| Slovene/Slovenian slovenski jezik |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Slovenia, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Croatia and emigrant groups in various countries | |
| Region: | Central Southern and Southeastern Europe | |
| Total speakers: | 2. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic 2 million | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene/Slovenian |
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | Slovenia, European Union Regional or local official language in: Austria, Hungary, Italy |
|
| Regulated by: | Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | sl | |
| ISO 639-2: | slv | |
| ISO 639-3: | slv | |
 |
||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
|
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) is an Indo-European language that belongs to the family of South Slavic languages. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages It is spoken by approximately 2 million speakers worldwide, the majority of whom live in Slovenia. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Slovene is one of the few languages to have preserved the dual grammatical number from Proto-Indo-European. Dual is a Grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and Plural. Also, Slovene and Slovak are the two modern Slavic languages whose names for themselves literally mean "Slavic" (slověnьskъ in old Slavonic). The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ Slovene is also one of the official languages of the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Contents |
History
Early history
Like all Slavic languages, Slovene traces its roots to the same proto-Slavic group of languages that produced Old Church Slavonic. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages to make sure old Cyrillic letters are displayed properly (For example instead of just Ѣ write Ѣ The earliest known examples of a distinct, written Slovene dialect are from the Freising manuscripts, known as the Brižinski spomeniki in Slovene; the consensus estimate of their age is between 972 and 1093 (most likely in the later years of the range). The Freising Manuscripts (also Freising Folia, Freising Fragments, or Freising Monuments; Slovene Brižinski spomeniki, Latin These religious writings are the earliest known occurrence of any Slavic language being written using the Latin script (Carolingian minuscule). Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized Moreover, they are among the oldest surviving manuscripts in any Slavic language.
Literary Slovene emerged in the 16th century thanks to the works of Reformation activists Primož Trubar, Adam Bohorič and Jurij Dalmatin. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Primož Trubar ( 9 June 1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovene protestant reformer, the founder and the first superintendent Adam Bohorič (born c 1520 - November 20 1598) was a Slovene Protestant preacher teacher and author of the first grammar of the Jurij Dalmatin (c 1547 - 1589 was a Slovene Protestant Priest, Writer and Translator. During the period when present-day Slovenia was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, German was the language of the elite, and Slovene was the language of the common people. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. During this time, German had a strong impact on Slovene, and many Germanisms are preserved in contemporary colloquial Slovene. Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or Assimilation For example, in addition to the native Slovene word blazina ('pillow'), the Austrian-German word Polster is also used in colloquial Slovene, wherein it is pronounced poʊʃtər). Similarly, Slovene has both the native term for "screwdriver", izvijač, and šrauf'ncigr, ([ʃraʊfəntsɪgər]) in technical colloquial jargon, from the German word for screwdriver: Schraubenzieher. Many Slovene scientists before the 1920s also wrote in foreign languages, mostly German, the lingua franca of science at the time. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely
The cultural movements of Illyrism and Pan-Slavism brought words from Serbo-Croatian and Czech into the language. Illyrian movement (Ilirski pokret also Croatian national revival ( Hrvatski narodni preporod) was a cultural and political campaign initiated by a group of Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the For example, Josip Jurčič, who wrote the first novel in Slovene (Deseti brat/The Tenth Brother, published 1866) used Serbo-Croat words in his writing. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story
Recent history
During World War II, when Slovenia was divided between the Axis Powers of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Hungary, the occupying powers suppressed the Slovene language. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Germans were particularly emphatic, issuing propaganda suggesting that German-speaking Slovenes would be treated equally with native-born Germans. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people
Following World War II, Slovenia became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Slovene was one of the official languages of the federation. On the territory of Slovenia, it was commonly used in most areas of public life. One important exception was the Yugoslav army where Serbo-Croatian was used exclusively even in Slovenia. The Serbo-Croatian language or Croato-Serbian language (cрпскохрватски језик srpskohrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic Diasystem National independence has revitalized the language: since 1991, when Slovenia gained independence, Slovene has been used as an official language in all areas of public life (including the army). It also became one of the official languages of the European Union upon Slovenia's admission. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Slovenes often assert that their language is endangered, despite the fact that it now has more speakers than at any point in its history. The British linguist David Crystal said, in an interview in the summer of 2003 for the newspaper Delo:
"No, Slovene is not condemned to death. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Delo ( English: Labor) is one of the major daily Newspapers in Slovenia. At least not in the foreseeable future. The number of speakers, two million, is big. Welsh has merely 500,000 speakers. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic Statistically, spoken Slovene with two million speakers comes into the upper 10 per cent of the world's languages. Most languages of the world have very few speakers. Two million is a nice number: magnificent, brilliant. One probably would think this number is not much. But from the point of view of the whole world, this number has its weight. On the other hand, a language is never self-sufficient. It can disappear even in just one generation . . . "
Nature of the language
Slovene belongs to the Western subgroup of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages. South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages
Regulation
Proper Slovene orthography and grammar are sanctioned by the Orthographic Commission and the Fran Ramovš Institute of Slovenian Language, which are both part of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, SAZU). Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (acronym SASA) (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti sl ''SAZU'' is a National academy of Slovenia, which The newest reference book of proper Slovene orthography (and to some extent also grammar) is Slovenski pravopis (Slovene Orthography). The latest printed edition was published in 2001 (reprinted in 2003 with some corrections) and contains more than 130,000 entries. In 2003, an electronic version was published. The official dictionary of modern Slovene language, which is also prepared by SAZU, is called Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ; in English Dictionary of the Standard Slovene Language). It was published in five books by Državna založba Slovenije between the years 1970 in 1991 and contains more than 100,000 entries and sub-entries in which the stress, grammar marks, common associations of words and different qualificators are included. In the 1990s, an electronic version of the dictionary was published and is available online.
Dialects
Slovene has many dialects, with different grades of mutual intelligibility. Spoken Slovene has at least 32 main Dialects ( narečje) ( dI) and speeches ( govor) ( sP) A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Linguists generally agree that there are about 48 dialects.
Literature
Slovenes are said to be 'a nation of poets' due to their language with such poets as France Prešeren and Edvard Kocbek and writer Ivan Cankar being three of the most prominent Slovene authors; Vladimir Bartol, Srečko Kosovel, Tomaž Šalamun, Boris Pahor, Drago Jančar and Aleš Debeljak are among the most famous. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" France Prešeren, also known in the Germanized version as Franz Prescheren (1800–1849 was a Slovene Romantic Poet. Edvard Kocbek ( 27 September 1904, Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici, Duchy of Styria, now Slovenia - 3 November 1981 Ivan Cankar (10 May 1876 – 11 December 1918 was a Slovene Writer, Playwright, Essayist, Poet and political activist. Vladimir Bartol ( February 24 1903 &ndash September 12 1967) was a Slovenian Writer, most famous for his novel Srečko Kosovel ( March 18 1904 &ndash May 27 1926) was a Slovene avant-garde poet Tomaž Šalamun is a Slovenian poet He was born in 1941 in Zagreb, Croatia, and raised in Koper, Slovenia. Boris Pahor (born 28 August 1913 is a Slovene Writer from Italy. Drago Jančar (born 13 April 1948, Maribor) is a Slovene Writer, Playwright, Essayist and Public intellectual Aleš Debeljak (born December 25, 1961) is a Slovenian Cultural critic, Poet, and Essayist.
Bible in Slovene
The New Testament was first translated into Slovene by Primož Trubar (1508-1586), part of the Reformation movement. Slovene Literature starts with Freising manuscripts around 1000 A - J Vladimir Bartol Ivan Cankar Tone Čufar Jurij Dalmatin Fran Poets who wrote or write much of their Poetry in Slovene. A - C Fran Albreht (1889 - 1965 Primož Trubar ( 9 June 1508 – 28 June 1586) was a Slovene protestant reformer, the founder and the first superintendent He also wrote the first book in Slovene. Later, Jurij Dalmatin (1547-1589), a Slovene writer, pastor, hymn writer, poet and translator, living in Ljubljana, translated the Bible in Slovene. Jurij Dalmatin (c 1547 - 1589 was a Slovene Protestant Priest, Writer and Translator. He based much of the New Testament on the work of Primož Trubar. At first, the Bibles had to be smuggled into Slovenia (1584). He also wrote a Protestant cathechism in Slovene. A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament Dalmatin's work is seen as the foundation of the written form of the Slovene language. More recently, a new translation of the Bible in Slovene has been produced, under the leadership of Dr. Jože Krašovec, a professor of Old Testament in Ljubljana.
Name in English
The terms Slovene and Slovenian refer to anything related to Slovenia and its inhabitants. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Both have been used for a long time in English, and are comparable to the parallel short and long forms Serb/Serbian and Croat/Croatian. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A Slovene-Canadian scholar Edward Gobetz claims that the shorter form was carried over into English through French, once the language of diplomacy and that the longer form is the one naturally formed by native speakers of English.
The shorter form is sometimes said to be prevalent in the United Kingdom and in Ireland and the longer form in the US, Canada, Australia. Others claim that the shorter form should be used as a noun (e. g. , Slovenes) and the longer form as an adjective (e. g. , Slovenian people). In practice, it is difficult to claim any such pattern. Although somewhat confusing, both terms are widely recognized and acceptable.
Geographic distribution
The language is spoken by about 2. 2 million people - there is a table of distribution of Slovenes in the world in the article Slovenes. Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki
Slovenes live mainly in Slovenia in Central Europe (about 2,000,000 in 2006). Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and In addition, the Slovene language has speakers in Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija) and other parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Furlanija-Julijska krajina) in Italy (more than 100,000), in Carinthia (avstrijska Koroška) and other parts of Austria (25,000), throughout Croatia, especially in Istria, Rijeka and Zagreb (11,800-13,100), in southwestern Hungary (6,000), in Serbia (5,000), as well as dispersed throughout Europe and the rest of the world (around 300,000), particularly in the United States, Canada, Argentina (30,000[1]), Australia and South Africa). Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija Slavia Veneta or Slavia Friulana Sclavanie is a small mountainous region in northeastern Italy, in the area between the towns of Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( Friulian: Friûl-Vignesie Julie, Friaul-Julisch Venetien Furlanija - Julijska krajina Friul-Venezsia Jułia is one of the twenty Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
Phonology
Slovene has a phoneme set consisting of 21 consonants and 8 vowels. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Like other Slavic languages, it is a very phonetic language and also practices reduction of unstressed vowels.
Vowels
Older analysis of Slovene concluded that it features phonemic vowel length, but more recent studies have rejected this statement for the majority of speakers. The current analysis is that stressed vowels are long while unstressed vowels are short. All vowels can be either stressed or unstressed. However, unstressed /e/ and /o/ are restricted to a few grammatical words like bo "will", an auxiliary verb for the future tense.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricate | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ||||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l | j | |||||||||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
All voiced obstruents are devoiced at the end of words unless immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel or a voiced consonant. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless In Phonetics, articulation may be divided into two large classes obstruents and Sonorants An obstruent is a Consonant sound formed by /ʋ/ has several allophones depending on context:
- Before a vowel: [ʋ]
- At the end of a syllable or before a consonant: [u]
- At the beginning of a syllable before a voiced consonant: [w]
- At the beginning of a syllable before a voiceless consonant: [ʍ]
The preposition v is always bound to the following word; however its phonetic realization follows the normal phonological rules for /ʋ/. In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
Prosody
Like the closely-related Serbo-Croatian (to which it is mutually intelligible to an extent), Slovene uses diacritics or accent marks to denote what is called "dynamic accent" and tone. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Standard Slovene has two varieties, tonal and non-tonal. A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words The diacritics are almost never used in the written language, except in the few minimal pairs that are already mentioned.
Dynamic accent marks lexical stress in a word as well as vowel duration. Stress placement in Slovene is predictable compared to the East Slavic languages and Bulgarian: any long vowel is automatically stressed, and in words with no long vowels, the stress falls to the final syllable. The only exception is schwa, which is always short, and can be stressed in non-final position. Some compounds, but not all, have multiple stress. In the Slovene writing system, dynamic accent marks may be placed on all vowels, as well as /ɾ/ (which is never syllabic in Standard Slovene, but is used for schwa + r sequences, when in consonantal environment); for example, vrt ('garden') stressed as vŕt. In short, stress can theoretically fall on any syllable. In practice, the second or third syllable from the end are commonly stressed.
Dynamic accentuation uses three diacritic marks: the acute ( ´ ) (long and narrow), the circumflex ( ^ ) (long and wide) and the grave ( ` ) (short and wide).
Tonal accentuation uses four: the acute ( ´ ) (long and high), the inverted breve ( ̑ ) or the circumflex ( ^ ) (long and low), the grave ( ` ) (short and high) and the double grave ( `` ) (short and low), marking the narrow <e> or <o> with the dot below ( ̣ ).
