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This region should not be confused with Skånland in Norway. Skånland ( Saami Skánit) is a municipality in the county of Troms, Norway.
Skåneland

Halland Skåne Blekinge

Sweden and part of Denmark, with the historic region Skåneland (the Scanian Provinces) in brown, consisting of the Swedish provinces Blekinge, Halland and Scania, and the Danish island Bornholm. is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Bornholm (b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm or [bɔʀnˈhɔlˀm]) ( Old Norse: Burgundarholm ' is a Danish Island in the Baltic Sea located

Flag of Skåneland, registered with Scandinavian Roll of Arms as a cultural symbol for the region, in official use by Skåne Regional Council since 1999, and used almost exclusively in the Swedish province Scania. The "flag of Skåneland", or the Scanian Cross Flag is a provincial flag representing Scania, the southernmost province of Sweden. Region Skåne County Skåne County Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Day of the Scanian Flag is celebrated on the third Sunday in July.

Map of ca. 1635 by Cartographer J. Janssonius, Amsterdam, showing "Gothia" and surrounding "lands" or provinces.
Map of ca. 1635 by Cartographer J. Janssonius, Amsterdam, showing "Gothia" and surrounding "lands" or provinces.
Map from 1710 of "Scaniae" (Skåneland), consisting of the provinces "Scaniam, Hallandiam et Blekingiam".
Map from 1710 of "Scaniae" (Skåneland), consisting of the provinces "Scaniam, Hallandiam et Blekingiam".
Map of 1710 by Johann Homann, member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Imperial Geographer to Emperor Charles VI, entitled "REGNI SUECIAE in omnes suas Subjacentes Provincias accurate divisi Tabula Generalis" (General Map of the Kingdom of Sweden accurately divided into all its Underlying Provinces) in 1710.
Map of 1710 by Johann Homann, member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Imperial Geographer to Emperor Charles VI, entitled "REGNI SUECIAE in omnes suas Subjacentes Provincias accurate divisi Tabula Generalis" (General Map of the Kingdom of Sweden accurately divided into all its Underlying Provinces) in 1710. Johann Baptist Homann ( 20 March 1664 &ndash 1 July 1724) was a German Geographer and cartographer, who Charles VI (German Karl VI) ( October 1, 1685 &ndash October 20, 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia
Anders Sunesøn's 13th century version of the Scanian Law and Church Law, containing a comment in the margin called the "Skaaningestrof" (the Scanian stanza): "Hauí that skanunga ærliki mææn toco vithar oræt aldrigh æn." (Let it be known that Scanians are honorable men who have never tolerated injustice.)
Anders Sunesøn's 13th century version of the Scanian Law and Church Law, containing a comment in the margin called the "Skaaningestrof" (the Scanian stanza): "Hauí that skanunga ærliki mææn toco vithar oræt aldrigh æn. Anders Sunesen (also Andreas, Suneson, Sunesøn, Latin: Andreas Sunonis) (c See also Medieval Scandinavian laws Scanian law ( Danish: Skånske Lov, Swedish: Skånelagen) is the oldest Danish " (Let it be known that Scanians are honorable men who have never tolerated injustice. )
The coat of arms of Scania in an engraving from 1712, at the time of the Scanian rebellions.
The coat of arms of Scania in an engraving from 1712, at the time of the Scanian rebellions. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province (
Lund Cathedral (after Helgo Zettervall's 19th century restoration).
Lund Cathedral (after Helgo Zettervall's 19th century restoration). The Lund Cathedral (Lunds Domkyrka Lund Domkirke is the Lutheran Cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. Helgo Zettervall, older spelling Zetterwall, ( November 21, 1831 &ndash 1907 was a Swedish Architect and professor of the Royal
Halmstad Castle, built during the reign of Christian IV.
Halmstad Castle, built during the reign of Christian IV. Halmstad Castle is a 17th century castle situated in Halmstad, in the province of Halland, Sweden. Christian IV ( 12 April, 1577 &ndash 28 February, 1648) was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1588 until his death
Kyrkhultstugan, a farmhouse from Blekinge, which has been relocated to the outdoor museum Skansen in Stockholm.
Kyrkhultstugan, a farmhouse from Blekinge, which has been relocated to the outdoor museum Skansen in Stockholm. is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country Skansen is the first Open air museum and Zoo in Sweden and is located on the island Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden.
Painting by Swedish-German artist Johan Philip Lemke of the Battle of Lund during the Scanian War, the bloodiest battle ever fought between Denmark and Sweden.
Painting by Swedish-German artist Johan Philip Lemke of the Battle of Lund during the Scanian War, the bloodiest battle ever fought between Denmark and Sweden. The Battle of Lund was fought on December 4 1676 in an area north of the city of Lund in Sweden, between the invading Danish Scanian War ( Danish: Skånske Krig Swedish: Skånska kriget) was a war fought between the union of Denmark-Norway and Sweden

