This article is about snow skiing. For water skiing, see water skiing. Water skiing is a Sport where an individual (or more than one individual is pulled behind a Motor boat or a cable ski installation on a body of water wearing For other related articles, see ski (disambiguation)

Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing skis as primary equipment. A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow Skis are used in conjunction with boots that connect to the ski with use of a binding. Ski boots are specialized Footwear that are used in skiing to provide a way to attach the skier to Skis using Ski bindings This ski-boot-binding combination In Skiing, a ski binding is an attachment which anchors the ski boot to the Ski. Although snowboarding shares the general characteristics of skiing sports, it evolved from surfing and skateboarding and so is not considered a type of skiing. Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a Snow -covered slope on a Snowboard attached to a participant's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders Skateboarding is the act of riding and performing tricks using a Skateboard.

Skiing can be grouped into two general categories. Nordic skiing is the oldest category and includes sport that evolved from skiing as done in Scandinavia. Nordic skiing is a Winter sport that encompasses all types of Skiing where the heel of the boot cannot be fixed to the ski Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Nordic style bindings attach at the toes of the skier's boots, but not at the heels. In Skiing, a ski binding is an attachment which anchors the ski boot to the Ski. Ski boots are specialized Footwear that are used in skiing to provide a way to attach the skier to Skis using Ski bindings This ski-boot-binding combination Alpine skiing includes sports that evolved from skiing as done in the Alps. Alpine skiing (or downhill skiing) is a recreational activity and Sport involving sliding down Snow -covered hills with long Skis attached Alpine bindings attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boots. Ski boots are specialized Footwear that are used in skiing to provide a way to attach the skier to Skis using Ski bindings This ski-boot-binding combination As with many disciplines, such as Telemark skiing, there is some crossover. Telemark skiing is a term used for skiing using the Telemark turn, which is a technique invented by Norwegian Sondre Norheim. However, binding style and history tend to dictate whether a style is considered Nordic or Alpine. Thus, in view of its lack of a locking heel, and its roots in Telemark, Norway, Telemark is generally considered a Nordic discipline. is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Telemark skiing is a term used for skiing using the Telemark turn, which is a technique invented by Norwegian Sondre Norheim.

Contents 1 History 2 Types of skiing 3 Skiing Competition 4 Skiing for people with disabilities 5 Ski videos and movies 6 Related sports 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History

Main article: History of skiing

Pre-historic Nordic People invented skiing to assist hunting, military technique, and as a practical transportation for the Nordic people and the Samis, indigenous peoples of modern day Norway, Sweden and Finland. Skiing, or traveling over snow on wooden runners has a recorded history of almost five millennia The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway Olaus Magnus ( Olaus Magni or Olaus Magni Gothus) was a Swedish Ecclesiastic and Writer, who did pioneering work for the interest of ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} The oldest and most accurately documented evidence of skiing origins is found in modern day Norway and Sweden. The earliest primitive carvings circa 5000 B. C. depicts a skier with one pole, located in Rodoy, an island located in the Nordland region of Norway. Rødøy is a municipality in the county of Nordland, Norway Rødøy was established as a municipality January 1 1838 (see Formannskapsdistrikt) is a county in Norway, bordering Troms in the north Nord-Trøndelag in the south Norrbottens län in Sweden to the east Västerbottens Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The first primitive ski was found in a peat bog in Hoting, Sweden which dates back to 2500 or 4500 B. C. ^{[5] [6]}. Joel Berglund reported in 2004 the discovery of a primitive ski, or "85cm long piece of wood", carbon tested by researchers in 1997 while excavating a Norse settlement located near Nanortalik, Greenland. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the The primitive ski dated back to 1010, and is thought to be Greenland's oldest ski brought by Norsemen circa 980 A. D. ^[7]

Other accounts of early Nordic skiing are found with two modern cross-country endurance races in Norway and Sweden. These ski races were inspired by famous historical accounts of early medieval skiing in their respective countries. The oldest account involves the famous story from 1206 A. D. of the Birkebeiners during a civil war in medieval Norway. Considered the underdog, the Birkebeiners were at war against a rival faction known as the baglers. Following the death of the Birkenbeiner chief, the baglers feared a rival in his young son Haakon Haakonsson. In order to protect him, two of the most skillful Birkenbeiner skiers, with toddler in tow, skied through treacherous conditions over the mountains to safety in Lillehammer. Lillehammer is a town and municipality in the county of Oppland, Norway, globally known for hosting the 1994 Winter Olympics. Since 1932, Norway's annual Birkebeinerrennet, runs a 54 km cross-country ski race which pays tribute to this historical account. Birkebeinerrennet (lit The Birkebeiner run/race is a long-distance cross-country Ski race ( Ski marathon) held annually in Norway ^{[8] [9]} Since 1922, Sweden has run their own ski marathon known as the Vasaloppet. Vasaloppet is a long distance cross-country ski race ( Ski marathon) held in northwestern Dalarna, Sweden, annually on the first Sunday of March With its longest race at 90 km, and finishing in Mora,Sweden, it is known as the world's longest cross-country ski race. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. This endurance race commemorates the memory of "freedom fighter" Gustav Vasa and subsequently Swedish independence. Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson (Colloquial 15th century Upplandic Gösta Jerksson) and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September Pursued by the Danes in 1520 A. D. (under order from King Christian of Denmark who controlled Sweden at the time), Gustav Vasa attempted to raise an army against the Danes, but was forced to flee by skis north west towards Norway. Tracked down by Mora's two best skiers, Gustav returned with them to Mora and lead an uprising which eventually overthrew Danish rule. ^[10]

Skiing is also recorded in early literature. Icelandic saga author (circa 1200) Snorre Sturlason wrote of Ull "God of Skiing" and Skade "Goddess of Skiing and Hunting" in Norse mythology. Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician One of the world's oldest references to skiing is by Egil Skallagrimsson’s "950 AD saga describing King Haakon Adalsteinsfostre the Good’s practice of sending his tax collectors out on skis". Egill Skallagrímsson (910-c990 was a Viking Skald and the great Anti-hero of Icelandic literature. ^[11] Another one of the oldest written accounts of skiing, is by Swedish writer Olaus Magnus in his writings A Description of the Northern Peoples in the year 1555. His accounts record early primitive skiers (presumably the Sami People) and their "climbing skins" in Scricfinnia, a country or region at the top of modern day Norway. ^{[12] [13]} Sometime around 1800 A. D. Danish traveler Father Knut Leed made reference in Geographie to Norwegian kids "skiing just for the fun of it, being able to pick up a hat dropped on the slope while going at full speed. "^[14] The word "ski" itself is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community. It comes from the Old Norse word "skio" which means split piece of wood or firewood. ^{[15] [16]} Previously, English speakers considered skiing to be a type of snowshoeing. In regions where loose snow dominates, the indigenous population developed snowshoes that did not slide across the snow, rather than skis which do. Development of snowshoes Origins Before humanity built snowshoes nature provided examples Today's forms of skiing are the modern extensions of ancient Nordic skiing. Whether it be the Nordic forms of Cross-country skiing (a form of Telemark skiing) and Telemark skiing, Ski mountaineering or Alpine skiing, modern forms of skiing share common threads of origin from the Telemark region in Norway led by Norwegian ski innovator Sondre Norheim. Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a Winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields primarily Northern Europe, Telemark skiing is a term used for skiing using the Telemark turn, which is a technique invented by Norwegian Sondre Norheim. Ski mountaineering is a Sport that combines the techniques of Skiing (often Ski touring) with those Alpine skiing (or downhill skiing) is a recreational activity and Sport involving sliding down Snow -covered hills with long Skis attached is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Sondre Norheim, born Sondre Auverson, ( June 10, 1825 &ndash March 9, 1897) was a Norwegian skier and pioneer of modern Skiing ^[17]

