Sioux
Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man, circa 1885
Total population
150,000+ [1][2]
Regions with significant populations
United States (SD, MN, NE, MT, ND), Canada (MB, SK, AB)
Languages
English, Sioux
Religions
Christianity (incl. Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca The Hunkpapa are a Native American group one of the seven branches of the Lakota Sioux tribe The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe SACRED was a Cubesat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Sioux is a Siouan language. Regional variation Sioux has 3 major regional varieties with various sub- Lects Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings syncretistic forms), Midewiwin
Related ethnic groups
Assiniboine, Stoney (Nakoda), and other Siouan peoples

The Sioux (pronounced /ˈsuː/) are a Native American and First Nations people. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought The Midewiwin (also spelled Midewin and Medewiwin) or the Grand Medicine Society is a secretive religion of the aboriginal groups of the Maritimes The Assiniboine, also known by the Ojibwe name Asiniibwaan "Stone Sioux" and the Cree as Asinîpwât are a Siouan The Nakoda (also known as Stoney) are a First Nation group indigenous to both Canada and the United States. The Siouan (aka Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American Language family of North America, and the Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many dialects. The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on dialect and subculture:

• Isanti ("Knife," originating from the name of a lake in present-day Minnesota): residing in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, and northern Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Dakota. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The Dakotas is a collective term used around the world that refers to the U The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. For other meanings of the word including the United States states please see Dakota The Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications

• Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): residing in the Minnesota River area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the Yankton or Nakota. The Minnesota River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km long in the U Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people

• Teton or Tetonwan (uncertain, perhaps "Dwellers on the Prairie"): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, and are often referred to as the Lakota. The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe

Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Oceti Sakowin

The historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Oceti Sakowin (Očhéti Šakówį [oˈtʃʰetʰi ʃaˈkʰowĩ]), meaning "Seven Council Fires". The Great Sioux Nation is a general term sometimes applied to the Sioux. Each fire was symbolic of an oyate (people or nation). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are: Mdewakanton, Wahpetowan (Wahpeton), Wahpekute, Sissetowan (Sisseton), the Ihantowan (Yankton), Ihanktowana (Yanktonai), and the Teton (Lakota). Mdewakantonwan (singular Mdewakanton) are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee Dakota ( Sioux) The Sissetowan or Sisseton are a branch of the Isanti (or Santee) division of the Sioux based in north-eastern South Dakota near a town Lakota or Lakotah may refer to Lakota people, a Native American tribe Lakota language, the language of the Lakota ^[3] The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, and participate in the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance is a Ceremony practiced by a number of Native Americans ^[4] The seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wicasa Yatapicka from among the leaders of each division. ^[4] Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the annual gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850. ^[4]

Today the Teton, Isanti, or Ihantowan/Ihanktowana are usually known as either the Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota respectively. ^[3] In any of the three main dialects, "Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota" all translate to mean "friend," or more properly, "ally. " Usage of Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota may then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation together.

Political organization

The historical political organization was based on the participation of individuals and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe’s way of life. Leaders were chosen based upon noble birth and demonstrations of bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom. ^[4]

Political leaders were members of the Naca Ominicia society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action. ^[5] Societies were similar to fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions. ^[4] There were two types of societies: Akicita, for the younger men, and Naca, for elders and former leaders. ^[4]

Akicita ("warrior") societies existed to train warriors, hunters, and to police the community. ^[5] There were many smaller Akicita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on. ^[5]

Leaders in the Naca societies, per Naca Ominicia, were the tribal elders and leaders, who would elect seven to ten men, depending on the division, each referred to as Wicasa Itancan ("chief man"). Each Wicasa Itancan interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Naca. ^[5]

The Wicasa Itancan would elect two to four Shirt Wearers who were the voice of the society. They settled quarrels among families and also foreign nations. ^[4] Shirt Wearers were often young men from families with hereditary claims of leadership. However, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community might also be elected. Crazy Horse is an example of a common-born "Shirt Wearer". Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca ^[4]

A Wakincuza ("Pipe Holder") ranked below the "Shirt Wearers". The Pipe Holders regulated peace ceremonies, selected camp locations, and supervised the Akicita societies during buffalo hunts. ^[5]