Skåneland, or Skånelandskapen, (Scanian Provinces in English) are Swedish denominations based on the Latin name Terra Scaniae ("Scania Land"), used for the historical Danish land in southern Scandinavia, which as the autonomous polity Scania joined Zealand and Jutland in the formation of a Danish state in the early 800s. The three lands of Denmark historically formed the Danish kingdom from its unification and consolidation in the 9th century: Scania ( Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe [1] As a cultural and historical region, it consists of the provinces Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bornholm. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country Bornholm (b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm or [bɔʀnˈhɔlˀm]) ( Old Norse: Burgundarholm ' is a Danish Island in the Baltic Sea located It became a Danish province, sometimes referred to as the Eastern Province, after the 12th-century civil war called the Scanian Uprising. [2] The region was part of the territory ceded to Sweden in 1658 under the Treaty of Roskilde, but after an uprising on Bornholm, this island was returned to Denmark in exchange for the ownership of 18 crown estates in Scania. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. Since Bornholm and the small island of Anholt (once forming part of the parish Morup in Halland) have remained Danish,[3] the Danish part of the historical region is sometimes excluded in modern popular usage of the terms. Anholt (ˈanhɔlˀd is a Danish island in the Kattegat. The island covers an area of 2175 km² and has 160 permanent inhabitants [4]

Skåneland or Skånelandskapen are the Swedish equivalents to the Danish term Skånelandene. Today, the terms have no political implications as the region is not a geopolitical entity but a cultural region, without officially established political borders. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales Cultural region is a term used mainly in the study of Geography. In some circumstances, the term Skåneland, as opposed to the terms Skånelandskapen and Skånelandene, can also be used as a figure of speech for the province Scania, which has the only administrative entities connected to the name, namely Region Skåne and Skåne County, both created in the late 1990s. A figure of speech, sometimes Region Skåne County Skåne County Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province

Contents

Official status

When Skåneland was an official entity, in its original Danish province configuration, its status was determined by the Danish king and the administrative authority under which it was governed, namely the Scanian Thing. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern Each of the four provinces of Skåneland had representation in the Scanian Thing, which, along with the other two Things of the Danish state (Jutland and Zealand), elected the Danish king.

Skåneland's four provinces were joined under the jurisdiction of the Scanian Law, dated 1200-1216,[5] the oldest Nordic provincial law. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws Scanian law ( Danish: Skånske Lov, Swedish: Skånelagen) is the oldest Danish In the chapter "Constitutional history" in Danish Medieval History, New Currents, the three provincial Things are described as being the legal authority that instituted changes suggested by the elected king. The suggestions for changes submitted by the king had to be approved by the three Things before being passed into law in the Danish state. [2]

Status today

Skåneland has no political representation, but is strictly a historic and cultural region. Even though the Danish term Skånelandene is still used in official contexts in Denmark,[6] the use of the term in Sweden is not universally accepted,[7] although it has long appeared as a term used in historical contexts in a variety of sources. [8][9] With the exception of Region Skåne and Västra Götalandsregionen, the Swedish provinces are not officially divided into regional units or referred to as regions; instead, the names of the individual provinces are used in official contexts. Region Skåne County Skåne County The Västra Götaland Regional Council, or Västra Götalandsregionen, is the devolved County Council of Västra Götaland County in Sweden. The southern part of Sweden, including Skåneland, is considered to be included in Götaland, one of three historic "lands of Sweden". Götaland ( Gothia, Gothland, Gothenland, Gotland, Gautland, Geatland is one of three lands of Sweden Historical lands Sweden was historically divided into the four lands Götaland, Svealand, Norrland and The "land" Götaland bears the same name used for the historic province Götaland (a province referred to as "Gothia" on the 17th century maps); the inclusion of Skåneland is described as "historically inaccutare" by the Swedish Nationalencyklopedin. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant [7]

The term "Skåneland" is sometimes resisted in Sweden as being an expression of regionalism. In Politics, regionalism is a Political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular Region or group of regions whether traditional or formal As in other cultural regions, regionalism in Scania sometimes has a base in regional nationalism and sometimes in a more general opposition against centralized state nationalism or expansionist nationalism. Cultural region is a term used mainly in the study of Geography. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization particularly those regarding decision-making become concentrated within Liberal nationalism is a kind of Nationalism defended recently by Political philosophers who believe that there can be a non- Xenophobic form of nationalism Expansionist nationalism is an aggressive and radical form of Nationalism that incorporates autonomous patriotic sentiments with a belief in Expansionism. In Scania, Swedish nationalism, which often alludes to slogans such as "Keep Sweden Swedish", is resisted by many regionalists as being intolerant of Scania's cultural diversity and Danish history, and as being non-inclusive of cultural expressions originating in areas outside the capital region. Bevara Sverige Svenskt ( BSS; literally "Preserve Sweden Swedish" was a Swedish Nationalist Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people such as language dress and traditions and the way societies organize themselves their conception of Stockholm County ( Stockholms län) is a county or Län on the Baltic sea coast of Sweden. As noted about regionalism in Norway, Scandinavian regionalism is not necessarily separatist. [10]

