| Slovenes/Slovenians (Slovenci) |
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2. 5 million (est. )[1] |
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| Slovene | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| other Slavic peoples, especially South Slavs |
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Slovenes or Slovenians (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka) are a South Slavic people primarily associated with Slovenia and the Slovene language. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The South Slavs are a southern branch of the Slavic peoples that live in the Balkans mainly throughout the former Yugoslavia (meaning "Land of See also List of Slovenians, Holidays in Slovenia, Slovene literature, Music of Slovenia, Slovenian cuisine Slovenia 's Slovene Literature starts with Freising manuscripts around 1000 The Music of Slovenia is closely related to Austrian Istrian and Croatian because of its common history and Alpine and A list of films produced in Slovenia. The country declared ints independence from Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991. Slovenian National Dishes Belokranjska povitica Bujta repa Funšterc Slovene Americans or Slovenian Americans (ameriški Slovenci literally "American Slovenes" are citizens of the United States of Slovene Slovene Australians or Slovenian Australians are Australians of Slovene origin Hungarian Slovenes also known as Rába Slovenes (Porabski Slovenci are an Autochthonous ethnic and linguistic Slovene minority living in western Hungary Carinthian Slovenes (Koroški Slovenci Kärntner Slowenen are the Slovene-speaking population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia. Slovene Canadians (Kanadski Slovenci literally 'Canadian Slovenes' are Canadians of Slovene origin Argentines of Slovene descent, also Slovene-Argentines or Argentine Slovenes (Argentinski Slovenci is a term referring to the group of Slovenes residing Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language The history of Slovenia chronicles the period from the 5th Century BC to the present times Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language
Contents |
Population
Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (1,631,363). Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west There are autochthonous Slovene minorities in northeastern parts of Italy (estimated at 83,000 - 100,000), southern Austria (18,000), Croatia (13,200) and Hungary (3,180). Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovenes are recognised as national minorities in all four countries with which Slovenia shares a land border (Austria, Hungary, Croatia and Italy).
In the Slovenian national census of 2002, 1,631,363 people ethnically declared themselves as Slovenes [20], while 1,723,434 people claimed Slovene as their mother tongue [21].
The total number of Slovenes in Austria is 24,855, of whom 17,953 are representatives of the Slovene national minority, while 6,902 are foreign nationals [7].
History
Early Alpine Slavs
In 6th century, Slavic peoples settled the region between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea in two consecutive migration waves: the first wave took place around 550 and came from the Moravian lands, while the second wave, coming from the southeast, took place after the retreat of Langobards to Italy in 568 (see Slavic settlement of Eastern Alps). Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps region was a historic process that took place between the 6th and 9th century AD having culminated in
From 623 to 658, Slavic peoples between the upper Elbe River and the Karavanke mountain range were united under the leadership of King Samo (Kralj Samo) in the what was to become known as Samo's Tribal Union. The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe. Karawanken ( German) or Karavanke ( Slovene) is a Mountain range on the border between Slovenia and Austria. Samo (died 658 was a Frankish merchant from the "Senonian country" ( Senonago) probably modern Sens, France. The tribal union collapsed after Samo's death, but a smaller Slavic tribal principality Carantania (Slovene: Karantanija) remained, with its center in the present-day region of Carinthia. Carantania, also known as Carentania (Karantanija Karantanien in old Slovene Onomastics Korotan) was a Slavic Principality Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language
Alpine Slavs during the Frankish Empire
Due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east, Carantanians accepted union with Bavarians in 745 and later recognized Frankish rule and accepted Christianity in the 8th century. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. Carantanians (Quarantani Karantanci were a Slavic people of the Early Middle Ages (Latin la ''Sclavi qui dicuntur Quarantani'' or "Slavs called Caranthanians" The Bavarians are a German people from Bavaria, Germany. They are the inheritors of the Bavarii, which occupied modern-day Bavaria and its surroundings The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The last Slavic state formation in the region, the principality of Prince Kocelj, lost its independence in 874. A principality (or princedom) is a monarchical feudatory or Sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of Prince Slovene ethnic territory subsequently shrank due to pressing of Germans from the west and the arrival of Hungarians in the Pannonian plain, and stabilized in the present form in the 15th century. This article is about the German diaspora See Germans for the German ethnicity in general Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out
Slovenes between the 18th century and the Second World War
Slovene lands were part of the Illyrian provinces, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary (in Cisleithania). The Illyrian Provinces (Provinces illyriennes Ilirske province Ilirske pokrajne Province Illiriche were lands on the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea which were For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Cisleithania (Cisleithanien Předlitavsko was the name of the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918
Many Slovenes emigrated to the United States at the turn of the 20th century, mostly due to economic reasons. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Those that settled in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania came to be called Windish. Bethlehem is a city in Lehigh and Northampton Counties in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania, in the The largest group of Slovenes eventually ended up settling in Cleveland, Ohio and the surrounding area. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state The second largest group settled in Chicago principally on the Lower West Side, Chicago. Neighborhoods Heart of Chicago Heart of Chicago is a neighborhood located in the southwest corner of the Lower West Side community area and has an Italian The American Slovenian Catholic Union (Ameriško Slovenska Katoliška Jednota) was founded as an organization to protect Slovene-American rights in Jolliet, Illinois and Cleveland, OH. Today there are KSKJ branches all over the country offering life-insurance and other services to Slovene-Americans. Freethinkers were centered around 18th and Racine Ave. in Chicago where they founded the Slovene National Benefit Society, other Slovene immigrants went to southwestern Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio and the state of West Virginia to work in the coal mines and lumber industry. Slovenska narodna podporna jednota, the Slovene National Benefit Society, is an ethnic fraternal benefit and social organization for Slovene West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Some Slovenes also went to the Pittsburgh or Youngstown, Ohio areas to work in the steel mills. Youngstown is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Mahoning County.