Norwegian Sondre Norheim is known as the "father of modern skiing" (meaning the originator of skiing as recreation and sport). Sondre Norheim, born Sondre Auverson, ( June 10, 1825 &ndash March 9, 1897) was a Norwegian skier and pioneer of modern Skiing ^[18] From the Telemark district of Morgedal, Norway, which is also known as the "cradle of skiing", Norheim created the design templates from which all forms of modern skiing are derived. Morgedal, of the municipality of Kviteseid in the county of Telemark Norway, is called the cradle of skiing. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional In 1850, woodcarvers from the Telemark region introduced lighter, thinner, cambered skis. ^[19] These developments were accompanied by Norheim's creation of stiff bindings by fully securing the heel with a strong yet flexible strap made from birch roots. In Skiing, a ski binding is an attachment which anchors the ski boot to the Ski. This new binding system enabled the skier to swing, jump and maneuver turns while skiing down hills. ^[20] These were known as "Osier" bindings. ^{[21] [22]} Morten Lund writes, in his piece outlining the development of Alpine skiing, that "Telemark skiing marked the transition to dynamic control, changing the angle of the ski bottom on the snow and changing the direction of the ski to the line of descent—the basis of technique even today", thus the necessity for Norheim's heel binding invention. And as a result, came the "flowering of the world’s first "freestyle" contests—climbing, running, making turns for the heck of it and flying off natural bumps on unprepared snow. "^[23]

In 1868, along with a couple of fellow skiers, Norheim attended the "second annual Centralforeningen (Central Ski Association) open ski competition whose object was to demonstrate skill at descending a particular slope in the city. "^[24] At the competition, Norheim demonstrated groundbreaking techniques which set the ideal benchmarks for skiing in Norway and the European Continent: the arc like sweep of "telemark turn" along with the skidded "stem" stop turn (or commonly known as the "parallel" stop turn), which was initially known as the "Christiania" turn (original name for modern day Oslo). (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. ^{[25] [26]} The "Christiania" came to be known simply as the "Christi" turn with the formalization of ski rules in 1901. ^{[27] [28]} Both turns, which originated in Telemark, mark the distinction between Telemark and Alpine skiing. is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. ^[29]

Then in 1870, Norheim introduced his adaptive design of the Telemark or "narrow-waisted" ski - "the forerunner of the sidecuts used on skis today. is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. " Skis were narrowed, shortened and sides curved inwards. ^[30] These refinements greatly facilitated easier ski turns and set "the standard for ski design over the next century. "^[31] By the 1880s, as demand for Norwegian skis increased, changes led to the development of the first laminated skis which began to appear in 1881. These new fangled "hand-crafted" skis were constructed "with an ash sole and pine top" and first exported to Sweden in 1882. ^[32] Also in 1882, the first hickory skis appeared in Norway providing for a thinner more flexible ski. Ski development was continued by Norwegian H. M. Christiansen who constructed the first two-layer laminated ski in 1893, followed by fellow Norwegian Bjørn Ullevoldsaeter's patented three-layer laminated ski. (Incidentally, this style was also independently developed by George Aaland in Seattle. )^{[33] [34]}

Collectively, these innovative designs and techniques laid the foundation for all forms of modern skiing and further developments, including one established form of skiing called Slalom by Norheim and his contemporaries in the Telemark region. Slalom is an Alpine skiing discipline involving skiing between poles (gates spaced much closer together than in Giant Slalom, Super-G or Downhill ^{[35] [36] [37]} Slalom, or "slalåm" in Norwegian dialect, is a Norwegian word originating from Morgedal, Norway. "Sla" refers to slope, hill, or smooth surface while "låm" means "track down the slope". ^[38]

The skiing techniques of 19th century Morgedal known as Telemark skiing or "telemarking" underwent a revival in the 1970s. Telemark skiing is a term used for skiing using the Telemark turn, which is a technique invented by Norwegian Sondre Norheim. This revival of Telemark skiing has been attributed by author Halvor Kleppen to five American skiers from Colorado: Doug Buzzell, Craig Hall, Greg Dalbey, Jack Marcial and Rick Borkovec, who were collectively inspired by Norwegian ski phenomenon and Olympic champion Stein Ericksen and his book Come Ski With Me. ^[39]