Origin of the name

Origin of Latin name

The Latin names Scaniæ, Scania and Scandia have the same etymology as Scandinavia, a name first appearing in Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Scandia was a name used for various uncharted islands in Northern Europe by the first Greek and Roman geographers Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Pliny spelled the name Scatinavia and used it for Scania or the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula, which he believed to be an island. The Scandinavian Peninsula is a geographic region in northern Europe, consisting principally of the Mainland territories of Norway and Sweden Pliny wrote about the Hilleviones residing in 500 villages on this "island", and the idea that the Hilleviones constituted an early population of Halland has gained acceptance among some scholars. The Hilleviones were a people occupying an island called Scatinavia in the first century AD according to the Roman geographer Pliny the Elder in is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. If so, the tribe could be the same as the Hallin of Scandza, who are mentioned by Jordanes. Scandza was the name given to Scandinavia by Jordanes, in his work Getica. Jordanes (also Jordanis or even Iornandes) was a 6th century Roman Bureaucrat, who turned his hand to History later in life

The use of the name Scandia for Skåneland or the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula is primarily found in Greek tradition and appeared in this meaning for the first time in Ptolemy's writings during the second century AD. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca [11] Ptolemy used the name Skandia to denote the main island in an island group he called Skandiai located by Cimbri, at the same location where Pliny the Elder placed Scatinavia. The Cimbri were a Celtic or Germanic tribe who together with the Teutones and the Ambrones threatened the Roman Republic in the late Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Pliny the Elder also mentioned an island called Scandia, but identified it as a different island from Scatinavia.

The use of the name Scandinavia for the Nordic countries only appeared in the 18th century, when it was adopted as a convenient general term for the entire peninsula region of which Skåneland or Scania was part. [12]

The term Scaniae, or Terra Scaniae, was reintroduced during the Middle Ages as a denomination for the region then forming the easternmost parts of Denmark. [13] At that time, dense forests and boggy ground blocked the southern provinces of Sweden from Skåneland, in comparison to the relative ease of travel by sea. A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also It was therefore natural to draw the national borders on land. This is documented by Adam of Bremen in the 11th century when he visited Scania and Scandinavia and called it the richest and most important part of Denmark. Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Even in later periods as the roads gradually improved, some parts were still difficult to travel through, even through the 19th century. [14]

Origin of Swedish name

The historian Martin Weibull.
The historian Martin Weibull.

The Swedish Academy lists examples[15] of the usage of Skåneland in documents from as early as 1719, and from 1759 (by Carl von Linné). Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In many later examples of Swedish usage, Bornholm is no longer included. The Swedish term "Skåneland" has thus been used since at least the 1700s[15], but it was popularized by the Swedish historian and Scandinavist Martin Weibull in his political appeal Samlingar till Skånes historia in 1868 in order to illuminate the common pre-Swedish history of Skåne, Blekinge, and Halland. Scandinavism (also called Pan-Scandinavianism) and Nordism are literary and political movements that support various degrees of cooperation between the Scandinavian The term is basically a translation from the medieval Latin terra Scaniæ ("land of Skåne" or "Scania Land"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Weibull used the term as a combined term for the three provinces where Skånelagen ("The Scanian law", the oldest provincial law of the Nordic countries) had its jurisdiction, as well as the area of the archdiocese of Lund until the Reformation in 1536, later the Danish Lutheran diocese of Lund. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws Scanian law ( Danish: Skånske Lov, Swedish: Skånelagen) is the oldest Danish The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. This form of Skåneland was then used in the regional historical periodical Historisk tidskrift för Skåneland, beginning in 1901, published by Martin's son, Lauritz Weibull. Lauritz Ulrik Absalon Weibull ( 2 April 1873 &ndash 2 December 1960) was a Swedish historian [16].

Modern usage

The collective terms Skåneland or Skånelandskapen for the provinces are uncommon in state issued texts, but regionally revived notions of a common cultural heritage have made the usage more prominent; the terms are in general use among historians focused on the centuries immediately before and after 1658, and are often used in professional, peer-reviewed journals and history magazines aimed at the general public. [9]

The term Skåneland (Scania) is also used to denote the area accepted as an unrepresented nation into UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation) and FUEN (Federal Union of European Nationalities), and in order to differentiate it from the historical province Scania proper (Skåne), the now Swedish province Scania (Skåne) and from the administrative county Skåne (Scania County), a county recently established after having been split into Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County between 1719 and 1997. The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization ( UNPO) formed in 1991 is a democratic International organization. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province

In UNPO, Scania, like many other historic regions, is currently represented by a NGO, in the case of Scania, the private foundation Stiftelsen Skånsk Framtid (Scania Future Foundation).

