For the 2005 film see Snuff-Movie (film)

A snuff film, or snuff movie, depicts the actual killing of a human being (without the aid of special effects or other trickery) perpetrated for the medium of film for the purpose of entertainment and distribution. Snuff-Movie is a 2005 gothic horror film by British director Bernard Rose. ^[1]

Contents 1 Problems of definition 2 History 3 Recorded murders 4 False snuff films 4.1 The Guinea Pig films 4.2 Other alleged snuff films 5 In fiction 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

Problems of definition

The term snuff film does not, at least currently, have a clear definition. Neither the Motion Picture Association of America, the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, nor any U. S. agency have put forth legislation or terminology that would define the term "snuff film" authoritatively. Some possible definitions include a number of acts (killing of animals, faked deaths, suicides and murders) which are filmed and only later distributed. In most cases the only motive to risk any exposure of the filmmakers' involvement is commercial. Some definitions state that snuff films must be pornographic in nature ^[2] The most common definition of a snuff film is of a motion picture showing the actual murder of a human being that is produced, perpetrated, and distributed solely for the purpose of profit. Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of Sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries ^[3] This definition thereby excludes recordings of murders caught by accident, and videotapes of actual murders that were never intended to be released as entertainment films (such as the videos and photos sometimes produced by serial killers like Leonard Lake as "trophies"). A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based Leonard Lake (October 29 1945 – June 6 1985 was an American Serial killer. Given these criteria, the existence of snuff films is highly questionable, and commercial snuff films have long been relegated by skeptics to the realm of urban legend and moral panic. An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them A moral panic can be defined as "the intensity of feeling expressed by a large number of people about a specific group of people who appear to threaten the social order at a given To date, no film generally accepted as fitting this definition has been found. ^[4]

History

The first recorded use of the term is in a 1971 book by Ed Sanders, The Family: The Story of Charles Manson's Dune Buggy Attack Battalion, in which it is alleged that The Manson Family might have been involved in the making of such a film (although no film has ever been found). Ed Sanders (born August 17 1939 is an American Poet, Singer, Social activist, Environmentalist, Author and Publisher ^[1]

The metaphorical use of the term snuff to denote killing is derived from a verb for the extinguishing of a candle flame, and can be traced to several decades before Sanders's book; for example, in Edgar Rice Burroughs's fifth Tarzan book Tarzan and The Jewels of Opar (1916). Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero ^[5] "Snuffed it", meaning dead, was used repeatedly in the novel A Clockwork Orange (1962). The year 1962 in film involved some significant events Events Dr