Whereas Sondre Norheim had initially invented secure heeled bindings using water-soaked, flexible birch roots^[40], the next significant development of binding came in 1894 from Fritz Huitfeldt who invented a binding with a secure toe iron which allowed the heel to move freely. Sondre Norheim, born Sondre Auverson, ( June 10, 1825 &ndash March 9, 1897) was a Norwegian skier and pioneer of modern Skiing This became the standard industry binding through the 1930s. ^{[41] [42]}

[Section to possibly be developed here on the more significant binding developments: e. g. 1933 Adolph Attenhofer - "complete fixed heel all-metal binding" and 1939 Hjalmar Hvam Saf-Ski binding] ^{[43] [44]}

[Section to be developed here on the precursors to Alpine Racing: "long board competition" and/or what was known as "snowshoe" racing (not First Nation snowshoes) and British Continental sking approach. ]^{[45] [46] [47]}

Retired Austrian school teacher Mathias Zdarsky, like many others at the time (including famed Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsend who became the first man to "ski" to the South Pole in 1911), was intrigued by world-renowned Norwegian explorer and Telemark skier Fridtjof Nansen, and his "high-risk expedition" accounts, in the 1890 German translation of Nansen's book On Skis Across Greenland. Mathias Zdarsky (born 25 February[[ 856]] in Kozichowitz Czech Kožichovice near Třebíč District of Austria, present Czechia died is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. ^[48] Inspired by Nansen's skiing exploits, Zdarsky took up the sport during his retirement by importing Norwegian skis and teaching himself to ski. Incorporating ski techniques from Norway, he developed a ski technique system, known as the "Lilienfeld Method", which he outlined in his 1896 book Lillienfeld Skilaufer Technik (originally published as Lilienfelder Ski lauf-Technik). ^{[49] [50] [51]} His key development, which led to enthusiastic embrace of skiing in the Alps, was the "stem" technique, or what is commonly known is skiing as the "snowplow" technique. This new technique enabled beginners to experience the slopes in a "slow, and controlled manner", beyond the more sophisticated and complicated Norwegian Telemark and Christiania techniques, which limited the slopes to more advanced and skillful skiers. By 1896, he was teaching his new methods to large groups of "stem skiers" in Austria. ^{[52] [53]}

[Section to be developed here Circa 1910-20ish on the "transition from ski mountaineering into alpine skiing" or racing initiated by the British and Arnold Lunn who took Norway's concept of Slalom skiing and created modern day downhill or Slalom racing. ] ^{[54] [55]}

In 1908, expanding on the developments of this fellow countryman Zdarsky, a young Austrian ski guide by the name of Johannes Schneider entered the scene. Johann Schneider ( 1890 - April 25, 1955) or Hannes Schneider was an Austrian Ski instructor of the first half of the twentieth With respect to skiing, Johannes (also known as Hannes) is to Austrians as Sondre Norheim and Fridtjof Nansen is to Norwegians. Sondre Norheim, born Sondre Auverson, ( June 10, 1825 &ndash March 9, 1897) was a Norwegian skier and pioneer of modern Skiing Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (October 10 1861 – May 13 1930 was a Norwegian Explorer, Scientist and Diplomat. By the 1920s, he had worked to refine Sondre Norheim's "Christiania" "stem christi" turn, along with fellow countryman Mathias Zdarsky's "stem" or "snowplow" technique. Sondre Norheim, born Sondre Auverson, ( June 10, 1825 &ndash March 9, 1897) was a Norwegian skier and pioneer of modern Skiing Mathias Zdarsky (born 25 February[[ 856]] in Kozichowitz Czech Kožichovice near Třebíč District of Austria, present Czechia died He used these Norwegian and Austrian techniques to develop a logical system of ski instruction, a system which began with the easiest snowplow technique, then progressing through to more difficult ski skills. This system formed the basis for Schneider's formalized Arlberg technique, which is named for his home region, and subsequently set a foundation for professional ski instruction. The stem technique in Skiing is a method for turning the skier ^{[56] [57]} This system also incorporated a set of ethical standards to the profession of teaching. With this, the Arlberg technique spread and helped make skiing a popular recreational activity. ^[58]

The biomechanical principles of alpine skiing were described in 1985 by Georg Kassat, professor at Münster University

