The skeletal formula of an organic compound is a shorthand representation of its molecular structure. An antidepressant is a Psychiatric medication used for alleviating major depression or Dysthymia ('milder' depression Escitalopram (trade names Lexapro, Cipralex) is the pure (S Enantiomer of Citalopram and is a Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor In the nomenclature of Organic chemistry, a heteroatom (from Ancient Greek heteros, different + atomos) is any Atom that Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of Chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of Atoms within Molecules An important branch An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. Skeletal formulae are ubiquitous in organic chemistry because they show complicated structures clearly and they are quick and simple to draw. Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation
Contents |
Carbon skeleton
The term skeletal refers to the carbon skeleton of an organic compound - that is, the chains, branches and/or rings of carbon atoms that form the basis of the structure of an organic molecule. The skeleton may have other atoms or groups of atoms bonded to its carbons. Hydrogen is the most common non-carbon atom bonded to carbon and is not explicitly drawn. Other atoms are known as heteroatoms and groups of atoms are called functional groups, as they give the molecule a function. In the nomenclature of Organic chemistry, a heteroatom (from Ancient Greek heteros, different + atomos) is any Atom that In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions Heteroatoms and functional groups are known collectively as substituents, as they are considered to be a substitute for the hydrogen atom that would be present in the parent hydrocarbon of the organic compound in question. In Organic chemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms substituted in place of a Hydrogen atom on the Parent chain of a Hydrocarbon In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon.
Implicit carbon and hydrogen atoms
In standard chemical formulae, carbon atoms are represented by the symbol C and hydrogen atoms by the symbol H. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In skeletal formulae, the location of carbon atoms, and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon, are not denoted by the symbols C and H, but are implicit. Carbon atoms are implied to exist at each vertex. For other uses see Vertex. In Graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit out Carbon atoms are assumed to have four covalent bonds to them, so the number of hydrogen atoms attached to a particular carbon atom can be deduced by subtracting from four the number of bonds drawn to that carbon.
For example, in the image to the right, the skeletal formula of hexane is shown. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 The carbon atom labelled C1 has only one bond shown to it, so there must also be three hydrogens bonded to it, in order to make its total number of bonds four. The carbon atom labelled C3 has two bonds to it and is therefore also bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Any hydrogen atoms bonded to non-carbon atoms are drawn explicitly. In ethanol, C2H5OH, for instance, the hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen is denoted by the symbol H, whereas the hydrogens bonded to carbon atoms are not shown directly. Lines representing heteroatom-hydrogen bonds are usually omitted for clarity and compactness, so a functional group like the hydroxyl group is most often written −OH instead of −O−H. Hydroxyl in Chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an Oxygen atom and a Hydrogen atom connected by a Covalent bond. These bonds are sometimes drawn out in full in order to accentuate their presence when they participate in reaction mechanisms. Chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step Sequence of Elementary reactions by which overall Chemical change occurs.
Explicit heteroatoms
All atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen are signified by their chemical symbol, for instance Cl for chlorine, O for oxygen and Na for sodium. See also Chemical formula. A chemical symbol is an Abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a Chemical element Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 These atoms are commonly known as heteroatoms in the context of organic chemistry.