The concept of a "snuff movie" subsequently reappeared and became more widely known in 1976 in the context of the film Snuff. Snuff is a 1976 Splatter film most notorious for being marketed as if it were an actual Snuff film. Originally a horror film designed to cash in on the hysteria of the Manson family murders, the film's distributor tacked on a new ending that allegedly depicts an actual murder. In order to generate buzz the producer wrote angry letters to the New York Times posing as a concerned citizen and hired actors to stand outside and protest against the film. The concept of snuff films was further publicised by the Michael Powell film Peeping Tom (1960), the Paul Schrader film Hardcore (1979), the Ruggero Deodato film Cannibal Holocaust (1980), David Cronenberg's Videodrome (1983), the Arnold Schwarzenegger film The Running Man (1987), the Alejandro Amenabar film Tesis (1996), the film Strange Days (1995), the Anthony Waller film Mute Witness (1994), the Joel Schumacher film 8mm (1999) and was featured in the John Ottman film, Urban Legends: Final Cut (2000), Fred Vogel's film August Underground (2001) and its sequels. Michael Latham Powell ( 30 September 1905 &ndash 19 February 1990) was a British Film director, renowned for his partnership Peeping Tom is a Psychological thriller film by the British film director Michael Powell. Paul Joseph Schrader (born July 22, 1946 in Grand Rapids Michigan) is an American Screenwriter and Film director Hardcore is a 1979 film written and directed by Paul Schrader and starring George C Ruggero Deodato (born May 7 1939 in Potenza) is a controversial Italian Film director, Actor and Screen writer Cannibal Holocaust ( 1980) is a controversial Exploitation film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici David Paul Cronenberg OC, FRSC (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian Film director and occasional Actor. Videodrome is a 1983 sci-fi horror Canadian Film directed by David Cronenberg. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( German ˌaɐnɔlt aloʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənɛɡɐ born July 30 1947 is an Austrian American Bodybuilder, Actor The Running Man is a 1987 Film adaptation loosely based on the Stephen King novel of the same name. Alejandro Fernando Amenábar Cantos (born March 31, 1972 in Santiago Chile) is a Spanish Film Tesis ( Thesis) is a 1996 Spanish film. The feature debut of director Alejandro Amenábar, and written by him and Mateo Gil Strange Days is the title of a 1995 Science fiction Film directed by Kathryn Bigelow and produced and co-written by James Cameron Mute Witness, is a 1994 thriller / horror shot in Moscow Russia written directed and produced by Anthony Waller Joel Schumacher (born August 29, 1939 in New York City) is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer 8mm is a 1999 mystery / thriller Film, directed by Joel Schumacher, about a private investigator Tom Welles John Ottman (born July 6, 1964 in San Diego California) is an American film editor composer and director Urban Legends Final Cut is a 2000 Slasher film. Advertised as a sequel to 1998 's Urban Legend, the film shares little Online internet snuff movies came into play in such movies like the Marc Evans film My Little Eye (2002), the Showtime series Dexter and the Rick Rosenthal film Halloween: Resurrection. Marc Evans is a Welsh -born Film director, whose credits include the films House of America, Resurrection Man and My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror Film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend Showtime is a subscription television Brand used by a number of channels and platforms around the world but primarily refers to a group of channels in the United Dexter is an American Television drama series based on the novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter by Jeff Lindsay and adapted for television Richard L "Rick" Rosenthal Jr Rosenthal helped launch Sean Penn 's career when he cast the then-unknown actor in the title role of the 1983 film Bad Boys Halloween Resurrection is a 2002 Horror film and the eighth installment in the Halloween film series Most recently the subject has been addressed in British film director Bernard Rose's film Snuff-Movie (2005), the Nimród Antal film Vacancy (2007) and also in the WWE film The Condemned (2007) and the Gregory Hoblit film Untraceable. Bernard Rose (born August 4, 1960) is an English Film director most famous for his direction of the 1992 urban horror film Snuff-Movie is a 2005 gothic horror film by British director Bernard Rose. Nimród Antal Neemrode ( November 30, 1973 in Los Angeles, California) is a U Vacancy is a 2007 horror / thriller, which stars Luke Wilson and Kate Beckinsale. For the Doctor Who audio play produced by Big Finish Productions, see The Condemned (Doctor Who audio. Gregory King Hoblit (born November 27, 1944 in Abilene, Texas) is an American Hollywood Film director and TV producer Untraceable is a 2008 film thriller starring Diane Lane, Joseph Cross, Billy Burke and Colin Hanks.

Recorded murders

Some murderers have in various instances recorded their acts on video; however, the resultant footage is not usually considered to be a snuff film because it is not made for the express purpose of distribution. In the early 1980s, Charles Ng and Leonard Lake videotaped their torturing of women they would later kill. Charles Chi-Tat Ng ( Chinese: 吳志達 Cantonese ŋ̩21 ʣ̥i33 d̥at̚22 Pinyin: Wú Zhìdá born December 24 Leonard Lake (October 29 1945 – June 6 1985 was an American Serial killer. Serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka videotaped some of their sex crimes in the early 1990s. Paul Kenneth Bernardo, (born August 27, 1964 in Scarborough Ontario) is a Canadian Serial killer and rapist, known for Karla Leanne Homolka, also known as Karla Leanne Teale, (born May 4, 1970 in Port Credit, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian Though their crimes ended in murder, the actual murders were not videotaped. Only a select few people have ever seen this footage, as viewing was restricted to lawyers and other courtroom personnel. The footage has since reportedly been destroyed. Another example is the video taken in 2001 by the German Armin Meiwes of the killing of Bernd Jürgen Armando Brandes. Armin Meiwes (born December 1 1961) is a German man who achieved international notoriety for killing and eating a voluntary Victim he had found

In 1997, the Germans Ernst Dieter Korzen and Stefan Michael Mahn kidnapped a prostitute and recorded her torture, with the purpose of selling a snuff movie. The woman died before the movie could be completed, and they kidnapped another prostitute, who was able to flee and alert authorities. The two men were sentenced to life imprisonment. Prosecutors involved in the case claimed there is an international market for such videos. ^[3][6]

There is undoubtedly a widespread market for genuine footage of murderous violence, whatever the context: as early as the 1940s, Weegee found fame for his photographs of victims of street crime in New York City. Weegee was the Pseudonym of Arthur Fellig ( June 12 1899 – The City of New York In later decades, the American public was fascinated by the Zapruder film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy; the Zapruder film has since been featured in Oliver Stone film JFK, among other fictional works. The Zapruder film is a silent 8 mm color home movie of the presidential motorcade of John F The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas William Oliver Stone (born 15 September) is an American Film director and Screenwriter. JFK is a 1991 American film directed by Oliver Stone. The film was released on December 20 1991 Similarly, Professione: reporter, a film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, contains a sequence that depicts an actual execution by firing squad. The Passenger ( Professione reporter) is a Film directed and co-written by Michelangelo Antonioni, released in 1975

