Sleep disorder Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F51., G47.
ICD-9	307.4, 327, 780.5
DiseasesDB	26877
eMedicine	med/609
MeSH	D012893

A sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings The 2007 version of the ICD is available online at http//wwwwho G00-G99 - Diseases of the Nervous system (G00-G09 Inflammatory diseases of the Central nervous system ( Bacterial meningitis The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Sleep is a Natural state of bodily rest observed throughout the animal kingdom Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental and emotional functioning. A test commonly ordered for some sleep disorders is the polysomnogram. Polysomnogram (PSG is a multi-channel ("poly" recording ("gram" during sleep ("somno" resulting from a sleep test Polysomnography.

Contents 1 Common sleep disorders 2 Broad classifications of sleep disorders 3 Common causes of sleep disorders 4 General principles of treatment 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Common sleep disorders

The most common sleep disorders include:

• Bruxism: Involuntarily grinding or clenching of the teeth while sleeping. Bruxism (from the Greek βρυγμός (brugmós gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth and is typically accompanied by the clenching
• Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS): inability to awaken and fall asleep at socially acceptable times but no problem with sleep maintenance, a disorder of circadian rhythms. Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS also known as delayed sleep-phase disorder (DSPD or delayed sleep-phase type (DSPT is a Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Other such disorders are advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS) and Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (Non-24), both much less common than DSPS. Advanced sleep phase syndrome ( ASPS) also known as the advanced sleep-phase type ( ASPT) of Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, is a condition in which patients Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome is a rare and chronic Circadian rhythm sleep disorder.
• Hypopnea syndrome: Abnormally shallow breathing or slow respiratory rate while sleeping.
• Narcolepsy: The condition of falling asleep spontaneously and unwillingly at inappropriate times. Narcolepsy is a Neurological condition most characterized by Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS in which a person falls asleep during the day at inappropriate
• Night terror, Pavor nocturnus, sleep terror disorder: abrupt awakening from sleep with behavior consistent with terror. A night terror, also known as pavor nocturnus, is a Parasomnia disorder characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as
• Parasomnias: Include a variety of disruptive sleep-related events. Parasomnias are a wide variety of disorders that revolve around sleep
• Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD): Sudden involuntary movement of arms and/or legs during sleep, for example kicking the legs. Nocturnal myoclonus, also called Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD is a Sleep disorder where the patient moves limbs involuntarily during sleep and has symptoms Also known as nocturnal myoclonus. Nocturnal myoclonus, also called Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD is a Sleep disorder where the patient moves limbs involuntarily during sleep and has symptoms See also Hypnic jerk, which is not a disorder. A hypnic or hypnagogic jerk is an involuntary muscle twitch (commonly known as a myoclonic twitch) which occurs during Hypnagogia.
• Rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD): Acting out violent or dramatic dreams while in REM sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder ( RBD) is a Sleep disorder (more specifically a Parasomnia) that involves abnormal behavior during the Sleep
• Restless legs syndrome (RLS): An irresistible urge to move legs. Restless legs syndrome (RLS Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome, or sometimes but inaccurately referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized RLS sufferers often also have PLMD.
• Shift work sleep disorder, (SWSD), a situational circadian rhythm sleep disorder
• Obstructive sleep apnea: Obstruction of the airway during sleep, causing lack of sufficient deep sleep; often accompanied by snoring. Shift work sleep disorder is a Circadian rhythm sleep disorder which affects people who change their work or sleep schedules frequently or work longterm on other than the day Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of Sleep disorders affecting among other things the timing of sleep Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in Breathing during Sleep. Central sleep apnea is less common.
• Sleep paralysis is characterized by temporary paralysis of the body shortly before or after sleep. Sleep paralysis is a common condition characterized by transient partial or total paralysis of skeletal muscles and Areflexia that occurs upon awakening from sleep or less Paralysed redirects here For other uses see xx Paralysed (disambiguation Paralysis is the complete loss of Muscle function Sleep paralysis may be accompanied by visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations. The visual system is the part of the Nervous system which allows organisms to see. A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Not a disorder unless severe.
• Sleepwalking or somnambulism: Engaging in activities that are normally associated with wakefulness (such as eating or dressing), which may include walking, without the conscious knowledge of the subject. Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism) is a Parasomnia or Sleep disorder where the sufferer engages in In general terms eating (formally ingestion) is the process of consuming Food to provide for the Nutritional needs of an Animal, particularly Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Walking (also called ambulation) is the main form of Animal Locomotion on land, distinguished from Running and crawling