The modern usage is mostly found in historical research as a way to refer to the common culture, language and history of Skåne, Blekinge, Halland and Bornholm before the Swedish acquisition of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland, as a way to stress the culturally unique features of the region. Although the term is rarer in official contexts, recent interest has spurred the national broadcaster Sveriges Television to examine the concept and the word is therefore becoming more familiar in Sweden. Sveriges Television AB ( SVT,) is a national Television broadcaster based in Sweden, funded by an obligatory fee payable by all Television -owners [17]

History

Early history

From 1104 the Danish archbishop had his residence in Lund; and it was also here the first Danish university was founded, the Lund Academy (1425-1536).

The earliest Danish historians, writing in the 12th and 13th century, believed that the Danish Kingdom had existed since king Dan, in a distant past. Dan I was the progenitor of the Danish royal house according to Saxo Grammaticus 's Gesta Danorum. Eighth century sources mention the existence of Denmark as a kingdom. According to 9th century Frankish sources, by the early 9th century many of the chieftains in the south of Scandinavia acknowledged Danish kings as their overlords, though kingdom(s) were very loose confederations of lords until the last couple medieval centuries saw some increased centralization. The west and south coast of modern Sweden was so effectively part of the Danish realm that the said area (and not the today Denmark) was known as "Denmark" (literally the frontier of the Daner). [18][19] Svend Estridsen (King of Denmark 1047 - ca. Sweyn II Estridsson Ulfsson (c 1019 &ndash April 28, 1074 or 1076 was the King of Denmark from 1047 until his death 1074), who may have been from Scania himself, is often referred to as the king who along with his dynasty established Scania as an integral, and sometimes the more important, part of Denmark.

However, historians also argue that in the loose conditions of medieval kingdom-building of the 10th and 11th centuries, Scania sometimes attached itself to the Swedish kingdom instead of the Danish. In 1330s-1360s, Scania was held as the "third kingdom" by Magnus VII of Norway and Sweden, as a result of temporary dissolution of Danish central government. Magnus Eriksson or Magnus VII of Norway and Magnus IV of Sweden was king of Sweden (spring 1316 &ndash December 1, 1374) Norway, and He was, since 1335, titled "rex Suecie, Norwegie et Scanie" or "regnorum svechie et norwegie terreque scanie rex".

From the Kalmar Union to Denmark's Loss of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland

When the Kalmar Union was formed in 1397, the union was administered from Copenhagen. The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen) is a historiographical term meaning a series of Personal By 1471 Sweden rebelled under Sture family leadership. Sture was the name of two influential families in Sweden from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. In 1503, when Sten Sture the Elder died, eastern Sweden’s independence from Denmark had been established. Sten Sture the Elder ( Sten Sture den äldre; 1440&ndash December 14, 1503) was a Swedish statesman and Regent of Sweden [20]

In 1600 Denmark controlled virtually all land bordering on the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the restricted Sound (Øresund). The Skagerrak Strait runs between Norway and the southwest coast of Sweden and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, connecting the The Kattegat ( Danish) or Kattegatt ( Swedish) is a sea area bounded by Jutland ( Denmark and extreme north Germany) Øresund or The Sound (Øresund Öresund is the Strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Danish Sjælland) from the The current Swedish provinces of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland were still Danish and the province of Båhuslen was still Norwegian. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. is one of the 25 traditional non-administrative Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish situated on the west coast of the country Skåneland became the site of bitter battles, especially in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, as Denmark and Sweden confronted each other for control of the Baltic and of Swedish access to western trade. Danish historians often represent this as a period of unending Swedish aggression during which Sweden was continuously at war, while Swedish historians often represent this as "Sweden's Age of Greatness". [21] [22] [23] [24][25]

Sweden intervened in the Danish civil war known as the Count's Feud (1534-1536), launching a highly destructive invasion of Skåneland as the ally of King Christian III. The Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde also called the Count's War, was a Civil war that raged in Denmark in 1534&ndash1536 and brought about the Reformation Christian III ( August 12, 1503 &ndash January 1, 1559) king of Denmark and Norway, was the son of Frederick Subsequently, in the period between the breakup of the Kalmar Union and 1814, Denmark and Sweden fought 11 times in Skåneland and other border provinces: 1563-70, 1611-1613, 1644-1645, 1657-1658; 1659-1661, 1674-1678, 1700, 1710-1721, 1788, 1808-1809, and 1814. [26][27][24] [23]