In the Maysles' documentary film Gimme Shelter, music fan Meredith Hunter is stabbed to death on screen by a Hell's Angel at the Rolling Stones concert at Altamont Speedway. Albert and David Maysles were a documentary filmmaking team whose works include Salesman, Gimme Shelter and Grey Gardens Gimme Shelter is a 1970 Documentary film directed by Albert and David Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin, chronicling the Rolling Stones Meredith Hunter ( October 24, 1951 &ndash December 6, 1969) was a spectator at the infamous Altamont Free Concert.

The Faces of Death   film series found popularity in the 1980s on videocassette, and even on broadcast television, shows like World's Wildest Police Videos  have been successful (though for broadcast television, more gruesome footage is usually censored). This article is about Faces of Death the film For the rap album of the same name see Faces of Death (album. World's Wildest Police Videos (sometimes abbreviated to WWPV and in some episodes simply called Police Videos) is a reality TV

In the Internet age, it is possible to download videos depicting actual murders or deaths (e. g. the filmed deaths of Daniel Pearl, Nick Berg, Saddam Hussein, Paul Johnson, Kim Sun-il, Eugene Armstrong, Jack Hensley, Kenneth Bigley and a Russian sergeant, the shooting of Yitzhak Rabin and the gun suicides of Ricardo Cerna, and Budd Dwyer). Daniel Pearl ( October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American Journalist who was kidnapped and murdered in Nicholas Berg ( April 2, 1978 &ndash May 7, 2004) was an American Businessman seeking Telecommunications work Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Paul Marshall Johnson Jr ( May 8, 1955 - c June 18 2004 was an American Helicopter engineer who Kim Sun-il ( September 13, 1970 &ndash c June 22, 2004) was a South Korean Translator who was kidnapped Olin Eugene Armstrong Jr ( 5 June 1953 - 20 September 2004) was a foreign hostage in Iraq beheaded by his captors in 2004 Jack Hensley ( September 22, 1955 – September 21, 2004) was an American Engineer from Marietta, Cobb County Kenneth John Bigley ( April 22, 1942 - October 7, 2004) Liverpool, England, who was kidnapped in the al-Mansour district Ricardo Alfonso Cerna (c 1956-December 19 2003 was a Guatemalan immigrant to the United States who became famous for committing Robert "Budd" Dwyer ( November 21, 1939 – January 22, 1987) was an American politician who on the morning of January

Shortly after the declaration of Chechen independence in 1991 and culminating during the Chechen-Russian Wars, snuff video market emerged openly in the then-lawless Chechen Republic. Videos depicting murders, torture, rape and dismemberment of Russian POWs, and captives from Russia, foreign countries and neighboring republics were freely circulated in Chechnya and, in several instances, aired on Russian State Television in the edited version. A fair number of these are still available on peer-to-peer networks, including recent video of the brutal beating and murder of Russian police squad by Chechen militia and civilians, and the execution of a Russian dweller, seized in the streets of the old Chechen capital Gudermes by a group of armed men^[7]. For other uses of the term see Peer-to-peer (disambiguation For peer-to-peer networks used for file sharing see File sharing Gudermes ( Russian: Гудермес Chechen: Гуьмсе / Gümse) is a town in the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the

Recently videos depicting suicide bombings and attacks on U. S. military in Iraq have been posted on video sharing website YouTube by extremist groups, which has become an increasingly difficult problem for the U. YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees S. as replacement videos can be uploaded just as quickly as they are taken down. ^[8]

Perhaps the most famous instance of an alleged recorded death is the scene in The Crow in which lead Brandon Lee was accidentally shot. The Crow is a 1994 American feature film adaptation of the 1989 comic book of the same name by James O'Barr. Brandon Bruce Lee ( 李[[wikt 國|國]] 豪; Cantonese: Léi Gwokhòu; Pinyin: Lǐ Guóháo; February 1, Urban legend claims that the footage of his fatal wounding was included in the final cut of the film. However, after police review, that portion of film was actually destroyed, and the scene was re-created with a body double.

However, it is not clear that the fascination engendered by these records would extend to filmed murders carried out expressly for the purpose of filming a murder (actual snuff films). Since it is trivially easy today to produce a film that simulates a murder in a completely believable way, there is little commercial incentive to risk the legal repercussions of producing a film in which a murder is actually committed (much less documented on film).