Pseudoelement symbols
There are also symbols that appear to be chemical element symbols, but represent certain very common substituents or indicate an unspecified member of a group of elements. See also Chemical formula. A chemical symbol is an Abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a Chemical element These are known as pseudoelement symbols. The most widely used symbol is Ph, which represents the phenyl group. In Organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the Functional group with the formula - A list of pseudoelement symbols is shown below:
Elements
Alkyl groups
- R for any alkyl group or even any substituent at all
- Me for the methyl group
- Et for the ethyl group
- n-Pr for the propyl group
- i-Pr for the isopropyl group
- Bu for the butyl group
- i-Bu for the isobutyl group
- s-Bu for the secondary butyl group
- t-Bu for the tertiary butyl group
- Pn for the pentyl group
- Hx for the hexyl group
- Hp for the heptyl group
- Cy for the cyclohexyl group
Aromatic substituents
- Ar for any aromatic substituent
- Bn for the benzyl group
- Bz for the benzoyl group
- Ph for the phenyl group
- Tol for the tolyl group
- Xy for the xylyl group
Functional groups
- Ac for the acetyl group (Ac is also the symbol for the element actinium. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across An alkyl is a Univalent radical consisting of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain In Organic chemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms substituted in place of a Hydrogen atom on the Parent chain of a Hydrocarbon In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 In Chemistry, an ethyl group is an Alkyl Functional group derived from Ethane ( C 2 H 6 In Organic chemistry, propyl is a three- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula - C 3 H 7 In Organic chemistry, isopropyl is a substituent form of Propane, the three- Carbon Alkyl Functional group. In Organic chemistry, butyl is a four- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula -C4H9. In Organic chemistry, pentyl is a five- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula -C5H11. Hexane is an Alkane Hydrocarbon with the Chemical formula CH3(CH24CH3 or C6H14 Cyclohexane is a Cycloalkane with the Molecular formula C 6 H 12 In Organic chemistry, benzyl is the term used to describe the Substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C6H5CH2- In Organic chemistry, benzoyl is the Acyl of Benzoic acid, with structure C6H5CO- In Organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the Functional group with the formula - Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of o-Xylene|m-Xylene|p-XyleneThe term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three Benzene derivatives which is used as a Solvent in the Printing In Organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl is a Functional group, the Acyl of Acetic acid, with Chemical formula - C[[Oxygen Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest However, actinium is rarely encountered in organic chemistry, so the use of Ac to represent the acetyl group never causes confusion)
Leaving groups
See the article leaving group for further information
Multiple bonds
Two atoms can be bonded by sharing more than one pair of electrons. A leaving group is an Atom or group of atoms that detaches from a chemical substance A tosyl group (abbreviated Ts or Tos) combines the Toluene and Sulfonyl Functional groups. A tosyl group (abbreviated Ts or Tos) combines the Toluene and Sulfonyl Functional groups. Triflate, more formally known as trifluoromethanesulfonate, is a Functional group with the formula CF3SO3- A tosyl group (abbreviated Ts or Tos) combines the Toluene and Sulfonyl Functional groups. The common bonds to carbon are single, double and triple bonds. Single bonds are most common and are represented by a single, solid line between two atoms in a skeletal formula. Double bonds are denoted by two parallel lines, and triple bonds are shown by three parallel lines.
In more advanced theories of bonding, non-integer values of bond order exist. The integers (from the Latin integer, literally "untouched" hence "whole" the word entire comes from the same origin but via French Bond order is the number of bonds between a pair of atoms For example in Nitrogen N≡N the bond order is 3 in Acetylene H−C≡C−H the bond order between the In these cases, a combination of solid and dashed lines indicate the integer and non-integer parts of the bond order, respectively.
 |
 |
 |
 |
N.B. in the gallery above, double bonds have been shown in red and triple bonds in blue. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Alkynes are Hydrocarbons that have at least one Triple bond between two Carbon atoms with the formula CnH2n-2. Nota bene is a Latin phrase meaning "Note Well" coming from notāre —to note This was added for clarity - multiple bonds are not normally coloured in skeletal formulae.
Benzene rings
Benzene rings are very common in organic compounds. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 To represent the delocalization of electrons over the six carbon atoms in the ring, a circle is drawn inside the hexagon of single bonds. In chemistry delocalized electrons are Electrons in a Molecule that are not associated with a single Atom or to a Covalent bond. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J This style is very common in introductory organic chemistry texts used in schools.
An alternative style that is more common in academia is the Kekulé structure. Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 &ndash 13 July 1896 was a German organic chemist. Although it could be considered inaccurate as it implies three single bonds and three double bonds (benzene would therefore be 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene), all qualified chemists are fully aware of the delocalization in benzene. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Kekulé structures are useful for drawing reaction mechanisms clearly. Chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step Sequence of Elementary reactions by which overall Chemical change occurs.
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry is conveniently denoted in skeletal formulae:
- solid lines represent bonds in the plane of the paper or screen
- wedges represent bonds that point out of the plane of the paper or screen, towards the observer
- dashed lines represent bonds that point into the plane of the paper or screen, away from the observer
- wavy lines represent either unknown stereochemistry or a racemic mixture of the two possible enantiomers
 |
 |
 |
 |
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are sometimes denoted by dotted or dashed lines
External links
- Drawing organic molecules from chemguide. Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of Chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of Atoms within Molecules An important branch In Chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate, is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral In Chemistry, an enantiomer ( from the Greek ἐνάντιος opposite and μέρος part or portion is one of two Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable Amphetamine, and related drugs such as Methamphetamine are a group of drugs that act by increasing levels of Norepinephrine, Serotonin, and Dopamine A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen co. uk
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic