process soap batter is then poured into molds, while hot process soap batter is poured into a double boiler or crockpot to sustain a high temperature.

Cold-process

Although cold-process soapmaking takes place at room temperature, the fats are first heated to ensure the liquification of the fats used. Melting is a process that results in the phase change of a substance from a Solid to a Liquid. Then, when the lye water solution is added to the fats, it should be the same temperature of the melted oils and both are typically between 80-90°F. An external heat source is not necessary but the molded soap should be incubated by being wrapped in blankets or towels for 24 hours after being poured into the mold. Milk soaps are the exception and do not require insulation, which may cause the milk to sour. The soap will continue to exothermically give off heat for many hours after being molded. During this time, it is normal for the soap to go through a "gel phase" where the opaque soap will turn semi-transparent for several hours before turning opaque again. The soap may be removed from the mold after 24 hours but the saponification process takes several weeks to complete.

Hot-process

Unlike cold processed soap, all hot processed soap experiences a "gel phase" as a result of being heated, such as in a double boiler or crockpot. Hot process soap may be used soon after being removed from the mold because the higher temperatures accelerate the saponifcation process and also drive off excess water.

Purification and finishing

The common process of purifying soap involves removal of sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and glycerol. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature These components are removed by boiling the crude soap curds in water and re-precipitating the soap with salt. Boiling (also called ebullition) a type of Phase transition, is the rapid vaporization of a Liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid Curd is a Dairy product obtained by curdling (coagulating Milk with Rennet or an edible Acidic substance such as Lemon juice

Most of the water is then removed from the soap. This was traditionally done on a chill roll which produced the soap flakes commonly used in the 1940s and 1950s. This process was superseded by spray dryers and then by vacuum dryers.

The dry soap (approximately 6-12% moisture) is then compacted into small pellets. These pellets are now ready for soap finishing, the process of converting raw soap pellets into a salable product, usually bars.

Soap pellets are combined with fragrances and other materials and blended to homogeneity in an amalgamator (mixer). The mass is then discharged from the mixer into a refiner which, by means of an auger, forces the soap through a fine wire screen. An auger is a device for moving material or liquid (see Archimedes' screw) by means of a rotating Helical flighting From the refiner the soap passes over a roller mill (French milling or hard milling) in a manner similar to calendering paper or plastic or to making chocolate liquor. This article is about a device for smoothing paper For the method of timekeeping see Calendar. For chocolate-flavored liqueur see chocolate liqueur. Chocolate liquor, also known as cocoa liquor and cocoa mass, is a smooth The soap is then passed through one or more additional refiners to further plasticize the soap mass. Immediately before extrusion it passes through a vacuum chamber to remove any entrapped air. It is then extruded into a long log or blank, cut to convenient lengths, passed through a metal detector and then stamped into shape in refrigerated tools. The pressed bars are packaged in many ways.

Sand or pumice may be added to produce a scouring soap. Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Pumice is a textural term for a volcanic rock that is a solidified frothy lava composed of highly microvesicular glass Pyroclastic with very thin translucent This process is most common in creating soaps used for human hygiene. The scouring agents serve to remove dead skin cells from the surface being cleaned. This process is called exfoliation. Exfoliation involves the removal of the oldest dead Skin cells on the skin's outermost surface and has been used for many years to help maintain the skin Many newer materials are used for exfoliating soaps which are effective but do not have the sharp edges and poor size distribution of pumice.

History

Early history

Soapnut Tree (Reeta / Sapindus tree)

The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq ^[8] A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal

The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) indicates that ancient Egyptians bathed regularly and combined animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like substance. The Ebers Papyrus of about 1550 BC is among the most important Medical papyri of Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Egyptian documents mention that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species

Roman history

It had been reported that a factory producing soap-like substances was found in the ruins of Pompeii (AD 79). Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in However, this has proven to be a misinterpretation of the survival of some soapy mineral substance, probably soapstone at the Fullonica where it was used for dressing recently cleansed textiles. Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a Metamorphic rock, a talc- Schist. Unfortunately this error has been repeated widely and can be found in otherwise reputable texts on soap history. The ancient Romans were generally ignorant of soap's detergent properties, and made use of the strigil to scrape dirt and sweat from the body. A strigil was a small curved Metal tool used in Ancient Greece and Rome to scrape dirt and sweat from the body before effective Soaps became The word "soap" (Latin sapo) appears first in a European language in Pliny the Elder's Historia Naturalis, which discusses the manufacture of soap from tallow and ashes, but the only use he mentions for it is as a pomade for hair; he mentions rather disapprovingly that among the Gauls and Germans men are likelier to use it than women. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Tallow is a rendered form of Beef or Mutton Fat, processed from Suet. Pomade (also called pomatum) is a greasy or waxy substance that is used to style Hair. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Teutons or Teutones (from Proto-Germanic * Þeudanōz) were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors ^[9]