In August 2007 a video was originally posted on the Russian version of LiveJournal by a user named "anti-Gypsy", which subsequently appeared on many Russian-language neo-Nazi internet sites. LiveJournal (often abbreviated LJ) is a Virtual community where Internet users can keep a Blog, Journal or Diary. The video is titled “The Execution of a Tajik and a Dagestani". Reportedly a video of Russian neo-Nazis executing two men, one from Dagestan and one from Tajikistan. A spokesman for the Investigative Committee of the Russian Prosecutor’s Office said the murder footage was genuine^[9]

False snuff films

The Guinea Pig films

Main article: Guinea Pig (film series)

The first two films in the Japanese Guinea Pig  series are designed to look like authentic snuff films; the video is grainy and unsteady, as if recorded by amateurs. The are a series of 1980s Japanese horror films with extremely detailed Special effects of gruesome crimes against people In the late 1980s, the Guinea Pig films were one of the inspirations for Japanese serial killer Tsutomu Miyazaki's murders of preschool girls. also known as The Otaku Murderer, The Little Girl Murderer, and Dracula, was a Japanese Serial killer. ^[10]

The most infamous Guinea Pig film is probably Flower of Flesh and Blood, in which a woman, apparently drugged, is shown chained to a bed as a man in a samurai costume slowly kills her through torture and dismemberment. The are a series of 1980s Japanese horror films with extremely detailed Special effects of gruesome crimes against people is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Dismemberment is the act of cutting tearing pulling wrenching or otherwise removing the limbs of a living thing After viewing a portion of this film, actor Charlie Sheen was convinced the murder depicted was genuine and contacted the MPAA, who then contacted the FBI. Carlos Irwin Estévez (born September 3 1965 better known as Charlie Sheen, is an American actor ^[11] FBI agent Dan Codling informed them that the FBI and the Japanese authorities were already investigating the film makers, who were forced to prove that the murders were indeed fake. ^{[12] [1]}

While the actual Guinea Pig movies are not snuff films themselves, two of them purport to be based on real snuff films. The Devil's Experiment  was supposedly based on a film sent to the Tokyo police in which a small group of people dismember a young woman in an attempt to see how much damage the body can take. Flower of Flesh and Blood  was supposedly made after manga artist, Hideshi Hino, received a letter, 54 stills, and an 8 mm film through the mail. Hideshi Hino (日野日出志 Hino Hideshi, born April 19, 1946) is a manga artist who specializes in horror stories 8 mm film is a motion picture film format in which the filmstrip is eight Millimeters wide The letter described what was on the film. He watched it and shortly after turned it over to the Tokyo police, who could not identify either the girl or the murderer.

Other alleged snuff films

Italian director Ruggero Deodato was once called before a court in order to prove that the murders of humans depicted in his film Cannibal Holocaust  had been faked. Ruggero Deodato (born May 7 1939 in Potenza) is a controversial Italian Film director, Actor and Screen writer Cannibal Holocaust ( 1980) is a controversial Exploitation film directed by Ruggero Deodato from a screenplay by Gianfranco Clerici

During the early 1990s, rumors spread of gay bars in Boston showing a film involving homeless teenagers, who were told that they were going to star in a porno film, running away in horror from the movie camera until they were caught up with and shot to death on camera. The Boston Herald  newspaper published an article on the subject of such murder films being shown in the Boston area, while articles on the Channel 1 computer bulletin board news groups alluded to such films and claimed they were made in New York City. The Boston Herald is a Tabloid -format Daily newspaper, the smaller of the two big dailies in Boston Massachusetts, United States

In 2000 an Italian police operation broke up a gang of child pornographers based in Russia who, it was claimed, were also offering snuff films for sale to their clients in Italy, Germany, America and Britain. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Child pornography refers to material depicting Children being in a state of undress engaged in erotic poses or sexual activity Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending It is unclear whether anything other than child pornography films were ever seized. ^[13]

In 2007 an underground Argentinian film called SNUFF 102, directed by filmmaker Mariano Peralta, was premiered in the Mar Del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina. Snuff 102 is an Argentinian underground hardcore gore film directed by filmmaker Mariano Peralta. The premiere was scandalous because members of the audience claimed some scenes in the film were real and demanded the film be banned from the festival. After the end of the premiere the director was attacked by members of the audience.

The August Underground  series is a false depiction of a snuff film, with very realistic special effects and realistic "snuffings. August Underground's Mordum is an independent Slasher film released by the Pittsburgh-based film production/special effects/design company known as Toetag Pictures " They are filmed with a hand-held camcorder and feature nudity, killing and special effects.