Types of skiing

Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Ski Federation (FIS), and other sporting organizations, such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association in America. The International Ski Federation/Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS is the main international organisation of ski sports The US Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA is the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding Skiing is most visible to the public during the Winter Olympic Games where it is a major sport. The Winter Olympic Games are a winter Multi-sport event held every four years

In skiing's traditional core regions in the snowy parts of Scandinavia, as well as in places such as Alaska, both recreational and competitive skiing is as likely to refer to the cross-country variants as to the internationally downhill variants. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a Winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields primarily Northern Europe, Alpine skiing (or downhill skiing) is a recreational activity and Sport involving sliding down Snow -covered hills with long Skis attached

Skiing techniques are difficult to master, and accordingly there are ski schools that teach everything from the basics of turning and stopping safely to more advanced carving, racing, mogul or "bump" skiing and newer freestyle techniques. A ski school is an establishment that trains Skiers The modern version of the ski school was invented by the Austrian ski pioneer Hannes Schneider in the Mogul skiing is a type of Freestyle skiing where skiers pass between different bumps or moguls There are two primary types of downhill skiing -- "telemark" and "alpine. "

For beginning skiers learning under a trained instructor, skiing speeds are low, the terrain is not steep and is often well-manicured, and the risks are relatively low. For extreme skiers, testing their expert abilities against ever more challenging terrain, the risks may be much higher.

Alpine skiing: The term "skiing" commonly refers to alpine skiing where one visits a ski resort, purchases a lift ticket, dons cold-weather clothing, skis, ski boots and often ski poles, and embarks on a chairlift, gondola lift, or other means of mechanical uphill transport. Alpine skiing (or downhill skiing) is a recreational activity and Sport involving sliding down Snow -covered hills with long Skis attached A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow Ski boots are specialized Footwear that are used in skiing to provide a way to attach the skier to Skis using Ski bindings This ski-boot-binding combination Ski poles (sometimes called "stocks" are used by skiers to improve balance speed and acceleration A chairlift (technically an elevated passenger ropeway is a type of Aerial lift, which consists of a continuously circulating Steel cable loop strung A gondola lift is a type of Aerial lift, often called a cable car, which consists of a loop of Steel cable that is strung between two stations Upon reaching the summit, the skier disembarks from the ski lift and travels downhill, propelled by gravity, usually along a marked route known as a piste, "run," "trail," or "slope". In topography a summit is a point on a surface which is higher in Elevation than all points immediately adjacent to The term ski lift can refer to many different types of uphill transport in three main classes Lift systems and networks The network lifts at a Ski Gravitation is a natural Phenomenon by which objects with Mass attract one another A piste is the name given to a marked ski run or path down a mountain for snow Skiing, Snowboarding, or other mountain sports Most ski resorts use mechanical equipment to "groom," or pack down and smooth, the snow surface on certain ski trails.

Alpine skiing developed in the Alps beginning in 1889. In Winterthur, Switzerland, Odd Kjelsberg may have been the first person in the Alps to try skiing. Winterthur (pronounced Ger /vɪntərtur/ Eng /tʊər/ is a city in the canton of Zurich in northern Switzerland. Previous to this time, the predominate Alpine winter sport had been tobogganing. A toboggan is a simple Sled used on snow to carry one or more people (often children down a hill or other slope for recreation

Alpine Freestyle: This kind of skiing could be called acrobatics on skis. Alpine freestyle was pioneered by Stein Eriksen in 1962. Stein Eriksen (born December 11, 1927) is a Norwegian-American former professional alpine skier and Olympic gold medalist It developed in the 1970s into a style called Hotdogging. More recently Alpine freestyle has evolved into the current style called Jib skiing or freestyle skiing, a new style of skiing that started in the late 1990s. Freestyle skiing began in the 1930s when Norwegian skiers began performing acrobatics during alpine and cross-country training In this type of skiing, skiers use jumps also called kickers,or rails to do urban style aerial tricks. Kickers is a youth brand created in 1968 that produces a wide range of Footwear and clothing ^[59]

Back Country Skiing: Also called Nordic touring. In the Alps where skiers can easily ski from area to area, Randonée and backcountry skiing are indistinguishable. In North America however, where chairlifts either aren't allowed or are impractical for touring, skiers typically use Nordic style equipment which is more suitable for skiing up-hill. The heels of the bindings always remain free, unlike Randoneé bindings which can be locked down.

Cross-Country Racing: Cross-country skiing takes its name from a type of ski race that is one third up, one third down, and one third flat. Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a Winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields primarily Northern Europe, The name distinguishes it from other types of ski races and competition such as downhill racing, slalom racing, and Nordic jumping. Slalom is an Alpine skiing discipline involving skiing between poles (gates spaced much closer together than in Giant Slalom, Super-G or Downhill Cross-country races can be either freestyle or classic. In freestyle racing, any technique is allowed as long as it is human powered and on skis. In a classic race, skating techniques are prohibited.

Kite skiing and para-skiing Skiing done while being pulled or carried by a parasail, hangglider, or kite. Parasailing also known as parascending is a recreational activity where a person is towed behind a vehicle (usually a boat while attached to a specially designed History See also History of hang gliding Summary: Hang gliding existed in China perhaps by the 4th century AD according to the writing of the A kite is a flying tethered object that depends upon the tension of a tethering system

Skiing on artificial ski slopes Dry slope skiing is a year-round sport in countries like the UK where the snow cover is insufficient for traditional skiing. Artificial ski slopes or dry ski slopes are ski slopes that mimic the attributes of Snow using materials that are stable at room Temperature, to enable The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located There is a thriving race programme on British slopes. [3]

Military Skiing: In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski warfare. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking A troop is a Military unit, originally a small force of Cavalry, subordinate to a Squadron and headed by the troop leader Ski warfare, the use of ski -equipped troops in War, is first recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus Ski troops played a key role in retaining Finnish independence from Russia during the Winter War, and from Germany during the Lapland War, although the use of ski troops was recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Winter War (Talvisota Советско-финляндская война - official Зимняя война - unofficial Vinterkriget began when the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Lapland War (Finnish Lapin sota) were the hostilities between Finland and Nazi Germany between September 1944 and April 1945 fought in the Finland's The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c The sport of Biathlon was developed from military skiing patrols. Biathlon (not to be confused with Duathlon) is a term used to describe any sporting event made up of two disciplines In Military tactics, a patrol is often a small tactical grouping sent out by land sea or air to perform a specific task

Nordic Jumping: Also called ski-flying and ski jumping. Ski jumping is a Sport in which skiers go down an "inrun" with a take-off ramp (the jump attempting to go as far as possible Ski jumping is a Sport in which skiers go down an "inrun" with a take-off ramp (the jump attempting to go as far as possible A competition in which skiers slide down a ramp called a jump and attempt to go the furthest before landing on the ground. This is done with Nordic style skis, meaning that the heels of boot and binding are detached from the ski. The skis are much longer and wider than other types of skis and jumping is typically done without ski-poles.

Nordic Skiing: Also called Cross-country skiing. Cross-country skiing (also known as XC skiing) is a Winter sport popular in many countries with large snowfields primarily Northern Europe, World wide, Nordic skiing may be the most popular form of skiing since it does not require a specially ski area. Typically after donning appropriate clothing, the skier goes outside and skis in a local park or even on a snowy street. Nordic skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in Scandinavia as a way of traveling in the winter. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

Randonnée Skiing: Randonnée is also called off-piste, ski mountaineering, and Alpine touring. The Emergency Medical Technician ( EMT) exists in many countries and is a health care provider trained to provide prehospital emergency medical care Ski touring is a form of Backcountry skiing ( Off-piste Skiing) involving travelling over the winter landscape on Skis under human power rather Backcountry skiing is Skiing in a sparsely inhabited Rural region over ungroomed and unmarked slopes or Pistes More importantly the land and the snow pack Ski mountaineering is a Sport that combines the techniques of Skiing (often Ski touring) with those

Randonnée skiing includes skiing in unmarked or unpatrolled areas either within the ski resort's boundaries or in the backcountry, frequently amongst trees ("glade skiing"), usually in pursuit of fresh fallen snow, known as powder. A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services A backcountry area in general terms is a geographical region that is isolated remote undeveloped difficult to access Glade skiing, or tree skiing is any form of downhill skiing ( Alpine skiing, Telemark skiing, Alpine Touring) off-trails in the woods or in a maintained "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation.