Broad classifications of sleep disorders

• Dysomnias - A broad category of sleep disorders characterized by either hypersomnolence or insomnia. Dyssomnias are a broad classification of sleeping disorder that make it difficult to get to sleep or to remain sleeping The three major subcategories include intrinsic (i. e. , arising from within the body), extrinsic (secondary to environmental conditions or various pathologic conditions), and disturbances of circadian rhythm. MeSH
  • Insomnia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Restless leg syndrome
  • Periodic limb movement disorder
  • Hypersomnia
    • Recurrent hypersomnia - including Kleine-Levin syndrome
    • Posttraumatic hypersomnia
    • "Healthy" hypersomnia
  • Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
    • Delayed sleep phase syndrome
    • Advanced sleep phase syndrome
    • Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome
• Parasomnias
  • REM sleep behaviour disorder
  • Sleep terror
  • Sleepwalking (or somnambulism)
  • Bruxism (Tooth-grinding)
  • Bedwetting or sleep enuresis. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity Narcolepsy is a Neurological condition most characterized by Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS in which a person falls asleep during the day at inappropriate Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in Breathing during Sleep. Restless legs syndrome (RLS Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome, or sometimes but inaccurately referred to as Nocturnal myoclonus) is a condition that is characterized Nocturnal myoclonus, also called Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD is a Sleep disorder where the patient moves limbs involuntarily during sleep and has symptoms Hypersomnia is excessive amount of sleepiness. Description Hypersomnia is characterized by reoccuring episodes of Excessive daytime sleepiness Kleine-Levin Syndrome, or KLS is a rare disorder characterized by the need for excessive amounts of sleep ( Hypersomnia) (e Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are a family of Sleep disorders affecting among other things the timing of sleep Delayed sleep-phase syndrome (DSPS also known as delayed sleep-phase disorder (DSPD or delayed sleep-phase type (DSPT is a Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase syndrome ( ASPS) also known as the advanced sleep-phase type ( ASPT) of Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, is a condition in which patients Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome is a rare and chronic Circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Parasomnias are a wide variety of disorders that revolve around sleep Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder ( RBD) is a Sleep disorder (more specifically a Parasomnia) that involves abnormal behavior during the Sleep A night terror, also known as pavor nocturnus, is a Parasomnia disorder characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness Sleepwalking (also called somnambulism or noctambulism) is a Parasomnia or Sleep disorder where the sufferer engages in Bruxism (from the Greek βρυγμός (brugmós gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth and is typically accompanied by the clenching Bedwetting is involuntary Urination while asleep after the age at which bladder control would normally be anticipated
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (or SIDS)
  • Sleep talking (or somniloquy)
  • Sleep sex (or sexsomnia)
  • Exploding head syndrome - Waking up in the night hearing loud noises. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS is a syndrome marked by the symptoms of sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy Infant aged one month to one year Somniloquy or sleep-talking is a Parasomnia that refers to talking aloud in one's sleep Sleep sex or sexsomnia is a form of non-rapid eye movement ( NREM) Parasomnia (similar to sleepwalking that causes people to commit Sexual acts Exploding head syndrome is a condition that causes the sufferer to occasionally experience a tremendously loud noise as originating from within his or her own head
• Medical or Psychiatric Conditions that may produce sleep disorders
  • Psychoses (such as Schizophrenia)
  • Mood disorders
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Panic
  • Alcoholism
• Sleeping sickness - can be carried by the Tsetse fly
• Snoring - Not a disorder in and of itself, but it can be a symptom of deeper problems. Psychosis (from the Greek ψυχή "psyche" for mind or soul and -οσις "-osis" for abnormal condition with adjective psychotic Schizophrenia ( from the Greek roots schizein (σχίζειν "to split" and phrēn A mood disorder is the term given for a group of diagnoses in the DSM IV TR classification system where a disturbance in the person's emotional mood is hypothesised Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components For psychological condition see Panic attack Panic is a sudden Fear which dominates or replaces thinking and often affects groups of Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis is a Parasitic Disease of people and animals caused by Protozoa of species This page is about the insect For other meanings see Tsetse (disambiguation. Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during Breathing while Sleeping In some cases the sound