Grammar
Vocabulary
T-V distinction
Slovene, much like the other Balto-Slavic languages (except Polish), German and most Romance languages, uses two forms of 'you' for formal and informal situations. The following is an overview of the grammar of the Slovene language. The Balto-Slavic language group consists of the Baltic and Slavic languages, belonging to the Indo-European family of languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Informal ti is comparable to the archaic English thou and is used in common situations; that is, when speaking to one's peers or inferiors; formal vi is comparable to the archaic English ye as it is used in formal situations such as when speaking to one's superiors, generally any adult acquaintances, all adults who are in a higher position at work, and so forth. As with many other languages that make a T-V distinction, the formal form is treated grammatically as the second-person plural form (e. In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of g. boste dela l(-a), 'thou wilt work' informal) vs (boste delali, 'you will work' formal).
Slovene also has two special verbs to describe the use of ti and vi.
- tikati means to refer to someone as "ti", i. e. , to be on familiar terms with someone (direct equivalent to French tutoyer).
- vikati means to refer to someone as "vi", i. e. , to be on formal terms with someone (direct equivalent to French vouvoyer).
For more information on formality and informality, refer to T-V distinction. In Sociolinguistics, a T-V distinction describes the situation wherein a Language has second-person Pronouns that distinguish varying levels of
Foreign words
Foreign words used in Slovene are of various types depending on the assimilation they have undergone. The types are:
- sposojenka (loan word) – fully assimilated; e. g. pica ('pizza').
- tujka (foreign word) – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax and/or in pronunciation; e. g. jazz, wiki.
- polcitatna beseda ali besedna zveza – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax and/or in pronunciation; e. g. Shakespeare.
- citatna beseda ali besedna zveza – kept as in original, although pronunciation may be altered to fit into speech flow; e. g. first lady.
There are no definite or indefinite articles as in English (a, an, the) or German (der, die, das, ein, eine, ein). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A whole verb or a noun is described without articles and the grammatical gender is found from the word's termination. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong It is enough to say barka (a or the barge), Noetova barka ('Noah's ark'). The gender is known in this case to be feminine. In declensions, endings are normally changed; see below. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating If one should like to somehow distinguish between definiteness or indefiniteness of a noun, one would say (prav/natanko/ravno) tista barka ('that (exact) barge') for "the barge" and neka/ena barka ('one barge') for "a barge". Another indicator is in the ending of the adjective accompanying the noun rdeči šotor ('exactly that red tent or for a special (red) type of tent') or rdeč šotor ('a red tent').
Numbers
Writing system
- See also: Bohorič alphabet, Metelko alphabet, and Dajnko alphabet
This alphabet (abeceda) was derived in the mid 1840s from an using the same Latin characters made by national reviver and leader Ljudevit Gaj (1809–1872) for Serbo-Croatian (and all its variants) and the alphabet is called gajica, patterned on the Czech pattern of the 1830s). Cardinal numerals Numbers such as ena dve tri štiri pet (one two three four five are used to express amount The Slovene alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet and is used in the Slovene. The Bohorič alphabet (bohoričica was an Orthography used for the Slovene language between the 16th and 19th centuries Metelko alphabet (Slovene metelčica) was a Slovene writing system developed by Franc Serafin Metelko. Dajnko alphabet or dajnčica was a Slovene writing system invented by Peter Dajnko. Ljudevit Gaj ( August 8, 1809, Krapina &ndash April 20, 1872, Zagreb) was a Croatian linguist politician journalist Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Before that /ʃ/ was, for example, written as <ʃ>, <ʃʃ> or <ſ>, /tʃ/ as <TʃCH>, <CZ>, <TʃCZ> or <TCZ>, /i/ sometimes as <Y> as a relic from now modern Russian 'yeri' (ы), /j/ as <Y>, /l/ as <LL>, /ʋ/ as <W>, /ʒ/ as <ʃ>, <ʃʃ> or <ʃz>.