Wahktageli ("Gallant Warrior" [1]), a Yankton Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer)

Funeral scaffold of a Sioux chief (Karl Bodmer)

Horse racing of the Sioux (Karl Bodmer)

Name origins

The name "Sioux" is an abbreviated form of Nadouessioux borrowed into French Canadian from Nadoüessioüak from the early Odawa exonym: naadowesiwag "Sioux". Karl Bodmer (6 February 1809–30 October 1893 was a Swiss painter of the American West Karl Bodmer (6 February 1809–30 October 1893 was a Swiss painter of the American West Karl Bodmer (6 February 1809–30 October 1893 was a Swiss painter of the American West An exonym (from Greek el ἔξω exo = out el ὄνομα onoma = name is a name for a place that is not used within that place by the local ^[6] It was first used by Jean Nicolet in 1640. Jean Nicolet (Nicollet de Belleborne (1598 - November 1, 1642) was a French Coureur de bois noted for exploring Green Bay in early ^[3] The Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (massasauga, Sistrurus). Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the name given to the posited Proto-language of the languages of the Algonquian family. Common names massasauga black massasauga black rattler more. Sistrurus catenatus is a venomous pitviper ^[7] This information was interpreted by some that the Ottawa borrowing was an insult. However, this Proto-Algonquian term most likely is ultimately was derived from a form *-a·towe·, meaning simply "speak foreign language",^[6] which was later extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages to refer to the massasauga. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic Common names massasauga black massasauga black rattler more. Sistrurus catenatus is a venomous pitviper Thus, contrary to many accounts, the old Odawa word naadowesiwag did not equate the Sioux with snakes. This is not confirmed though, since usage over the previous decades has led to this term having negative connotations to those tribes to which it refers. This would explain why many tribes have rejected this term when referring to themselves.

Some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sicangu Oyate, and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper). ^[3]

Linguistics

Main articles: Siouan languages and Lakota language

The earlier linguistic 3-way division of the Dakotan branch of the Siouan family identified Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee and Yankton, Nakota = Yanktonai & Assiniboine. The Siouan (aka Siouan proper, Western Siouan) languages are a Native American Language family of North America, and the Lakota (also Lakhota, Teton, Teton Sioux) is the largest of the three languages of the Sioux, of the Siouan family The Assiniboine, also known by the Ojibwe name Asiniibwaan "Stone Sioux" and the Cree as Asinîpwât are a Siouan This classification was based in large part on each group's particular pronunciation of the autonym Dakhóta-Lakhóta-Nakhóta, meaning the Yankton-Yanktonai, Santee, and Teton groups all spoke mutually intelligible varieties of a Sioux idiom. ^[7] However, more recent study identifies Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages with Sioux being the third language that has three similar dialects: Teton, Santee-Sisseton, Yankton-Yanktonai. Furthermore, the Yankton-Yanktonai never referred to themselves using the pronunciation Nak^hóta but rather pronounced it the same as the Santee (i. e. Dak^hóta). (Assiniboine and Stoney speakers use the pronunciation Nak^hóta or Nak^hóda).

The term Dakota has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as Teton Dakota, Santee Dakota, etc. This was mainly because of the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which Sioux is derived supposedly meaning "snake. "^[4]

Modern geographic divisions

The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276

The earliest known European record of the Sioux was in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. ^[7] Furthermore, after the introduction of the horse, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day Canada to the Platte River, from Minnesota to the Yellowstone River, including the Powder River country. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Platte River is an approximately 310 mi (499 km long river in the Western United States. The Yellowstone River is a Tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 671 miles (1080 km long in the western United States. ^[5]

Isanti (Santee or Dakota)

The Isanti people migrated north and westward from the south and east into Ohio then to Minnesota. In the past, they were a woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and subsistence farming. Migrations of Anishinaabe/Chippewa (Ojibwa) people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Dakota further into Minnesota and west and southward, giving the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi River and up to its headwaters. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to ^[7]

Ihanktonwan-Ihanktonwana (Nakota or Yankton-Yanktonai)

The Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana, or the Yankton (Ihanktowan: "End village") and Yanktonai (Ihanktowana: "Little end village") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina). ^[7]

Economically, they were involved in quarrying pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern Minnesota. In the 18th century, they were recorded as living in the Mankato region of Minnesota. ^[8]

Teton (Lakota)

Main article: Lakota

The Sioux likely obtained horses sometime during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720). Lakota or Lakotah may refer to Lakota people, a Native American tribe Lakota language, the language of the Lakota The Teton (Lakota) division of the Sioux emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, the western Sioux quickly expanded their territory further to the Rocky Mountains (or Heska, "white mountains"). The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. The Lakota once subsided on the buffalo hunt and corn-trade with the eastern Sioux and their linguistic cousins the Mandan and Hidatsa along the Missouri. The American bison ( Bison bison) is a Bovine Mammal, also commonly known as the American buffalo. The Mandan are a Native American tribe that historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and two of its tributaries—the Heart and The Hidatsa (called Minnetaree by their allies the Mandan) are a Siouan people a part of the Three Affiliated Tribes. ^[7]

Ethnic divisions

The Sioux are divided into three ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands. The Yankton-Yanktonai, the smallest division, reside on the Yankton reservation in South Dakota and the Northern portion of Standing Rock Reservation. The Standing Rock Indian Reservation is a Lakota Indian reservation in North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States. The Santee live on reservations, reserves, and communities in Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada. The Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota. North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Today, many Sioux also live outside their reservations.

Womendress of the Sioux

Baby sling of the Sioux

• Santee division (Dakota)
  • Mdewakantonwan ("Spirit Lake Village")

    notable persons: Taoyateduta

  • Sisitonwan (Sisseton, uncertain, perhaps "Fishing Grounds Village")
  • Wahpekute ("Leaf Archers")

    notable persons: Inkpaduta

  • Wahpetonwan ("Leaf Village")

• Yankton-Yanktonai division (Nakota)
  • Ihanktonwan (Yankton, "End Village")
  • Ihanktonwana (Yanktonai, "Little End Village")

    notable persons: Wanata, Chief War Eagle

  • Stone sub-division (Nakoda)
    • Assiniboine
    • Stoney

• Titonwan/Teton division (Lakota) (Uncertain, perhaps "Dwellers on the Prairie"):
  • Oglala (Uncertain, perhaps "Those Who Scatter Their Own")

    notable persons: Crazy Horse, Red Cloud, Black Elk and Billy Mills (Olympian)

  • Hunkpapa (meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")

    notable persons: Sitting Bull

  • Sihasapa ("Blackfoot Sioux," not to be confused with the Algonquian-speaking Blackfeet)
  • Minniconjou ("Those who Plant by the Stream")

    notable persons: Lone Horn, Touch the Clouds

  • Sićangu (French: Brulé) ("Burnt Thighs")
  • Itazipacola (French: Sans Arcs "Without Bows")
  • Oohenonpa ("Two Kettles" or "Two Boilings")