Vilhelm Moberg, in his history of the Swedish people, provides a thoughtful discussion of the atrocities which were committed by both sides in the struggle over the border provinces, and identified them as the source of propaganda to inflame the peoples’ passions to continue the struggle. These lopsided representations were incorporated into history text books on the respective sides. As an example, Moberg compares the history texts he grew up with in Sweden which represented the Swedish soldier as ever pure and honorable to a letter written by Gustavus Adolphus celebrating the 24 Scanian parishes he’d helped level by fire, with the troops encouraged to rape and murder the population at will. Vilhelm Moberg ( August 20, 1898 - August 8, 1973) was a Swedish author and historian best known for his series of four novels For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden One must infer that this Swedish behavior was mirrored equally on the Danish side. Skåneland was a rather unpleasant place to dwell for an extended period. [26]

Assimilation with Sweden

Following on the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 - but in direct contradiction of its terms - the Swedish government in 1683 demanded the elite groups (nobility, priests and burghers) in Skåneland to accept Swedish customs and laws. The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. Swedish became the only permitted language in the Church liturgy and in schools, religious literature in Danish was not allowed to be printed, and all appointed politicians and priests were required to be Swedish. However the last Danish bishop, Peder Winstrup remained in charge of the Diocese of Lund until his death in 1679. Peder (Pedersen Winstrup ( 30 April 1605 - 28 December 1679) was Bishop of Lund in Scania during a period spanning both To promote further Swedish assimilation the University of Lund was inaugurated in 1666, and the inhabitants of Scania were not allowed to enroll in Copenhagen University until the 19th century. Lund University (Lunds universitet located in Lund in southernmost Sweden is one of Sweden 's most prestigious Universities and one of Scandinavia The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. [14]

The population was initially opposed to the Swedish reforms, as can be ascertained from church records and court transcripts. The Swedes did encounter civil revolts in some areas, perhaps most notably in the Göinge district, in dense forest regions of northern Scania. Göinge can mean Östra Göinge Municipality - a municipality in Skåne County Göinge Eastern Hundred - a hundred The Swedish authorities resorted to extreme measures against the 17th century rebels known as the "Snapphane", including the use of impalement, where the stake was inserted between the spine and the skin of the victim, the use of wheels to crush victims alive, as well as the nailing of bodies to the church doors. The Snapphane Movement was a pro- Danish guerilla organization that fought against the Swedes in the Scanian War of the 17th century Impalement is a term that refers to situations in which objects are driven through the body causing deep stabbing wounds In that way, it could take four to five days before the victim died. [29]

The transformation of age-old customs, commerce and administration to the Swedish model could not be effected quickly or easily. In the first fifty years of the transition, the treatment of the population was rather ruthless. Denmark made several attempts to recapture the territories -- the last attempt in 1710, during which they almost recaptured the entire Skåneland. [21]

Before 1658, one of the provinces of Skåneland, Scania proper, had consisted of four counties: the counties of Malmöhus, Landskrona, Helsingborg and Kristianstad. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( When Skåneland was annexed by Sweden, one of the counties of the Scania proper, Kristianstad County, was merged with Blekinge to form one of a total of three Blekinge counties.

The Bornholm Rebellion

In 1658, shortly after the Swedish general Printzenskiold were sent to Bornholm to start the swedification process, the population of Bornholm rebelled against their new masters. Led by Jens Kofoed and Poul Anker, the rebellion formed in the town of Hasle, north of the largest city, Rønne. Hasle may refer to the following places Hasle Denmark Hasle Switzerland in the Canton of Lucerne Hasle bei Before the rebellion army reached the Swedish headquarters in Rønne, Printzenskiold was shot by Willum Clausen in the street of Sølvgade in central Rønne. While the Swedish fled the island as a result of the confusion and fear amongst the conscripts, Jens Kofoed installed an intermediate rule and send a message to King Frederick III of Denmark that Bornholm had liberated itself, and wished to return to Danish rule. Frederick III ( March 18, 1609 &ndash February 19, 1670) was king of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death This was confirmed in the 1660 peace settlement between Denmark and Sweden.

Swedish administration

(See also: Governors-General of Sweden)

Gustaf Otto Stenbock, Swedish field marshal. Engraving by N. Pitau (1696).
Gustaf Otto Stenbock, Swedish field marshal. A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative with both civil and military jurisdiction over parts Engraving by N. Pitau (1696).

Sweden appointed a Governor General, who in addition to having the highest authority of the government, also was the highest military officer. The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription The first to hold the post of Governor General was Gustaf Otto Stenbock, between 1658 to 1664. Count Gustaf Otto Stenbock (7 September 1614 – 24 September 1685 was a Swedish soldier and politician [30] His residence was in the largest city, Malmö.

The office of Governor General was abandoned in 1669, deemed unnecessary. However, when the Scanian War erupted in 1675, the office was reinstated, and Fabian von Fersen held the office between 1675 to 1677, when he died in the defence of Malmö. Scanian War ( Danish: Skånske Krig Swedish: Skånska kriget) was a war fought between the union of Denmark-Norway and Sweden Baron Fabian von Fersen ( February 7 1626 &ndash July 30 1677) was a Swedish soldier and statesman who received appointments

Replacing him was Rutger von Ascheberg, in 1680. Count Rutger von Ascheberg (1621-1693 was a soldier officer and civil servant in Swedish service being appointed Lieutenant General in 1670 General in 1674 Field Marshal He came to hold it to his death in 1693. It was during Ascheberg's time in office that the stricter policy of Swedification was initiated, as a reaction to the threats of war and possible Danish repossession.

Following the death of Ascheberg, the Governor Generalship was dismantled into a separate county governor for each of the Swedish provinces Blekinge, Halland and Scania. [31] However, a Governor Generalship was reinstated in the province of Scania during the Napoleonic War, when Johan Christopher Toll became the last Governor-General in the region, a post he held 1801-09. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Count Johan Christopher Toll (1743 &ndash 1817 Swedish statesman and soldier was born at Mölleröd in Scania.

Recent history

The complete history of Skåneland was not taught for a long time in schools in Skåneland, especially during periods with the immediate threat of revolt. Instead a Swedish-centric history was taught, and the Scanian history before 1658, for instance concerning the list of monarchs, was disregarded as a component of Danish history. In reaction, a movement began in the late 19th century to revive awareness of the history and culture of Skåneland. The renewed focus resulted in the publication of several books about Scanian history. [14]

It is still disputed whether children of the Scanian provinces should learn the local Danish-era history or the Swedish history for the period before 1658. Proposals from representatives of the Scanian constituencies in the Swedish parliament to include Scanian history in the curriculum of Scanian schools have not been accepted in the decision-making plenary meetings at the Swedish Riksdag in Stockholm. In formal education a curriculum (plural curricula) is the set of courses and their content offered at a School or University. The Riksdag (officially Sveriges riksdag literally The National Diet of Sweden is the national legislative assembly of Sweden. [32][33]

Scanian regionalism

In addition to the preservation of Scanian culture and attention to Scanian history, most of the regionalist movements in Scania also advocate greater autonomy for regions like Skåneland within the current power structure, and thus more independence for the local councils in relation to the central government in Stockholm. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the The main thrust for most groups is thus not separatism, but decentralization and more local involvement in policy questions affecting the region. Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people

This form of regionalism has a long history in Skåneland, starting in the days of armed resistance and political maneuvering in the Scanian Thing against the rise of Danish absolutism in the 13th century. It showed up again as the driving force in the peasant peace agreements between villages on either side of the Swedish-Danish border during the 17th-18th century, especially during the Scanian War, when the people along the border defied orders and offered shelter and support to each other during the assaults from the Swedish and Danish kings' troops. Scanian War ( Danish: Skånske Krig Swedish: Skånska kriget) was a war fought between the union of Denmark-Norway and Sweden [34] It emerged again in the general support of the local peasant irregulars who joined the Snapphane guerilla movement against Sweden, and in the silent resistance from priests in their support of the parishioners during the most brutal periods of the "Swedification" process. The Snapphane Movement was a pro- Danish guerilla organization that fought against the Swedes in the Scanian War of the 17th century [35] It also resulted in open rebellion, the last being the larger scale peasant rebellion against the Swedish king and state in 1811, when the king ordered 15,000 Scanian peasants to fight a war they wanted no part of. [36]

The Scanian regionalist movements embrace a host of different ideas for the region, ranging from support for the current regional county council model to opposition to it. Opponents criticize the regional council for its alleged role in diffusing the local support for more radical changes to the current political power structure, and for being too reliant on the party loyalty politics and centralist impulses from the Swedish capital, which are blamed for the lack of development and vision in the region. It also includes groups supporting a Swedish republic, but the federalists are a minority in Scania. The Scanian federalist party, "Skånefederalisterna", received only 732 votes in the last election to the regional council. The long amalgamation of Skåneland with Sweden would suggest that the area is generally "Swedified" and that separatism represents a minority viewpoint.

A national trend towards state nationalism has also affected Scania, with the right-wing Swedish state-nationalist party Sverigedemokraterna voted into Scania's regional council in the last election. Sweden Democrats ( Sverigedemokraterna, SD) founded in 1988 by Leif Zeilon, is a Swedish Far right political party The same situation is reflected around the country; the party took seats in around half of Sweden's local councils and is now receiving state support. [37]

The strong regionalist tendencies in today's Scania are in general not separatist, as demonstrated in 2006, at the end of the first trial period of the Skåne Regional Council (formed in 1999) in the newly established Scania county, created 1998. Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Region Skåne County Skåne County Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province The regional council model had solid support in Scania, in contrast to other counties, with the exception of Västra Götaland Regional Council. The Västra Götaland Regional Council, or Västra Götalandsregionen, is the devolved County Council of Västra Götaland County in Sweden.

References in popular culture

Notes

  1. ^ Thurston, Tina L. (1999). "The knowable, the doable and the undiscussed: tradition, submission, and the 'becoming' of rural landscapes in Denmark's Iron Age". Dynamic Landscapes and Socio-political Process. Antiquity, 73, 1999: 661-71. (On pp. 662-3, Dr. Thurston, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, SUNY-Buffalo, quotes Sten Tesch, archaeologist and head of Sigtuna Museum, and Märta Strömberg, Professor Em. , Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University: "Scania, [. . . ] now part of modern Sweden, was, until 1658, a province of the Danish state, and has been rightly called 'a prehistoric country in the process of dissolution' (Strömberg 1977: 3) with a 'hidden, but disappearing cultural landscape’ (Tesch et al. 1980: 9), for at one time it was an autonomous polity with a distinct ethnic identity, and despite intensive modern farming the Iron Age 'country' is still remarkably preserved as a relict cultural landscape". See also p. 277: "Scania—Skåneland, Cultural region in Scandinavia and Europe. "
  2. ^ a b Hoffmann, Erich (1981). "The Unity of the Kingdom and the Provinces in Denmark During the Middle Ages. " In Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund, eds. (1981). Danish Medieval History, New Currents. Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8788073300. (On p. 101, Dr. Hoffmann, Professor at University of Kiel, argues that the contemporary descriptions of Scania as an autonomous polity had merit; Scania was often disagreeing in the choice of kings, which resulted in several, simultaneously elected kings in the early Danish state. Scania became officially integrated as a province in the late 12th century, with the Treaty of Lolland.
  3. ^ According to local legend, the island of Anholt was simply "overlooked" when the final treaty was executed, as recounted on the official page for Anholt Turist- og Erhvervskontor, Uddrag af Anholts historie (in Danish): "Ved freden i Roskilde i 1658 måtte Danmark afstå Skåne, Halland, Blekinge og Bornholm til Sverige. Det siges at Anholt da ved et tilfælde forblev dansk, idet en af de danske forhandlere holdt sin hånd på landkortet så den dækkede Anholt. Eller var det, som det også fortælles, et krus øl?" ("At the peace in Roskilde 1658, Denmark had to give up Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bornholm to Sweden. It is said that Anholt at the occasion remained Danish because the Danish negotiator held his hand on the map so that it covered Anholt. Or was it, as is also told, a mug of beer?".
  4. ^ For popular usage, see for example the publication Populärhistoria: Hjälpreda om Skåneland: "Skåneland, d v s Halland, Skåne och Blekinge", Fredsfördraget firas i Altranstädt: "Sverige ingick mot slutet av århundradet i en västeuropeisk allians med Holland och England och kunde därigenom stoppa Danmarks revanschplaner för förlusten av Skåneland", Ett liv fyllt av skandaler: "År 1660, då Marie Grubbe anlänt till Köpenhamn, satt Fredrik III på Danmarks tron. Det var han som hade förlorat Skåneland till Sverige vid Roskildefreden 1658".
  5. ^ Damsholt, Nanna. "Women in Medieval Denmark". In Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund, eds. (1981). Danish Medieval History, New Currents. Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8788073300: p. 76.
  6. ^ See for example the official site for the Danish Monarchy, the section Kongehusets historie: Kongerækken (The Royal Lineage), where the sub-section "Frederik IV" mentions the king’s abandonment of hope to regain Skånelandene ("opgivelse af håbet om generobring af Skånelandene"). Also see the Danish National Archives for documents relating to Skånelandene, for example Lensregnskaberne 1560-1658: "De vigtigste len i Skånelandene var: Helsingborg, Malmøhus, Landskrone, Christianstad, Varberg, Laholm, Halmstad, Froste herred, Christianopel, Sølvitsborg". )
  7. ^ a b "Götaland" (2007). Nationalencyklopedin, 5 February 2008, (in Swedish): "Ehuru historiskt oegentligt, kom även Skåne, Halland, Blekinge och Bohuslän att räknas dit. " (Although historically inaccurate, Scania, Blekinge and Bohuslän came to be counted [as part of Götaland]".
  8. ^ Thurston, Tina L. (2001). Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict: State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age. Kluwer Academic, NY, ISBN 0306463202. "Scania—Skåneland, Cultural Region in Scandinavia and in Europe", p. 277.
  9. ^ a b "Skåneland". In Nationalencyklopedin. For usage in the Swedish publication Populär Historia, see Hjälpreda om Skåneland, Fredsfördraget firas i Altranstädt: "Sverige ingick mot slutet av århundradet i en västeuropeisk allians med Holland och England och kunde därigenom stoppa Danmarks revanschplaner för förlusten av Skåneland", Ett liv fyllt av skandaler: "År 1660, då Marie Grubbe anlänt till Köpenhamn, satt Fredrik III på Danmarks tron. Det var han som hade förlorat Skåneland till Sverige vid Roskildefreden 1658". For a recent example of academic usage, see Medeltida danskt järn, framställning av och handel med järn i Skåneland och Småland under medeltiden.