The writing itself in its pure form does not use any other signs, except, for instance, additional accentual marks, when it is necessary to distinguish between similar words with a different meaning. Note that these are usually not written and the reader is expected to gather the meaning of the word from the context. For example:
- gòl ('naked') vs. gól ('goal'),
- jêsen ('ash (tree)') vs. jesén ('autumn'),
- kót ('angle') vs. kot ('as'),
- med ('between') vs. méd ('honey'),
- polovíca ('half (of)') vs. pôl ('expresses a half an hour before the given hour') vs. pól ('pole'),
- prècej ('at once', archaic) vs. precéj ('a great deal (of)'),
| letter | phoneme | first letter in a word | word pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| A (a) | /a/ | abecéda ('alphabet') | [abɛtsed̪a] |
| B (b) | /b/ | beséda ('word') | [bɛsed̪a] |
| C (c) | /ts/ | cvét ('bloom') | [tsʋet̪] |
| Č (č) | /tʃ/ | časopís ('newspaper') | [tʃasɔpis] |
| D (d) | /d/ | dánes ('today') | [d̪anəs] |
| E (e) | /e/, /ɛ/, /ə/ | sédem ('seven'), reči ('to say'), sem ('I am') | [sedəm], [rɛtʃi], [səm] |
| F (f) | /f/ | fànt ('boy') | [fan̪t̪] |
| G (g) | /g/ | grad ('castle') | [ɡrad] |
| H (h) | /h/ | híša ('house') | [xiʃa] |
| I (i) | /i/ | iméti ('to have') | [imeti] |
| J (j) | /j/ | jábolko ('apple') | [jabɔlkɔ] |
| K (k) | /k/ | kmèt ('peasant') | [kmɛt̪] |
| L (l) | /l/ | ljubézèn ('love') | [ljubezɛn] |
| M (m) | /m/ | mísliti ('to think') | [mislit̪i] |
| N (n) | /n/ | novíce ('news') | [nɔʋitsɛ] |
| O (o) | /ɔ/, /o/ | ôkno ('window'), ópica ('monkey) | [ɔkno], [opica] |
| P (p) | /p/ | pomóč ('help') | [pɔmotʃ] |
| R (r) | /r/ | rokenrol ('rock'n'roll') | [rɔkenrɔl] |
| S (s) | /s/ | svét ('world') | [sʋet] |
| Š (š) | /ʃ/ | šóla ('school') | [ʃola] |
| T (t) | /t/ | tip ('type') | [t̪ip] |
| U (u) | /u/ | ulica ('street') | [ulitsa] |
| V (v) | /ʋ/ | vôda ('water') | [ʋɔda] |
| Z (z) | /z/ | zrélo ('mature') | [zrelo] |
| Ž (ž) | /ʒ/ | življènje ('life') | [ʒiuljɛnjɛ] |
Examples
Pronunciation differs greatly from area to area, and literary language is only used in a public presentation or on a very formal occasion. The following is an overview of the grammar of the Slovene language.
References
- Gobetz. Edward. (December 1995) "Slovenian Americans Their Adjustment, Integration, and Contributions. " Slovenian Research Center of America, Inc. [2] - accessed 27 July 2005
- International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Klinar, Stanko. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The International Phonetic Association (IPA is an organization that promotes the scientific study of Phonetics and the various practical applications of that science Slovene ali Slovenian - ali kako po Steibeckovem navdihu ("In dubious battle") bojujemo N/negotovo bitko. Vestnik. - ISSN 0351-3513. - #30, #No. #1/2 (1996), pp. 245-253. (in Slovenian)
- "Metelčica" - a Slovenian alphabet of the 19th century: http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~ljubljan/metelcica.html
- Marc L. Greenberg about Slovenian: http://www.ku.edu/~slavic/slovene.htm
- Slovenian language profile: http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/profs03.htm
- Slovenian declension (sklanjatev): http://www.amebis.si/sklanjanje/
- Slovenian Alphabet: http://www.ijs.si/slo-chset.html at archive.org
Language history
Standard Slovene language links
- 600 M words corpus of Slovenian FidaPLUS
- 200 M words corpus of Slovenian Nova beseda
- Slovene-English Parallel Corpus
- The Slovene Language Technologies Society
- Slovene - English Dictionary
- Dictionary of Slovene literary language (Slovene)
- SEELRC Reference Grammar Network - A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, in PDF format with indexed links
Slovene as a second language
- Centre for Slovene as a Second/Foreign Language
- Slovene Webclassroom - Languages Other Than English programme
- Distance Slovene - Free Online Course
- Slovene Language and Culture Lessons in Switzerland and Austria
- Slovene at the University of Kansas, USA