Reserves and First Nations

Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off the reservation. Mdewakantonwan (singular Mdewakanton) are one of the sub-tribes of the Isanti (Santee Dakota ( Sioux) Little Crow (Sioux Ta-oya-te-duta; Ca 1810&ndash July 3, 1863) was a chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux Inkpaduta (variously translated as "Red End" "Red Cap" or "Scarlet Point") (about 1797 &ndash 1881 or 1882 was a war chief Wa-na-ta was a chief of the Yanktona a tribe of the Sioux which means “fern leaf War Eagle was born in Minnesota or Wisconsin in around 1785 His given name Wambdi Okicize, literally means "Little Eagle" but white people always called him War The Assiniboine, also known by the Ojibwe name Asiniibwaan "Stone Sioux" and the Cree as Asinîpwât are a Siouan The Nakoda (also known as Stoney) are a First Nation group indigenous to both Canada and the United States. The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Red Cloud ( Lakota: Makhpiya Luta) (1822? &ndash December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota ( Sioux Black Elk (Hehaka Sapa (c December 1863 &ndash August 17 or August 19, 1950 (sources differ was a famous Wichasha William Mervin Mills or "Billy" Mills (born June 30 1938 is the only Native American ever to win an Olympic gold medal The Hunkpapa are a Native American group one of the seven branches of the Lakota Sioux tribe Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca The Sihasapa or "Blackfoot Sioux" are a division of the Titonwan or Teton (also known as Lakota) Sioux. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Piegan Blackfeet ( Aamsskáápipikani (Southern Pikáni /Piegan or simply as Pikáni in Blackfoot) are a tribe of Native Americans Miniconjou are a Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Lakota Sioux, who formerly inhabited an area from the Black Hills in South Lone Horn, also known as One Horn ( Lakota: Ha-wón-je-tah, c Touch the Clouds ( Lakota: Mahpia Icahtagya) was a chief of the Minneconjou Teton Lakota. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Brulé are one of the seven branches or bands (sometimes called "sub-tribes" of the Teton (Titonwan Lakota Sioux American Indian nation The Sans Arc, also called the Itazipacola or Itazipco are a subdivision of the Lakota people. Two Kettles or “Two Boilings” was a sub division of the Lakota Sioux tribe of Native Americans. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Also, to be an enrolled member in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States, 1/4 degree is required. Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups ^[9]

In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as "First Nations. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people " The land-holdings of the these First Nations are called "Reserves".

Modern Reservations, Reserves, and Communities of the Sioux

^[3]

* Reserves shared with other First Nations

History

Alliance with French fur merchants

Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants,^[10] who were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson's Bay Company. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The St Croix Chippewa Indians (or the St Croix Band for short are located along the St The St Croix Chippewa Indians (or the St Croix Band for short are located along the St Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Santee Indian Reservation a Dakota (Sioux reservation located in northeast Nebraska along Lewis and Clark Lake and the Missouri River. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur.

Dakota War of 1862

Main article: Dakota War of 1862

This drawing of the mass hanging in Mankato, Minnesota was long a familiar icon in Minnesota. The Dakota War of 1862 (also known as the Sioux Uprising, Sioux Outbreak of 1862, the Dakota Conflict, the U

When 1862 arrived shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader, Andrew Myrick, went so far as to tell them that they were 'free to eat grass or their own dung'. Andrew J Myrick (born May 28 1832(died August 18, 1862) was a Trader with an Indian wife who operated a store in southwest Minnesota near As a result, on August 17, 1862 the Dakota War began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family, igniting further attacks on white settlements along the Minnesota River. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Minnesota River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 332 miles (534 km long in the U The Santee then attacked the trading post, and Myrick was later found among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass. ^[11]

On November 5, 1862 in Minnesota, in courts-martial, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of rape and murder of hundreds of American settlers and were sentenced to be hanged. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge. ^[12] President Abraham Lincoln remanded the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, signing off on the execution of 39 Santee men by hanging on December 26, 1862 in Mankato, Minnesota, the largest mass-execution in U. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday S. history. ^[13]

Afterwards, annuities to the Dakota were suspended for four years and the money was awarded to the white victims. The men who were pardoned by President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died. ^[12]

During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri. The James River (also known as the Jim River or the Dakota River) is a tributary of the Missouri River, approximately 710 mi (1143 km long in the ^[12] A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military. ^[12]

Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. The Spirit Lake Tribe (In Santee Sioux: Mni Wakan Oyate, formerly Devils Lake Sioux is a Sioux tribe and its reservation is located Some ended up eventually in Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri. The Santee Indian Reservation a Dakota (Sioux reservation located in northeast Nebraska along Lewis and Clark Lake and the Missouri River. Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on eight small Dakota Reserves, four of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain [Dakota Tipi], Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

Red Cloud's War

Main article: Red Cloud's War

Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War or the Powder River War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Territory of Wyoming was an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1868 until its admission to the Union as the State of Wyoming The The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming, which lay along the Bozeman Trail, a primary access route to the Montana gold fields. The Powder River Country refers to an area of the Great Plains in northeastern Wyoming in the United States. The Bozeman Trail was an overland route connecting the Oregon Trail to the gold rush territory of Montana. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79