Common causes of sleep disorders

Changes in life style, such as shift work change (SWC), can contribute to sleep disorders.

Other problems that can affect sleep:

• Anxiety
• Back pain
• Chronic pain
• Sciatica
• Neck pain
• Environmental noise
• Incontinence
• Various drugs - Many drugs can affect the ratio of the various stages of sleep, thus affecting the overall quality of sleep. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Back pain (also known " dorsalgia " is Pain felt in the back that usually originates from the Muscles Nerves Bones Chronic pain is defined as Pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing associated with a particular type of injury or disease process Sciatica is a set of symptoms including Pain that may be caused by general compression and/or irritation of one of five nerve roots that give rise to the Sciatic nerve Neck pain (or cervicalgia) is a common problem with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in their lives Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life Poor sleep can lead to accumulation of Sleep debt. Sleep debt is the cumulative effect of not getting enough Sleep.
• Endocrine imbalance mainly due to Cortisol but not limited to this hormone. The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as Hormones The endocrine system is instrumental Cortisol is a Corticosteroid Hormone produced by the Adrenal gland (in the Zona fasciculata of the Adrenal cortex) Hormone changes due to impending menstruation or during the menopause transition years. See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan
• Chronobiological disorders, mainly Circadian rhythm disorders

A sleep diary can be used to help diagnose, and measure improvements in, sleep disorders. Chronobiology is a field of Science that examines periodic (cyclic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar related rhythms A sleep diary is a record of an individual's sleeping and waking times with related information usually over a period of several weeks The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS is a questionnaire intended to measure daytime sleepiness ^[1]

According to Dr. William Dement, of the Stanford Sleep Center, anyone who snores and has daytime drowsiness should be evaluated for sleep disorders. William C Dement (born 1928 is a pioneering US Sleep

Any time back pain or another form of chronic pain is present, both the pain and the sleep problems should be treated simultaneously, as pain can lead to sleep problems and vice versa. Back pain (also known " dorsalgia " is Pain felt in the back that usually originates from the Muscles Nerves Bones Chronic pain is defined as Pain that persists longer than the temporal course of natural healing associated with a particular type of injury or disease process

General principles of treatment

Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into three categories:

• behavioral/ psychotherapeutic treatments
• medications
• other somatic treatments

None of these general approaches is sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders. Rather, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient's diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician. In general, medications and somatic treatments provide more rapid symptomatic relief from many sleep disturbances. On the other hand, some emerging evidence suggests that treatment gains with behavioral treatment of insomnia may be more durable than those obtained with medications.

Some sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, are best treated pharmacologically. Others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, may be more amenable to behavioral interventions. Still others, such as obstructive apnea, the circadian rhythm disorders and bruxism, may require special equipment in their treatment. The management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical, or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions.

For most sleep disorders, behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches are not incompatible and can be effectively combined to maximize therapeutic benefits.

See also

• American Academy of Sleep Medicine
• Auditory masking
• Chronotypes
• Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
• Environmental noise health effects
• Reversed vegetative symptoms
• Sleep hygiene
• White noise machine

References

External links

• Australian fact sheets

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