A story encountered in some places claims that soap takes its name from a supposed "Mount Sapo" where ancient Romans sacrificed animals. Mount Sapo is a fictional Mountain supposed to exist somewhere near Rome, presumably in Italy. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" Rain would send a mix of animal tallow and wood ash down the mountain and into the clay soil on the banks of the Tiber. The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains Eventually, women noticed that it was easier to clean clothes with this "soap". The location of Mount Sapo is unknown, as is the source of the "ancient Roman legend" to which this tale is typically credited. ^[10] In fact, the Latin word sapo simply means "soap"; it was borrowed from a Celtic or Germanic language, and is cognate with Latin sebum, "tallow" ^[11], which appears in Pliny the Elder's account. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from Roman animal sacrifices usually burned only the bones and inedible entrails of the sacrificed animals; edible meat and fat from the sacrifices were taken by the humans rather than the gods. Sacrifice (from a Middle English verb meaning "to make sacred" from Old French, from Latin sacrificium: sacr, "sacred" Animal sacrifices in the ancient world would not have included enough fat to make much soap. The legend about Mount Sapo is probably apocryphal.

Muslim history

True soaps made from vegetable oils (such as olive oil), aromatic oils (such as thyme oil) and lye (al-Soda al-Kawia) were first produced by Muslim chemists in the medieval Islamic world. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Thyme (ˈtaɪm is a well known herb in common usage the name may refer to either the any or all members of the plant Genus Thymus, Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature ^[12] The formula for soap used since then hasn't changed (Nabulsi soap). Nabulsi soap (صابون نابلسي sabon nabulsi) is a type of Castile soap produced only in Nablus in the West Bank. From the beginning of the 7th century, soap was produced in Nablus (West Bank), Kufa (Iraq) and Basra (Iraq). Soaps, as we know them today, are descendants of historical Arabian Soaps. Arabian Soap was perfumed and colored, some of the soaps were liquid and others were solid. They also had special soap for shaving. It was sold for 3 Dirhams (0. 3 Dinars) a piece in 981 AD. The Dinar is the name of the official currency in several countries The Persian chemist Al-Razi wrote a manuscript on recipes for true soap. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox A recently discovered manuscript from the 13th century details more recipes for soap making; e. g. take some sesame oil, a sprinkle of potash, alkali and some lime, mix them all together and boil. When cooked, they are poured into molds and left to set, leaving hard soap.

In semi-modern times soap was made by mixing animal fats with lye. Animal fat s are rendered tissue fats that can be obtained from a variety of Animals Human nutrition Animal fats are often claimed to be Because of the caustic lye, this was a dangerous procedure (perhaps more dangerous than any present-day home activities) which could result in serious chemical burns or even blindness. A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is exposed to a reactive chemical substance such as a strong Acid or base. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Before commercially-produced lye (sodium hydroxide) was commonplace, lye (sodium hydroxide), potash (potassium hydroxide), and soda ash (sodium carbonate) were leached from the ashes of a hardwood fire for soap-making at home. Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Lye is a Corrosive alkaline substance commonly Sodium hydroxide (NaOH Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of Potassium carbonate ( K 2 CO3) Potassium hydroxide is the Inorganic compound with the formula K[[hydroxide OH]] Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid.

Modern history

Castile soap was later produced in Europe from the 16th century. Castile soap is a name used in English -speaking countries for Soap made exclusively from Vegetable oil (as opposed to animal fat although many soapmaking

1922 magazine advertisement for Palmolive Soap

In modern times, the use of soap has become universal in industrialized nations due to a better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size of pathogenic microorganisms. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late nineteenth century, and advertising campaigns in Europe and the United States helped to increase popular awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

Soap has also been used to punish people for cursing or occasionally, for other infractions. The original meaning of the adjective profane (from the Latin for "in front of or outside the Temple " was to refer to items not belonging to the church This is done by forcibly placing soap into a person's mouth and, sometimes, forcing them to swallow it. It is commonly known as "washing one's mouth out with soap" or any of numerous variations of that phrase, or, more recently, "mouthsoaping". Washing out mouth with soap, also known as mouth soaping, is a form of Corporal punishment, usually given to children for cursing (using profanity