The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent Oglala chief who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. Red Cloud ( Lakota: Makhpiya Luta) (1822? &ndash December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota ( Sioux The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The war ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie, resulting in a complete victory for the Sioux and the temporary preservation of their control of the Powder River country. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation Yanktonai ^[14]

Black Hills War

Main article: Black Hills War

Between 1876 and 1877, the Black Hills War took place. The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota ( Sioux) The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflicts between the Lakota ( Sioux) The Lakota and their allies fought against the United States military in a series of conflicts. The earliest being the Battle of Powder River, and the final battle being at Wolf Mountain. The Battle of Powder River occurred March 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Cheyenne The Battle of Wolf Mountain (also known the Battle of the Wolf Mountains, Miles's Battle on the Tongue River, and the Battle of the Butte) occurred Included are the Battle of the Rosebud, Battle of the Little Bighorn, Battle of Warbonnet Creek, Battle of Slim Buttes, Battle of Cedar Creek, and the Dull Knife Fight. The Battle of the Rosebud (also known the Battle of the Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass The Battle of Warbonnet Creek was a skirmish characterized by a duel between legendary scout and showman "Buffalo Bill" Cody and a lone warrior he mistook for The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9 &ndash 10, 1876, in the Dakota Territory between the United States Army and The Battle of Cedar Creek (also called Big Dry Creek or Big Dry River) occurred on October 21, 1876, in the Montana Territory The Dull Knife Fight (or the Battle of Bates Creek) was a Great Plains battle in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and

Wounded Knee Massacre

Main article: Wounded Knee Massacre

Mass grave for the dead Lakota after massacre of Wounded Knee. The Wounded Knee Massacre also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Oglala Lakota and the United States

The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian ^[15]

On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, supported by four Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa ^[16] with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Hotchkiss gun can refer to different products of the Hotchkiss arms company starting in the late 1800s Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine

By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. Some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "friendly fire" because the shooting took place at point blank range in chaotic conditions. Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as ^[17] Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from hypothermia. Hypothermia is a condition in which an organism's temperature drops below that required for normal Metabolism and bodily functions

Usage of the Ghost Dance reportedly instigated the massacre. Noted in historical accounts as the Ghost Dance of 1890 the Ghost Dance was a religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems

Forced relocation

Traditional location of Sioux tribes (dark green and prior to 1770) and their current reservations (orange)

Later in the 19th century, as the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, their primary food supply, the Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo, becoming dependent upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty. In Minnesota, the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota in 1851 left the Sioux with a reservation twenty miles (32 km) wide on each side of the Minnesota River. The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was a treaty signed on July 23, 1851, between the United States government and the Sioux Indians who lived The Treaty of Mendota was signed in Mendota Minnesota on August 5, 1851 between the United States federal government and the Sioux

Wounded Knee incident

Main article: Wounded Knee incident

The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota was seized by followers of the American Indian Movement. For the 1890 massacre see Wounded Knee Massacre. The Wounded Knee incident began February 27, 1973 when the town of Wounded Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Wounded Knee ( Lakhota Cankpe Opi) is a Census-designated place (CDP in Shannon County, South Dakota, United States. The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is an Indian Activist organization in the United States. The occupiers controlled the town for 71 days while the U.S. Marshals Service laid siege.

Republic of Lakota

Main article: Republic of Lakota

The Lakotah Freedom Delegation, a group of Native American activists, declared on December 19, 2007 the Lakotah were withdrawing from all treaties signed with the United States to regain sovereignty over their nation. Lakotah or Lakota is a Proposed country in North America to serve as a homeland for the Lakota. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. One of the activists, Russell Means, claims that the action is legal and cites Natural, International and U.S. law. Russell Charles Means ( Lakota: Oyate Wacinyapin (Works for the People born November 10 1939) is one of contemporary America 's best-known Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the Common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary ^[18] The group consider Lakotah to be a sovereign nation, although as yet the state is generally unrecognized. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act The proposed borders reclaim thousands of square kilometres of North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska and Montana. ^[19]

Derived names

The U. S. states of North Dakota and South Dakota are named for the Sioux. The name for Minnesota originated as the name of a river in the heart of Isanti territory: Mnisota (mni translates to "water" and sota means "hazy or smoky").