In fiction

Snuff films have occasionally inspired fictional works (such as Michael Powell's 1960 film Peeping Tom). Michael Latham Powell ( 30 September 1905 &ndash 19 February 1990) was a British Film director, renowned for his partnership Peeping Tom is a Psychological thriller film by the British film director Michael Powell. As noted above, there was a wave of such films in the mid-to-late 1970s, and the mid-to-late 1990s saw another cycle of snuff film-inspired motion pictures. The Great American Snuff Film tries to take the viewer inside the mind of a killer who seeks revenge for his abusive foster home upbringing, by kidnapping two girls to make a snuff film. Mute Witness (1994) depicts the eponymous heroine's discovery of a snuff film in progress. Mute Witness, is a 1994 thriller / horror shot in Moscow Russia written directed and produced by Anthony Waller Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Strange Days (1995) revolves around several snuff films involving murders of prostitutes and high-profile African American civil rights heroes. Strange Days is the title of a 1995 Science fiction Film directed by Kathryn Bigelow and produced and co-written by James Cameron Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Spanish horror movie Tesis (1996) revolves around a student discovering a library of snuff films hidden in a room beneath her college. Tesis ( Thesis) is a 1996 Spanish film. The feature debut of director Alejandro Amenábar, and written by him and Mateo Gil Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) 8mm (1999) is a similar movie about a private investigator hired by a widow to determine if the film her husband kept hidden in a safe is a real snuff film. 8mm is a 1999 mystery / thriller Film, directed by Joel Schumacher, about a private investigator Tom Welles Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Hardcore (1979) showed George C. Scott watching a snuff film to find his runaway daughter. Hardcore is a 1979 film written and directed by Paul Schrader and starring George C Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) George Campbell Scott (October 18 1927 - September 22 1999 was an American stage and film Actor, director, and producer. My Little Eye, a 2002 Marc Evans horror film depicts the story of several teenagers in a Big Brother style house who end up being part of an elaborate live snuff movie. My Little Eye is a 2002 British horror Film directed by Marc Evans about five adults who agree to spend See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Marc Evans is a Welsh -born Film director, whose credits include the films House of America, Resurrection Man and Big Brother is a Reality television series broadcast in the United Kingdom and Similar to this is Halloween: Resurrection which features several deaths occurring on web cameras. Halloween Resurrection is a 2002 Horror film and the eighth installment in the Halloween film series FeardotCom and most recently Untraceable revolve around victims who are slowly tortured to death live on the internet. FeardotCom is a 2002 Horror film directed by William Malone. Cast Stephen Dorff &ndash Detective Mike Untraceable is a 2008 film thriller starring Diane Lane, Joseph Cross, Billy Burke and Colin Hanks. The Brave (1997) tells the story of a man who agrees to be in a snuff film in return for $50,000 to help his poverty-stricken family. The Brave ( 1997) is a film adapted from the Gregory McDonald novel of the same title directed by and starring Johnny Depp. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Polish movie Billboard (1998) is a story of an ad agency worker who discovers a snuff tape apparently recorded on the set where he works. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Most recently, the film Vacancy concerns a couple who discover a motel room is the site of a series of snuff movies. Vacancy is a 2007 horror / thriller, which stars Luke Wilson and Kate Beckinsale. A more post-modern take on illusion, reality and sexploitation in this genre is taken in British film director Bernard Rose's 2005 film Snuff-Movie. Bernard Rose (born August 4, 1960) is an English Film director most famous for his direction of the 1992 urban horror film Snuff-Movie is a 2005 gothic horror film by British director Bernard Rose.

The premise of snuff films was also used as a theme in the Rockstar North video game Manhunt, which revolved around a convict named James Earl Cash, whose death is staged on live television at the order of a mysterious director in order for him to star in a series of cat and mouse-style snuff films. Rockstar North Ltd (formerly DMA Design Ltd) are developers of computer and video games based in Edinburgh, Scotland. A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Manhunt is a third-person Video game released by Rockstar Games in November. Cat and mouse, often expressed as cat-and-mouse game, is an English-language idiom dating back to 1675 that means "a contrived action involving constant pursuit

References

Further reading

• David Kerekes and David Slater. Killing for Culture: Death Film from Mondo to Snuff (Creation Cinema Collection). London: Creation Books, 1996.

External links

• Snopes Urban Legend Reference Pages article on 'Snuff films'
• The Dark Side of Porn: "Does Snuff Exist?": 'British Documentary on Snuff Films'
• The Straight Dope: "Is there such a thing as a snuff film?"
• "Snuff Said": 'Mark Kermode on Snuff films'
• Snuff film at the Open Directory Project

The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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