Following the 1st World War (1914-1918), they joined other South Slavs in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, followed by Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and finally Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The State of Slovenes Croats and Serbs was a short-lived state formed from the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy after its dissolution at the end of The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Serbo-Croato-Slovene ie Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Kraljevina Jugoslavija In the new system of banovinas (since 1929), Slovenes formed a majority in the Drava Banovina. The Drava Banovina or Drava Banate (Dravska banovina was a province ( banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941
In 1920 people in the bilingual regions of Carinthia decided in a referendum that most of Carinthia should remain in Austria. The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten Vojvodina Koroška was a Duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. The Carinthian Plebiscite ( German: Kärntner Volksabstimmung, Slovene: Koroški plebiscit) on October 10, 1920 determined Between the two world wars the westernmost areas inhabited by Slovenes were occupied by Italy.
Slovene volunteers also participated in the Spanish Civil War, and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of See also First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Second Italo–Abyssinian War (also referred to as the Second Italo-Ethiopian War) was a
Slovenes during and after World War II
Yugoslavia was invaded by Axis Powers on April 6, 1941 after a coup d'état in the Yugoslav government ended Yugoslavia's participation in the Tripartite Pact and enraged Adolf Hitler. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Territory in Yugoslavia was quickly divided between German, Italian, and Hungarian control, and the Nazis soon annexed Lower Styria (Untersteiermark) to the "Greater Reich". Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Lower Styria (Štajerska Untersteiermark Latin: Styria) is a historical region in northeastern Slovenia, comprising the southern third of the former About 46,000 Slovenes in the Rann (Brežice) Triangle region were forcibly deported to eastern Germany for potential Germanization or forced labor beginning in November 1941. Brežice (German Rann) is city and municipality in Slovenia in Posavje, near the Croatian border
The deported Slovenes were taken to several camps in Saxony, where they were forced to work on German farms or in factories run by German industries from 1941-1945. The forced labourers were not always kept in formal concentration camps, but often just vacant buildings where they slept until the next day's labour took them outside these quarters. Toward the close of the war, these camps were liberated by American and Soviet Army troops, and later repatriated refugees returned to Yugoslavia to find their homes in shambles.
In 1945, Yugoslavia liberated itself and shortly thereafter became a nominally federal Communist state. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Slovenia joined the federation as a socialist republic; its own Communist Party having been formed in 1937. The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any
Most of Carinthia remained part of Austria and around 42,000 Slovenes (per 1951 population census) were recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Austrian State Treaty (Österreichischer Staatsvertrag or Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state The Slovenes in the Austrian state of Styria (4,250) [7] are not recognized as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of July 27, 1955 states otherwise. Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
Many of the rights required by the 1955 State Treaty are still to be fully implemented. There is also an undercurrent of thinking amongst parts of the population that the Slovene involvement in the partisan war against the Nazi occupation force was a bad thing, and indeed "Tito partisan" is a not an infrequent insult hurled against members of the minority. Many Carinthians are (quite irrationally) afraid of Slovene territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two World Wars. Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) The current governor, Jörg Haider, regularly plays the Slovene card when his popularity starts to dwindle, and indeed relies on the strong anti-Slovene attitudes in many parts of the province for his power base. A Landeshauptmann ( German for "state captain" literally 'country headman' plural Landeshauptleute or Landeshauptmänner as in Styria till 1861 Jörg Haider (January 26 1950 – October 11 2008 was an Austrian politician Another interesting phenomenon is for some German speakers to refuse to accept the minority as Slovenes at all, referring to them as Windische, an ethnicity distinct from Slovenes (a claim which linguists reject on the basis that the dialects spoken are by all standards a variant of the Slovene language).
Yugoslavia acquired some territory from Italy after WWII but some 100,000 Slovenes remained behind the Italian border, notably around Trieste and Gorizia. Trieste (Trieste Slovene and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy very near to Gorizia (Gurize Gorica Görz is a town in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Alps and bordering Slovenia.
In 1991, Slovenia became an independent nation state after a brief ten day war. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy
Literature
The earliest documents written in a Slovene dialect are the Freising manuscripts (Brižinski spomeniki, Freisinger Denkmäler), dated between 972 and 1022, found in 1803 in Freising, Germany. The Freising Manuscripts (also Freising Folia, Freising Fragments, or Freising Monuments; Slovene Brižinski spomeniki, Latin Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the district Freising. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The first books printed in Slovene were Catechismus and Abecedarium, written by the Protestant reformer Primož Trubar in 1550 and printed in Tübingen, Germany. Katekizem, meaning Catechism in English is a book written by Slovene protestant priest Primož Trubar in 1550. Abecedarium ( Abecednik) is along with the Katekizem ( Catechism) the first Slovenian printed book Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Primož Trubar ( 9 June 1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovene protestant reformer, the founder and the first superintendent Tübingen, a traditional University town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, is situated 30 km (19 miles southwest of Stuttgart, on a ridge between Jurij Dalmatin translated the Bible into Slovene in 1584. Jurij Dalmatin (c 1547 - 1589 was a Slovene Protestant Priest, Writer and Translator. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin In the second half of the 16th century Slovene became known to other European languages with the multilingual dictionary, compiled by Hieronymus Megiser.
Symbols
See also
- Carinthian Slovenes
- Hungarian Slovenes
- Slovenes in Somogy
- Slovene Americans
- Slovene Canadians
- Slovene Australians
- List of Slovenes
- Slavic peoples
References
- ^ a b c d Zupančič, Jernej (August 2004). National symbols of Slovenia are the Symbols that are used in Slovenia and abroad to represent the country and its people Carinthian Slovenes (Koroški Slovenci Kärntner Slowenen are the Slovene-speaking population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia. Hungarian Slovenes also known as Rába Slovenes (Porabski Slovenci are an Autochthonous ethnic and linguistic Slovene minority living in western Hungary Slovenians of Somogy were a Slovenian community living in the Somogy county, Hungary. Slovene Americans or Slovenian Americans (ameriški Slovenci literally "American Slovenes" are citizens of the United States of Slovene Slovene Canadians (Kanadski Slovenci literally 'Canadian Slovenes' are Canadians of Slovene origin Slovene Australians or Slovenian Australians are Australians of Slovene origin This is a list of Slovenes and people from Slovenia that are famous or notable Ethnic Structure of Slovenia and Slovenes in Neighbouring Countries. Slovenia: a geographical overview. Association of the Geographic Societies of Slovenia. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Census 2002
- ^ 2002 Community Survey
- ^ Angela Brittingham; G. Patrizia de la Cruz (June 2006). Ancestry: 2000 (Census 2000 Brief). United States Census 2000. U. S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ a b Zupančič, Jernej (author), Orožen Adamič, Milan (photographer), Filipič, Hanzi (photographer): Slovenci po svetu. In publication: Nacionalni atlas Slovenije (Kartografsko gradivo) / Inštitut za geografijo, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika. Ljubljana: Rokus, 2001. (COBISS)(Slovene)
- ^ Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data
- ^ a b c Tabelle 5: Bevölkerung nach Umgangssprache und Staatsangehörigkeit (German). Volkszählung 2001: Hauptergebnisse I - Österreich. Statistik Austria (2002). Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Trebše-Štolfa, Milica, ed. , Klemenčič, Matjaž, resp. ed. : Slovensko izseljenstvo: zbornik ob 50-letnici Slovenske izseljenske matice. Ljubljana: Združenje Slovenska izseljenska matica, 2001. (COBISS)
- ^ Lucija Horvat (2008-02-06). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Zavest o slovenskih koreninah (Slovene). Spletna Demokracija. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities. Republic of Croatia: Census 2001. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ "Final results of the Census 2001: Population by national or ethnic groups, gender and age groups in the Republic of Serbia, by municipalities" (2002-12-24). Communication 295 (LII). Republic Statistical Office of Serbia.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Population by mother tongue and main age groups, 1910–1941, 1970–2001. Population Census 2001. Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2004). Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Numbers in 1991
- ^ Bericht 2006
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ Montenegrin 2003 census - [4]
- ^ CSO Ireland - 2006 Census
- ^ Table 15: Population by ethnic affiliation, age groups and sex, Slovenia, Census 2002. Census of population, households and housing 2002. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Table 9: Population by mother tongue, Slovenia, Census 1991 and 2002. Census of population, households and housing 2002. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
External links
History
- Brestanica Museum of Political Prisoners, Internees and Deportees
- National Museum of Contemporary History - Brestanica
- Gottschee History, Culture, and Archives
- Association of Victims of the Occupying Powers 1941-45 (in Slovene)
- Slovenian Law on Reparation of Injustices
- Map - Slovenes in the 9th and 20th century
The origin of Slovenes
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