Several Midwestern municipalities utilize Sioux in their names, including Sioux City, Iowa, Sioux Center, Iowa, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Sioux Center is a city in Sioux County, Iowa, United States. The population was 6002 at the 2000 census a special census in 2005 counted 6327 residents Sioux Falls (ˌsuː ˈfɔːlz is the largest city in the US state of South Dakota. Midwestern rivers include the Little Sioux River in Iowa and Big Sioux River along the Iowa/South Dakota border. The Little Sioux is a River in the United States. It rises in southwest Minnesota near the Iowa border and continues to flow southwest for The Big Sioux River is a tributary of the Missouri River, 295 mi (470 km long in eastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa in the United States

Many smaller towns and geographic features in the northern Great Plains retain their Sioux names (some are heavily Anglicized) or English translations of those names. The Great Plains are the broad expanse of Prairie and Steppe which lie east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada These are: Wasta (from "Waste" meaning "good"), Owanka, Oacoma, Rapid City (Mne luza: "cataract" or "rapids"), Sioux Falls/Minnehaha County (Mne haha: "waterfall"), Inyan Kara, Sisseton (derived from the orgiinal tribal name "Sissetowan"), Winona ("first daughter"), etc. Rapid City is the second-largest city in the US state of South Dakota, and the County seat of Pennington County. Sioux Falls (ˌsuː ˈfɔːlz is the largest city in the US state of South Dakota. Minnehaha County is a County located in the US state of South Dakota.

Frontwoman Siouxsie Sioux of the postpunk band Siouxsie and the Banshees also derived her stage name from the "Sioux. Susan Janet Ballion Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s Siouxsie & the Banshees were a British rock band which formed in 1976 "

The University of North Dakota's athletic team is known as the "Fighting Sioux. The University of North Dakota ( UND) is a Public university in Grand Forks North Dakota, USA. The North Dakota Fighting Sioux is the name of the athletic teams of the University of North Dakota (UND which is located in the city of Grand Forks North Dakota " While there is a local desire to retain the mascot, numerous Sioux tribes have issued resolutions asking the university to abolish it. ^[20][21]

Derived names from other Siouan languages

The name Nebraska comes from the related Chiwere language of the Siouan language family. Chiwere (also called Iowa-Otoe-Missouria or Báxoje-Jíwere-Ñútˀachi) is a Siouan language originally spoken by the Missouria, Otoe Furthermore, the names of the states Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri derive from the names of other tribes within the Siouan language family: Kansa, Iowa, and Missouri, respectively. The names of the cities of Omaha, Nebraska and Ponca City, Oklahoma also derive from the Omaha and Ponca tribes. Ponca City is a city in Kay and Osage counties in the US state of Oklahoma named after the Ponca Tribe ( Páⁿka iyé The Omaha tribe is a Native American tribe that currently resides in northeastern Nebraska and western Iowa, United States. The Ponca ( Páⁿka iyé: Páⁿka or Ppáⁿkka ˈpːãŋkːa are a Native American Tribe. The names vividly demonstrate the wide dispersion of the Siouan language family across the Midwestern United States. Though they are considered part of the Siouan language family, none of these tribes or their languages are considered Sioux.

Media

• The HBO movie Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee depicts the relocations and reservations from the Sioux perspective. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a 2007 television film adapted from the book of the same name by Dee Brown.