  10. ^ Vikør, Lars S. (2000). "Northern Europe". In Language and Nationalism in Europe. Eds. Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198236719, p. 117: "Norway is a country were regionalism has always been strong, [. . . ] a regionalism without any traces of separatism. The idea of unity in diversity has always been exceptionally strong in Norway".
  11. ^ Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram and Frederick Pedersen (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0521829925, p. 19.
  12. ^ Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". The Cultural Construction of Norden. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds. ), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71. Also published online at Danish Institute for International Studies.
  13. ^ See for example Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum.
  14. ^ a b c Skånelands historia, ved Ambrius, J, 1997 ISBN 91-971436-2-6
  15. ^ a b Skåneland in Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB) on the Internet, and Skåneland in Nordisk Familjebok.
  16. ^ Swedish National Encyclopedia article Skånelandskapen
  17. ^ Sveriges Television. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant Del 3: Skåneland. Svenska Dialektmysterier. SVT Online, 25 Jan. 2006. In Swedish. Retrieved 17 Dec. 2006.
  18. ^ Medieval Scandinavia, by Bridget and Peter Sawyer, University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
  19. ^ Kings and Vikings, by P. H. Sawyer, Routledge, 1982. (Sawyer considered sources such as Saxo Grammaticus and Snorri Sturluson but validated their material against contemporary primary documents of the period). "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician
  20. ^ Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721, by Andrina Stiles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992 ISBN 0-340-54644-1
  21. ^ a b A History of Sweden by Ingvar Andersson, Praeger, 1956
  22. ^ Nordens Historie, ved Hiels Bache, Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884.
  23. ^ a b c d e The Northern Wars, 1558-1721 by Robert I. Frost; Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 ISBN 0-582-06429-5
  24. ^ a b c d The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725 by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967
  25. ^ Sweden; the Nation's History", by Franklin D. Scott, Southern Illinois Press, 1988.
  26. ^ a b Min Svenska Historia II, by Vilhelm Moberg, P. A. Nordstedt & Söners Förlag, 1971.
  27. ^ The most notable periods of combat for Skåneland were the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the Northern War (1655–1658). The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the Nordic Seven Years' War, the First Northern War or the Seven Years War in Scandinavia) was the war For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. From 1655 to 1658, during the reign of Charles X, Sweden was set on expansion
  28. ^ Fra Bondeoppbud til Legdshær by Trygve Mathisen, Guldendal Norsk Forlag, 1952
  29. ^ Herman Lindquist (1995). Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall. Norstedts Förlag, 2006 (ISBN 9113015354) (In Swedish), Sixten Svensson (2005). Sanningen om Snapphanelögnen. (ISBN 9197569518) (in Swedish), and Sten Skansjö (1997). Skånes historia. Lund (ISBN 9188930955) (in Swedish).
  30. ^ Gustafsson, Harald (2003). "Att göra svenskar av danskar? Den svenske integrationspolitikens föreställningsvärld 1658-1693". Da Østdanmark blev Sydsverige. Otte studier i dansk-svenske relationer i 1600-tallet. Eds. Karl-Erik Frandsen and Jens Chr. V. Johansen. Narayana Press. ISBN 87 89224 74 4, p. 35-60.
  31. ^ Terra Scania website, Terra Scania website, article Skåne Län Efter 1658 in Swedish.
  32. ^ Wallin, Gunnel (1999). "Motion Skånelands och andra regioners historia". Motion till riksdagen 1999/2000:Ub239. (In Swedish). Retrieved 15 February 2008.
  33. ^ Roslund, Carl-Axel (2003). Motion Skånsk historia. 2003/04:Ub277. For previous proposals, see: Motion 2002/03:N340, Motion 2001/02:Ub224, Motion 2000/01:Ub208, Motion 1999/2000:Ub239, Motion 1999/2000:Ub240, Motion 1998/99:Ub204, Motion 1997/98:Ub203, Motion 1996/97:Ub202, Motion 1994/95:Ub301, Motion 1992/93:Ub491. (In Swedish). Retrieved 15 February 2008.
  34. ^ Andrén, Anders (2000). Against War! Regional Identity Across a National Border in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavia. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 4:4, Dec. 2000, pp. 315-334. ISSN 1092-7697.
  35. ^ Alenäs, Stig (2003). Loyalty - Rural Deans - Language Studies of 'Swedification' in the Church in the Lund Diocese during the 1680s (Lojaliteten, prostarna, språket. Studier i den kyrkliga "försvenskningen" i Lunds stift under 1680-talet). Dissertation 2003, Lund Universitety.
  36. ^ "Peasant Rebellion and War". In The Agricultural Revolution. Educational material for Scanian and Danish highschools, produced by Oresundstid.
  37. ^ SR International - Radio Sweden. "Sweden Democrats to Collect State Support". Sveriges Radio, 21 Nov. 2006. Retrieved 17 Dec. 2006.

References

See also

External links

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