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Slovak
slovenčina, slovenský jazyk
Spoken in: Slovakia, United States, Canada, Czech Republic, Serbia, Romania, Hungary etc. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic  
Region: Central Europe
Total speakers: over 6 million 
Ranking: 104
Language family: Indo-European
 Slavic
  West Slavic
   Czech-Slovak
    Slovak 
Official status
Official language in: Flag of Europe European Union
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia
Vojvodina (Serbia)
Regulated by: Slovak Academy of Sciences (The Ľudovít Štúr Linguistic Institute)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: sk
ISO 639-2: slo (B)  slk (T)
ISO 639-3: slk
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language The Slovak Academy of Sciences SAV (in Slovak Slovenská akadémia vied) is the main scientific and research institution in Slovakia fostering basic and strategic Ľudovít Štúr ( October 29, 1815 – January 12, 1856) known in his era as Ludevít Velislav Štúr, was the leader of the ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Slovak language (slovenčina, slovenský jazyk), sometimes referred to as "Slovakian", is an Indo-European language belonging to the West Slavic languages (together with Czech, Polish, Kashubian and Sorbian). The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; język kaszubski is one of The Sorbian languages are classified under the Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slovak is mutually intelligible with Czech. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand

Slovak is spoken in Slovakia (by 5 million people), the United States (500,000), the Czech Republic (320,000), Hungary (20,000), Northern Serbia (60,000), Romania (22,000), Poland (20,000), Canada (20,000), Australia, Austria, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Croatia (5,000) and elsewhere. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Contents

Alphabet

A technical note for users of the English Wikipedia: All Slovak vowels, but no Slovak-specific consonants (that is no č, ď, ľ, ĺ, ň, ŕ, š, ť, ž) are available within the Latin-1 encoding. ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet.

Slovak uses a modification of the Roman (Latin) alphabet. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The modifications include the four diacriticals (ˇ, ´, ¨, ^; see Pronunciation) placed above certain letters.

The lexicographic ordering of the Slovak alphabet is very similar to that of English: A B C D DZ E F G H CH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. The complete alphabet, however, allows for characters with diacritics (the character with diacritics always comes after the same character without diacritics) and is as follows: a á ä b c č d ď dz dž e é f g h ch i í j k l ľ ĺ m n ň o ó ô p q r ŕ s š t ť u ú v w x y ý z ž. Note that dz, dž and ch are considered single letters and that ch follows the h (not the c). The letters "q", "w", "x" are only used in loanwords, never in native Slovak words.

The names of the letters (like in English ey, bee, cee, dee …) are: a (á), á (dlhé á), ä (prehlasované á; á s dvoma bodkami, široké e), bé, cé, čé, dé, ďé, dzé, džé, e (é), é (dlhé é), ef, gé, há, chá, i (í), í (dlhé í), jé, ká, el, eľ, dlhé el, em, en, eň, o (ó), ó (dlhé ó), ô (ó s vokáňom), pé, kvé, er, dlhé er, es, eš, té, ťé, u (ú), ú (dlhé ú), vé, dvojité vé, iks, ypsilon (ý), dlhé ý, zet, žet (for pronunciation see below)

The characters are divided as follows:

Orthography

The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the phonemic principle, "Write as you hear". The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are pronounced the same way. Finally there is the rarely applied grammatical principle, under which, for example, there is a difference in writing (but not in the pronunciation) between the basic singular and plural form of masculine adjectives, for example pekný (nice – sg. ) vs pekní (nice – pl. ), both pronounced [pekniː].

Most foreign words receive Slovak spelling immediately or after some time. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation For example, "weekend" is víkend, "software" is softvér (but some 15 years ago was spelled the English way), and "quality" is spelled kvalita (possibly from Italian qualità). Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling, unless there is a fully Slovak form for the name (for example Londýn for "London").