• The films Dances with Wolves and Thunderheart contain depictions of the Sioux People. Dances with Wolves is a 1990 Epic film which tells the story of a United States Lieutenant who travels to the American Frontier to find a military post Thunderheart is a 1992 American Crime film directed by Michael Apted with Val Kilmer, Sam Shepard,

• "Elegy to the Sioux," a poem by Norman Dubie

• The mini-series Into the West depicts the Sioux, specifically the Lakota, during some of first ventures of the "White Man" into the great plains and to the Rocky Mountains. Lakota or Lakotah may refer to Lakota people, a Native American tribe Lakota language, the language of the Lakota

Famous Sioux

Historical

• Taoyateduta (Little Crow) — Chief famous for role in the Dakota War of 1862
• Tatanka Iyotanke (Sitting Bull) — Chief famous for role in the Battle of Little Bighorn
• Tasunka Witko (Crazy Horse) — Famous for leadership and courage in battle
• Makhpiya-luta (Red Cloud) — Chief famous for role in Red Cloud's War
• Tasunkakokipapi (Young Man Afraid Of His Horses) — Oglala chief who participated in Red Cloud's War
• Ishtakhaba (Sleepy Eye) — Chief of the Sisseton band in the mid 19th century; signed four treaties^[22]
• Hehaka Sapa (Black Elk) — Lakota holy man, source of Black Elk Speaks and other books
• Tahca Ushte (Lame Deer) — Lakota holy man, carried traditional knowledge into modern era
• Ohiyesa Charles Eastman — Author, physician and reformer
• Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux
• Wambditanka - Big Eagle - Mdewakanton Dakota chief - Narrated his account of the Dakota War of 1862

Contemporary

• Robert "Tree" Cody, Native American flautist (Dakota)
• Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, activist, academic, and writer
• Mary Crow Dog, writer and activist
• Vine Deloria, Jr., activist and essayist
• Indigenous, blues band (Nakota)
• Illinois Jacquet, jazz saxophonist (half Sioux and half African American)
• Russell Means, activist (Oglala)
• Ed McGaa, author, (Oglala) CPT US Marine Corp F-4 Phantom Fighter Pilot
• Billy Mills, only American ever to win the 10,000 meters at the Olympics (1964) – Oglala
• Eddie Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
• Michael Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
• Terry Ree, comedian
• John Trudell, actor
• Floyd Red Crow Westerman, singer and actor (Dakota)
• Leonard Peltier, imprisoned for allegedly killing two FBI agents in 1975
• Woodrow Keeble, first Sioux Medal of Honor recipient for his valor during the Korean War
• Luther Standing Bear, Sioux author, actor, and rights activist

Notes

References

• Albers, Patricia C. (2001). Santee. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed. ), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 761-776). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed. ). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
• Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970. Dorris Alexander "Dee" Brown ( February 28, 1908 – December 12, 2002) was an American Novelist and Historian This article is about the 1970 book by Dee Brown For the 2007 film of the same name see Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (film. Holt Rinehart and Winston, sometimes abbreviated as HRW or referred to as Holt, is an Austin, Texas based Publishing company
• Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821-839). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• Cox, Hank H. (2005). Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House. ISBN 1-58182-457-2.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001c). Yankton and Yanktonai. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 777-793). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. ; & Miller, David R. (2001). Assiniboine. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 572-595). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• Getty, Ian A. L. ; & Gooding, Erik D. (2001). Stoney. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 596-603). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• Hein, David (Advent 2002). "Episcopalianism among the Lakota / Dakota Indians of South Dakota. " The Historiographer, vol. 40, pp. 14-16. [The Historiographer is a publication of the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church and the National Episcopal Historians and Archivists. ]
• Hein, David (1997). "Christianity and Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation. " The McNeese Review, vol. 35, pp. 128-38.
• Parks, Douglas R. ; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). Washington, D. C. : Smithsonian Institution.
• Sullivan, Maurice S. : "Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker", New York Press of the Pioneers (1936) contains 'politically incorrect' white man's terminology and stereotypical attitudes toward the 'Indians'.
• Robert M. Utley, "The Last Days of the Sioux Nation" (Yale University, 1963) ISBN 0-300-00245-9
• Ullrich, Jan. New Lakota Dictionary. (Lakota Language Consortium). ISBN 0-9761082-9-1. Available at http://www.lakhota.org/html/DictionaryPrint.html

External links

• Dakota Blues: The History of The Great Sioux Nation
• The Yanktonai (Edward S. Curtis)
• Lakota Language Consortium
• Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year
• Rosebud Indian Reservation Land of the Sicangu Lakota Oyate
• Dakota Language and Culture Encyclopedia