Azul e Branco Soap - A bar of blue-white Offenbach soap

Commercial soap production

Until the Industrial Revolution, soap making was done on a small scale and the product was rough. Azul e Branco is a type of Soap used in Portugal. It is comparable to household soap but it has a rugged texture bulky shape and lack of odour and can generally The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the Andrew Pears started making a high-quality, transparent soap in 1789 in London. Andrew Pears was farmer's son from Cornwall, born in 1766 who invented the transparent soap London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. With his grandson, Francis Pears, they opened a factory in Isleworth in 1862. Isleworth (ˈaɪzəlwɜːθ is a suburb located in the London Borough of Hounslow alongside the River Thames in West London. William Gossage produced low-price good quality soap from the 1850s. William Gossage ( 12 May 1799 &ndash 9 April 1877) was a chemical manufacturer who established a soap making business in Robert Spear Hudson began manufacturing a soap powder in 1837, initially by grinding the soap with a mortar and pestle. Robert Spear Hudson ( 6 December 1812 - 6 August 1884) was an English businessman who popularised dry Soap powder William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1885 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, now called Unilever. William Hesketh Lever 1st Viscount Leverhulme ( 19 September 1851 &ndash 7 May 1925) was an English Industrialist philanthropist Warrington is a large town borough and Unitary authority area in Cheshire, England. Unilever is a Multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo - Dutch parentage that owns many of the world's Consumer product brands These soap businesses were among the first to employ large scale advertising campaigns. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand

In the United States, one of the first manufacturers of soap was the Armour and Company in Chicago in 1888. Armour and Company was an American Slaughterhouse and meatpacking company founded in Chicago Illinois, in 1867 by the Armour brothers led by The soap was made from tallow, a by-product of the meat production process. In 1948, Armour soap became Dial soap, the first deodorant or antibacterial soap introduced in the USA. The Dial Corporation is a maker of Personal care and Household cleaning products based in Scottsdale Arizona.

See also

• Castile soap, Marseille soap, Nabulsi soap
• Detergent
• Glycerin soap
• Rebatching (also known as French milled soap or triple milled soap)
• Saponin, Shikakai, Soapwort, Soapnut
• Soaper
• Unsaponifiable

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Natural Soap Directory - Saponification Process
2. ^ Life Beyond Death (Quest for the Unknown). Castile soap is a name used in English -speaking countries for Soap made exclusively from Vegetable oil (as opposed to animal fat although many soapmaking Marseille soap or Savon de Marseille is a traditional Soap made from Vegetable oils that has been made around Marseille, France Nabulsi soap (صابون نابلسي sabon nabulsi) is a type of Castile soap produced only in Nablus in the West Bank. A detergent (as a noun is a material intended to assist Cleaning. Glycerin Soaps are Soaps that contain Glycerin, a component of fat or oil Rebatching, or hand milling, is a Soapmaking technique used by hobbyists and artisan soapmakers. Saponins are a class of chemical compounds one of very many Secondary metabolites found in natural sources with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant Shikakai means "fruit for hair" and is a traditional Shampoo used in India. Sapindus is a genus of about five to twelve species of Shrubs and small Trees in the Sapindaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions In modern slang a soaper is a person who makes Soap. It is the origin of the Surnames "Soper" "Saboni" (Arabic for soap maker and "Soaper Unsaponifiables are components of an Oil, Fat, Wax, etc that do not saponify. Reader's Digest Publishers, 1992.
3. ^ Failor, Catherine (2000).
4. ^ Soap Trivia
5. ^ Certified Lye
6. ^ Certified Lye - Saponification Chart
7. ^ ^{a b} Natural Soap Directory
8. ^ Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap", in Hilda Butler: Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, 10th edition, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 453.  “The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. ” 
9. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History, [1]
10. ^ algebralab
11. ^ EtymOnline
12. ^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Ahmad Y Hassan أحمد يوسف الحسن(born 1925 is a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur and a historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology

References

1. Failor, Catherine (2000). Making Transparent Soap: The Art of Crafting, Molding, Scenting, and Coloring. North Adams, MA: Storey Books, 64. ISBN 158017244X.  
2. Garzena, Patrizia - Tadiello, Marina (2004). Soap Naturally - Ingredients, methods and recipes for natural handmade soap. Programmer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9756764-0-0.
3. Glossary of Soap Terms (HTML). Natural Soap Council.

External links

• A short history of soap The Pharmaceutical Journal
• Guild of Craft Soap & Toiletry Makers (UK)
• Information on soap making
• Information about soap making - history, recipes, techniques
• Glossary of Soap Terms Natural Soap Council
• soap The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
• Soap History The Soap and Detergent Association.
• The Handbook of Soap Manufacture - A book from 1908.