Slovak orthography has changed many times. One of the most important changes was after World War II when s began to be written as z where pronounced as [z] in prefixes, for example smluva into zmluva, sväz into zväz. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word (That is, the phonemic principle has been given priority over the etymological principle in this case. )

The Slovak alphabet (minus the vowel diacritics) is often used to transcribe Ukrainian or Russian into the Latin alphabet. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

The Slovak language has distinctive palatalization. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process Among the Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, Slovak is the closest to Ukrainian and then to Russian, and many Slovak words may be familiar to Ukrainian speakers. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

The accent (stress) in the standard language is always placed on the first syllable of a word (or on the preceding preposition, see below). In Poetry, accent refers to the stressed syllable of a polysyllabic word or a monosyllabic word that receives stress because it belongs to an "open class" In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word This is not the case in certain dialects. The eastern dialects, for example, have penultimate stress, which at times makes them difficult for speakers of Standard Slovak to understand. Some of the north-central dialects have a weak stress on the first syllable, which becomes stronger and "moves" to the penultimate in certain cases. Monosyllabic conjunctions, monosyllabic short personal pronouns and auxiliary verb forms of the verb byť (to be) are, as a rule, not stressed.

Prepositions form a single prosodic unit with the following word, unless the words is long (four syllables or more) or the preposition stands at the beginning of a sentence. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. In Linguistics, prosody (from Greek προσωδία) is the Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech

The acute mark (in Slovak "dĺžeň", "prolongation mark") indicates a long vowel, for example í = approximately /i:/. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound This mark may appear on any vowel except "ä" (wide "e", široké "e" in Slovak). It may also appear above the consonants "l" and "r" (which, in such cases, are considered vowels).

The circumflex ("vokáň") exists only above the letter "o. Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable " It turns the o into a diphthong (see below). In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

The umlaut ("prehláska", "dve bodky" = two dots) is only used above the letter "a. Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark " It indicates a raised vowel, almost an "e".

The caron (in Slovak "mäkčeň", "palatalization mark" or "softener") indicates either palatalization or a change of alveolar fricatives into post-alveolar, in informal Slovak linguistics often called just "palatalization". Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Eight consonants can bear a caron. Not all "normal" consonants have a "caroned" counterpart:

  1. foreign words (for example telefón is pronounced with a hard t and a hard l)
  2. the following words: ten (that), jeden (one), vtedy (then)
  3. nominative masculine plural endings of pronouns and adjectives do not "soften" preceding n, d, t, l (for example tí odvážni mladí muži /tiː odvaːʒniː mladiː muʒi/, the/those brave young men)
  4. short e in adjectival endings, which is derived from long é shortened by the "rhythmical rule" (see below), does not "soften" preceding n, d, t, l (for example krásne stromy /kraːsnɛ. . . /, beautiful trees, c. f. zelené stromy /zɛlʲɛnɛː. . . /, green trees)

In addition, the following rules hold:

  1. When a voiced consonant having a voiceless correspondent (that is b, d, ď, dz, dž, g, h, z, ž) stands at the end of the word before a pause, it is pronounced as a voiceless consonant (that is p, t, ť, c, č, k, ch, s, š, respectively), for example pohyb is pronounced /pohip/, prípad is pronounced /priːpat/
  2. When "v" stands at the end of the syllable, it is pronounced as non-syllabic u (bilabial approximant /u̯/), with the exception of the position before "n" or "ň", for example, kov /kou̯/ (metal), kravský /krau̯skiː/ (cow - adjective), but povstať /pofstatʲ/ (uprise) because the v is not at the end of the syllable (po-vstať), hlavný /hlavniː/ because "v" stands before "n" here
  3. The assimilation rule: Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, otázka is pronounced /otaːska/, vzchopiť sa is pronounced /fsxopitsːa/. This rule applies also over the word boundary, for example prísť domov /priːzdʲ domou̯/ (to come home), viac jahôd /vi̯adzjahu̯ot/ (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "ch" /x/ is /ɣ/.
  4. The rhythmical rule: A long syllable (that is, a syllable containing á, é, í, ý, ó, ú, ŕ, ĺ, ia, ie, iu, ô) cannot be followed by another long syllable in the same word. This rule has morphonemic implications: for example žen-ám but tráv-am) and conjugation (for example nos-ím but súd-im). In Linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a Verb, Noun or Adjective from its Principal parts by Inflection There are several exceptions to this rule. It is typical of the literary Slovak language, and does not appear in Czech, or in some Slovak dialects. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the

Official transcriptions

Slovak linguists do not usually use IPA for phonetic transcription of their own language or others, but have their own system based on the Slovak alphabet. Many English language textbooks make use of this alternative system of 'phonetic' transcription, a factor which probably contributes to some Slovaks developing a particular ('incorrect') pronunciation of certain English phonemes. In the following table, pronunciation of each grapheme is given in this system as well as in the IPA.

grapheme IPA transcr.
a a a
á aː á
ä æ, ɛ ä, e
b b b
c t͡s c
č t͡ʃ č
d d d
ď ɟ, dʲ ď
dz d͡z ʒ
dž d͡ʒ ǯ
e e e
é eː é
f f f
g g g
h ɦ h
ch x x
i ɪ i
í iː í
j j j
k k k
l l, l̩ l
ĺ l̩ː ĺ̥
ľ ʎ, lʲ ľ
m m m
n n n
ň ɲ, nʲ ň
o ɔ o
ó ɔː ó
ô u̯o ŭo
p p p
q kv kv
r r, r̩ r
ŕ r̩ː ŕ̥
s s s
š ʃ š
t t t
ť c, tʲ ť
u u u
ú uː ú
v v v
w v v
x ks ks
y ɪ i
ý iː í
z z z
ž ʒ ž

Some additional notes (transcriptions in IPA unless otherwise stated):

Syntax

The main features of Slovak syntax are:

Speváčka spieva. In traditional Grammar, a predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies According to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle, every sentence can be divided in two main constituents, one being the subject of the sentence and the (The+female+singer is+singing. )
(Speváčk-a spieva-0, where -0 is a third person singular ending)
Speváčky spievajú. (The+female+singers are+singing. )
(Speváčk-y spieva-j-ú; -ú is a third person plural ending, and /j/ is a hiatus sound)
My speváčky spievame. Hiatus (Latin "yawning" (haɪˈeɪtəs in Linguistics is the separate pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels sometimes with an intervening Glottal stop (We the+female+singers are+singing. )
(My speváčk-y spieva-me, where -me is the first person plural ending)
and so forth.

Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong inflection enables the identification of thematic role (subject, object, predicate, etc. In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice In Linguistics, thematic relations express the meaning that a Noun phrase plays with respect to the action or state described by a sentence's verb ) regardless of its placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order in information structure.

Examples:

Ten veľký muž tam dnes otvára obchod. = The big man opens a store there today. (ten = the or that; veľký = big; muž = man; tam = there; dnes = today; otvára = opens; obchod = store)
Ten veľký muž dnes otvára obchod tam. = It is there that the big man opens a store today.
Dnes tam otvára obchod ten veľký muž. = It is the big man who opens a store there today.
Obchod tam dnes otvára ten veľký muž. = As for the store, it is opened there by the big man.

The unmarked order is Subject-Verb-Object. Markedness is a linguistic concept that developed out of the Prague School (also known as the Prague linguistic circle) Word order is not completely free. In the above example, the following combinations are not possible:

Ten otvára veľký muž tam dnes obchod.
Obchod muž tam ten veľký dnes otvára. . . .

The following are unlikely:

Otvára ten veľký muž tam dnes obchod? = Is that big man opening the store there?
Obchod ten veľký muž dnes tam otvára.

Morphology

Articles (Členy)

There is no article in the Slovak language. The demonstrative pronoun ten (fem: tá, neuter: to) may be used in front of the noun in situations where definiteness must be indicated. In grammatical theory, definiteness is a feature of Noun phrases distinguishing between entities which are specific and identifiable in a given context (definite noun

Nouns (Podstatné mená)

See: Slovak declension

Adjectives (Prídavné mená)

See: Slovak declension

Pronouns (Zámená)

See: Slovak declension

Numerals (Číslovky)

There are unique forms for 0-10. See also Slovak language. Many Slovak words are given without translation on this page for a translation see this dictionary '' Introduction The Slovak language See also Slovak language. Many Slovak words are given without translation on this page for a translation see this dictionary '' Introduction The Slovak language See also Slovak language. Many Slovak words are given without translation on this page for a translation see this dictionary '' Introduction The Slovak language 11-19 are formed by the numeral plus "násť. " Compound numerals (21, 1054) are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (for example 21 = dvadsaťjeden, literally "twenty one")).