Randonnée skiers typically use Alpine style skis and boots but with bindings that can be released at the heel for easier movement on flat and uphill terrain. For traveling up-hill randonnée skiers often use skins, strips of fabric temporarily glued to the bottoms of the skis.

Skiing or snowboarding outside a ski resort's boundaries, is known as off-piste skiing. A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services Backcountry skiing is Skiing in a sparsely inhabited Rural region over ungroomed and unmarked slopes or Pistes More importantly the land and the snow pack In most countries where skiing is popular - France, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada- this is permitted. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page While in the United States, off-piste skiing is not permitted at some resorts, in Iran, off-piste skiing is not permitted at any resorts. Backcountry skiing is Skiing in a sparsely inhabited Rural region over ungroomed and unmarked slopes or Pistes More importantly the land and the snow pack For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Backcountry skiing is Skiing in a sparsely inhabited Rural region over ungroomed and unmarked slopes or Pistes More importantly the land and the snow pack Regulations vary by ski area; many ski resorts prohibit it outright and some simply post warning signs that skiers are leaving the patrolled ski area boundaries.

In all regions, randonnée skiing is perfectly legal, provided the skier has not skied from a designated ski area after buying a ticket. Some areas do allow departure from the ski area while on skis, others do not. Normally, skiing out of bounds results in loss of the lift ticket and banishment from the ski area. On the other hand, skiing in a closed area is illegal and likely to land a skier in jail. In Europe and Canada randonnée skiing and skiing out of bounds as well as off-piste skiing and departing from/returning to ski areas is generally allowed.

However, lost or overdue backcountry travellers are usually held responsible for the cost of search-and-rescue service if uninsured. Backcountry skiers traveling in steep terrain prone to avalanches are encouraged to take avalanche training, travel with other experienced people, and carry special equipment for self-rescue. It is recommended that skiers make the local ski patrol aware of where they are going if they stray off-piste in case of avalanches or bad weather that could put skiers in danger.

Ski jøring Ski jøring, also called Euro-style mushing, is skiing while being pulled by an animal(s), typically dogs or horses, or by snowmachine. Mushing also means playing on a MUSH. Mushing also can be used to describe the kneading behavior of domestic cats

Telemark Skiing: Telemark skiers use flexible ski boots, either leather or plastic, and do not have their heels locked to the skis. is a county in Norway, bordering Vestfold, Buskerud, Hordaland, Rogaland and Aust-Agder. Alpine skiers use stiffer plastic, non-flexible boots and have their heels locked to the skis with releaseable bindings.

The venue, speed and technical difficulty associated with the sport can lead to collisions, accidents, hypothermia and other injury or illness, occasionally including death. An arena is an enclosed area often circular or oval-shaped designed to showcase Theater, musical performances or sporting events Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal Metabolism and bodily functions Regional Ski Patrol organizations, such as the National Ski Patrol in the U. ski patrol is an organization that provides First aid and rescue services to skiers and participants of other snow sports either at a ski area or in a back country S. , exist as a voluntary organization to provide guidance, help, medical assistance and emergency rescue to those in need of it.

Skiing Competition

Skiing competition is organized by the International Ski Federation, which is responsible for development of rules and scheduling of competitions worldwide in alpine skiing, cross country skiing, freestyle skiing, Nordic combined and ski jumping. The International Ski Federation/Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS is the main international organisation of ski sports Competition is managed in each country by its national association. The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association is responsible for competitive skiing in America. The US Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA is the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding

Skiing for people with disabilities

Skiing for people with disabilities became popular after World War II with the return of injured veterans. Snowbird is a year-round ski and summer resort located in the U World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A veteran (from Latin vetus, meaning "old" is a person who has or is working in the armed forces It is both a recreational pastime and a competitive sport open to those with any manner of cognitive and/or physical disabilities. A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of Alpine skiing for athletes with a disability Adaptations include the use of outriggers, ski tip retention devices, sit-skis like monoskis and bi-skis, brightly colored guide bibs, ski guides, and inter-skier communication systems or audible clues for blind skiers. One type of monoski invented in the 1960s and popularized in the 1970s and '80s by monoskiers like Mike Doyle is similar to a Snowboard in that both feet are attached to one wide

Recreational skiing programs for people with disabilities exist at mountains across the globe. In the northeastern United States, Maine Handicapped Skiing is one of the largest, operating at Sunday River ski resort. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Sunday River is a ski resort located in Newry, Maine, in the United States. Other New England resorts with adaptive skiing programs include: Loon Mountain, Waterville Valley,Bretton Woods, and Mount Sunapee. Loon Mountain is a mountain in Lincoln, New Hampshire, in Grafton County. Waterville Valley is a ski resort in the White Mountain National Forest of New Hampshire. Mount Sunapee (or Sunapee Mountain on federal maps is a 5-mile-long mountain ridge in the towns of Newbury and Goshen in western New Hampshire In the western part of the United States, the National Sports Center for the Disabled at Winter Park Resort near Denver, Colorado attracts both first-timers and world-class disabled athletes from Europe, Asia, and North America. Winter Park Resort is an alpine Ski resort in Winter Park Colorado in the Rocky Mountains. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of Alpine skiing for athletes with a disability

Currently the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the International Ski Federation (FIS) sanction a number of regional, national, and international disabled skiing events, most notably a World Cup circuit, a Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships, and the Paralympic Winter Games. For other uses see IPC. The International Paralympic Committee ( IPC) is an international non-profit organisation of elite sports for athletes The International Ski Federation/Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS is the main international organisation of ski sports The IPC Disabled Alpine Skiing World Cup is an annual circuit of elite disabled alpine skiing competitions regulated by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC The Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships, along with the Winter Paralympic Games, are the most prestigious level of international competition in disabled ski racing The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical and sensorial disabilities One of the strongest disabled programs is the U. S. Disabled Ski Team, organized by the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association and the U.S. Ski Team. The US Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA is the national governing body for Olympic skiing and snowboarding The United States Ski Team, operated under the auspices of the United States Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA develops and supports men's and women's athletes in the sports

Ski videos and movies

Main article: Skiing and snowboarding on film and video

Skiing and snowboarding video and movies as a genre, emerged with such classics as Otto Lang (film producer) Ski Flight, Greg Stump (director), Warren Miller and Dirk Collins. Skiing has been recorded on film since at least the 1910s but did not work its way into Hollywood features until the 1930s when it began to be popular as a leisure activity Otto Lang ( 21 January 1908 – 30 January 2006) born in Tešanj, Austria-Hungary, was a skier and pioneer Ski Warren Miller (born October 15, 1924) is an American ski & snowboarding filmmaker

Related sports

• Grass skiing
• Snowboarding
• Snowshoe walking
• Sports
• Water skiing
• Winter sport

See also

• List of skiing topics
• Skiing is so popular in today's life, that it has been the main motif for many collectors' coins and medals. Grass skiing was started in France in 1966 as a method for training for Alpine skiing. Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a Snow -covered slope on a Snowboard attached to a participant's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding Development of snowshoes Origins Before humanity built snowshoes nature provided examples Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Water skiing is a Sport where an individual (or more than one individual is pulled behind a Motor boat or a cable ski installation on a body of water wearing A winter sport is a Sport commonly played during Winter. As a formal term it refers to a sport played on Snow or Ice, but informally can refer Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. This list covers various topics related to Skiing Types of skiing Alpine Skiing Alpine skiing (also known as downhill skiing One of the most recent one is the Austrian 5 euro 100 Years of Skiing commemorative coin, minted in January 26, 2005. Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special Euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The design shows a snow crystal symbolizing winter sport with a downhill skier racing through the crystal.

References

External links

• Sports: Winter Sports: Skiing Directory of skiing related links
• Epic Skiing Photos

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