The numerals are: (1) jeden (jedno (neuter), jedna (feminine)), (2) dva (dve (neuter, feminine)), (3) tri, (4) štyri, (5) päť, (6) šesť, (7) sedem, (8) osem, (9) deväť, (10) desať, (11) jedenásť, (12) dvanásť, (13) trinásť, (14) štrnásť, (15) pätnásť, (16) šestnásť, (17) sedemnásť, (18) osemnásť, (19) devätnásť, (20) dvadsať, (21) dvadsaťjeden,. . . (30) tridsať, (31) tridsaťjeden,. . . (40) štyridsať,. . . (50) päťdesiat,. . . (60) šesťdesiat,. . . (70) sedemdesiat,. . . (80) osemdesiat,. . . (90) deväťdesiat,. . . (100) sto, (101) stojeden,. . . (200) dvesto,. . . (300) tristo,. . . (900)deväťsto,. . . (1,000) tisíc,. . . (1,100) tisícsto,. . . (2,000) dvetisíc,. . . (100,000) stotisíc,. . . (200,000) dvestotisíc,. . . (1,000,000) milión,. . . (1,000,000,000) miliarda,. . .

See also: Slovak declension

Verbs (Slovesá)

volať, to call Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person volám voláme volal
2nd Person voláš voláte
3rd Person volá volajú
bývať, to live Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person bývam bývame býval
2nd Person bývaš bývate
3rd Person býva bývajú
vracať, to return Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person vraciam vraciame vracal
2nd Person vraciaš vraciate
3rd Person vracia vracajú
robiť, to do, work Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person robím robíme robil
2nd Person robíš robíte
3rd Person robí robia
vrátiť, to return Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person vrátim vrátime vrátil
2nd Person vrátiš vrátite
3rd Person vráti vrátia
vidieť, to see Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person vidím vidíme videl
2nd Person vidíš vidíte
3rd Person vidí vidia
kupovať, to buy Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person kupujem kupujeme kupoval
2nd Person kupuješ kupujete
3rd Person kupuje kupujú
zabudnuť, to forget Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person zabudnem zabudneme zabudol - zabudla
2nd Person zabudneš zabudnete
3rd Person zabudne zabudnú
minuť, to spend, miss Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person miniem minieme minul
2nd Person minieš miniete
3rd Person minie minú
niesť, to carry Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person nesiem nesieme niesol, niesla
2nd Person nesieš nesiete
3rd Person nesie nesú
stučnieť, to carry (be fat) Singular Plural Past Participle
1st Person stučniem stučnieme stučnel
2nd Person stučnieš stučniete
3rd Person stučnie stučnejú
byť, to be jesť, to eat vedieť, to know
1st Sg som jem viem
2nd Sg si ješ vieš
3rd Sg je je vie
1st Pl sme jeme vieme
2nd Pl ste jete viete
3rd Pl sú jedia vedia
Past Participle bol jedol vedel
skryť (to hide) : skryl som (I hid / I have hidden); bol som skryl (I had hidden)
skrývať (to be hiding): skrýval som (I was hiding); bol som skrýval (I had been hiding)
skryť (to hide) : skryjem (I will hide / I will have hidden)
skrývať (to be hiding) : budem skrývať (I will be hiding)
skryť (to hide) : skryl by som (I would hide), bol by som skryl (I would have hidden)
skrývať (to be hiding) : skrýval by som (I would be hiding), bol by som skrýval (I would have been hiding)
skryť (to hide): je skrytý (he is hidden); sa skryje (he is hidden)
skrývať (to be hiding): je skrývaný (he is being hidden); sa skrýva (he is being hidden)
skryť (to hide) : skryjúci (which is hiding)
skrývať (to be hiding): skrývajúci (which is being hiding)
skryť (to hide): skryjúc (by/when hiding)
skrývať (to be hiding): skrývajúc (by/when being hiding)
skryť (to hide): skrytý (hid)
skrývať (to be hiding): skrývaný (being hidden)
skryť (to hide): skrytie (the hiding)
skrývať (to be hiding): skrývanie (the continuous hiding)

Adverbs (Príslovky)

Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjectival ending with the ending –o or –e/-y. Sometimes both –o and -e are possible. Examples:

vysoký (high) – vysoko (highly)
pekný (nice) – pekne (nicely)
priateľský (friendly) – priateľsky (in a friendly manner)
rýchly (fast) – rýchlo / rýchle (quickly)

The comparative/superlative of adverbs is formed by replacing the adjectival ending with a comparative/superlative ending -(ej)ší or –(ej)šie. Examples:

rýchly (fast)– rýchlejší (faster) – najrýchlejší (fastest):rýchlo (quickly) – rýchlejšie (more quickly) – najrýchlejšie (most quickly)

Prepositions (Predložky)

Each preposition is associated with a particular grammatical case. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the The noun governed by a preposition must appear in the case required by the preposition. Example:

from friends = od priateľov

Priateľov is the genitive case of priatelia. It must appaear in this case because the preposition od (=from) always calls for its objects to be in the genitive.

History

Main article: History of the Slovak language

Relationships to other languages

The Slovak language is a descendant of Proto-Slavic language, itself a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. This is a tabular history of the Slovak language. Early history;around 500: arrival of the Slavs on the territory of Slovakia;6th Proto-Slavic is the Proto-language from which Slavic languages later emerged It is closely related to the other West Slavic languages. The West Slavic languages is a subdivision of the Slavic language group that includes Czech, Polish, Slovak, and Sorbian. In particular, Slovak is very closely related to the Czech language. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the It has been influenced by many languages, including Czech, Polish, German, and Hungarian. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe.

The Slavic language varieties tend to be closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges. This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties. Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, there is significant variation among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties.

Most dialects of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible; the two are sometimes considered to be poles of a dialect continuum. In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand A dialect continuum is a range of Dialects spoken across a large geographical area differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close and gradually decreasing The two varieties have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The written form is virtually identical to the Czech one, but there are phonetic and vocabulary differences. Linguistically the Czech and Slovak languages form a Language continuum, eastern Slovak dialects then blend into the Rusyn language. Literary Slovak shares significant orthographic features with Czech, as well technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovakian period. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. Czech orthography is a system of rules for correct writing ( Orthography) in the Czech language.

Eastern Slovak dialects are much less intelligible with Czech; they differ structurally from Czech and from other Slovak dialects, and contact between speaker of Czech and speakers of eastern dialects is limited. However, Eastern Slovak dialects have some intelligibility with Rusyn, but both lack technical terminology and upper register expressions. Rusyn (ry русинськый язык) is an East Slavic language (along with Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, with which it shares In Linguistics, a register is a subset of a Language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting Polish and Sorbian also differ from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible. There is also some mutual intelligibility with spoken Polish, however Polish orthography is very different; Rusyn orthography is even further, as it, like Ukrainian, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Polish for Wikipedia articles see HelpIPA chart for Polish. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by

In addition to vocabulary common to the Slavic languages of the region, significant non-Slavic elements have been incorporated into the Slovak lexicon. Slovak went through long periods of close contact with both Hungarian and German. Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Both languages have left their mark on Slovak vocabulary. Hungarian loanwords in Slovak include: "paprika," Slovak paprika, Hungarian paprika; "whip," Slovak korbáč, Hungarian korbács; and "dragon", Slovak šarkan, Hungarian sárkány. [1] German loanwords include "coins," Slovak mince, German münzen; "to wish", Slovak vinšovať, German wünschen; and "color," Slovak farba, German farbe. [2]

Dialects

There are many varieties of Slovak. These may be divided in four basic groups:

The fourth group of dialects is often not considered a separate group, but a subgroup of Central and Western Slovak dialects (see e. Spiš (- Slovak; Latin: Scepusium, Zips Szepesség Spisz is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern For the beer brand see Šariš (beer. Šariš is the traditional name of a region situated in northeastern Slovakia. Zemplín or Zemplén can refer to Zemplín (region, a region in Slovakia Zemplín (village, a village in Slovakia Abov (Hungarian Abaúj) is historically the Slovak name of a county in the Kingdom of Hungary (see the Abaúj article for that county Liptov is an informal designation of region in Slovakiam part of the former Kingdom of Hungary Liptó county. Árva ( Slovak: Orava, Polish: Orawa, German: Arwa) is the name of a historic administrative county ( comitatus Turiec is a region in central Slovakia. Turiec is an informal designation of the territory (like Burgundy or French Basque Country) but it is also Tekov ''Bars'' is the traditional name of a region situated in southern and central Slovakia. Hont (- Slovak and Hungarian and German, in Latin: Honthum, in Hungarian also Honth) is the name of a historic administrative Nógrád (-Hungarian in Latin comitatus Neogradiensis, in German Neuburg or Neograd, in Slovak Novohrad) was the name of a historic The article is about the historical region for the village in Slovakia, see Gemer (village. Zólyom county (in Latin comitatus Zoliensis, in Hungarian Zólyom (vármegye, in Slovak Zvolenský komitát/ Zvolenská stolica/ Zvolenská župa Kysuce is a traditional informal name of a region in north-western Slovakia, situated around the Kysuca river and bordering the Orava region in the Trenčín ( also known under alternative names) is a city in western Slovakia of the central Váh River valley near the Czech Trnava ( Nagyszombat Tyrnau Tyrnavia is a city in western Slovakia, 47 km to the north-east of Bratislava, on the Trnávka river If you were looking for a chemical see Nitre or Nitro. Nitra ( Neutra ( Nyitra / Nyitria) is a city in western Záhorie (Erdőhát is a region in western Slovakia bordered by the Little Carpathians in the east and the Morava River in the west The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania g. Štolc, 1968), but it is currently undergoing changes due to contact with surrounding languages (Serbian, Romanian and Hungarian) and long-time geographical separation from Slovakia (see the studies in Zborník Spolku vojvodinských slovakistov, e. g. Dudok, 1993).

For an external map of the three groups in Slovakia see here.

The dialect groups differ mostly in phonology, vocabulary and inflection. Syntactic differences are minor. Central Slovak forms the basis of the present-day standard language. Not all dialects are fully mutually intelligible. It may be impossible for an inhabitant of the Slovak capital Bratislava (in western Slovakia) to understand a person from eastern Slovakia. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Also, it is primarily western dialects that can be considered fully mutually intelligible with the Czech language. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the

The dialects are fragmented geographically, separated by numerous mountain ranges. The first three groups already existed in the 10th century. All of them are spoken by the Slovaks outside Slovakia (USA, Canada, Croatian Slavonia, Bulgaria and elsewhere) and Central and Western dialects form the basis of the Lowland dialects (see above). Not to be confused with Slovenia, a nearby country Slavonia ( Croatian, Serbian: Slavonija, Cyrillic script

The western dialects contain features common with the Moravian dialects in the Czech Republic, the southern central dialects contain a few features common with South Slavic languages, and the eastern dialects a few features common with Polish and the East Slavonic languages (cf. Štolc, 1994). Lowland dialects share some words and areal features with the languages surrounding them (Serbian, Hungarian and Romanian). In Linguistics, an areal feature is any typological feature shared by languages within the same geographical area

References

  1. ^ Magyar Nyelvőr – Pacsai Imre: Magyar–szlovák kulturális és nyelvi kapcsolat jegyei
  2. ^ http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=21&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhv.umb.sk%2Fapp%2FcmsFile.php%3Fdisposition%3Da%26ID%3D3394&ei=qxmPR-XQHJHEnQPLtK2kDg&usg=AFQjCNEf4UirU9NpoB4MgWiIOOeens_u8w&sig2=vmlPBs5VgF9y6L__QQ3vmg google. com

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