| Sindh | |
 |
 |
| Capital • Coordinates |
Karachi • |
| Population (2008) • Density |
42,378,000 (Estimate) [1] • 216/km² |
| Area |
140914 km² |
| Time zone | PST (UTC+5) |
| Main language(s) | Sindhi Urdu (official/national) Siraiki English Balochi Pashto |
| Status | Province |
| • Districts | • 23 |
| • Towns | • 160 |
| • Union Councils | • 1094[1] |
| Established • Governor/Commissioner • Chief Minister • Legislature (seats) |
1970-07-01 • Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan • Qaim Ali Shah • Provincial Assembly (168) |
| Website | Govt of Sindh |
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Pakistan Standard Time (PST is the time zone for Pakistan. It is usually 5 hours ahead of GMT though as of June 1 2008 it is 6 hours ahead due to the use of DST to help decrease UTC+5 is the Timezone for Pakistan Standard Time West Asia Standard Time. English is the Official language of Pakistan while Urdu is the National language despite not being a native language or being the mother tongue Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories ||} See also Local government in Pakistan The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan A Union Council or village council in Pakistan is an elected Local government body consisting of 21 councillors and headed by a Nazim (which is equivalent The history of Pakistan as a modern nation began with independence from British India on 14 August 1947, although A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan (alternative spelling Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan) is As of 2007, the Governor of the province of Sindh in Pakistan. Syed Qaim Ali Shah ( Urdu: سید قائم علی شاہ) is the current Chief Minister of Sindh. A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Currently the internationally recognized territory of Pakistan is subdivided into four provinces and two territories Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including Urdu speaking people who migrated from India at the time of independence and partition as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. Neighbouring regions are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab in the north, the border with (India) to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: The main languages are Sindhi and Siraiki. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is In Sanskrit, the province was dubbed Sindhu meaning "ocean". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) knew the region as Sinda, the Persians Abisind, the Greeks Sinthus, the Romans Sindus, the Chinese Sintow, while the Arabs dubbed it Sind. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding It is mentioned to be a part of Abhirrdesh (Abhira Kingdom) in Srimad Bhagavatam. Abhira kingdom finds reference in Hindu scriptures, but its description and location varies according to the particular scripture The Bhagavata Purana (also known as Śrīmad Bhāgavatam, or simply Bhāgavatam) is one of the Puranic texts of Hindu literature [2] Historically it was also known as Aparanta. [3] Sindh was the first place where Islam spread in South Asia. As a result, it is often referred to as "Bab-al-Islam" (Gate of Islam).
Geography
Sindh is located on the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 54,407 square miles or 140,915 km² of Pakistani territory. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is Kirthar Mountains (كوه کیر تھر are a Mountain range located in Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus river. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The devastating floods of the river Indus are now controlled by irrigation techniques.
Karachi became capital of Sindh in 1936, in place of the traditional capitals of Hyderabad and Thatta. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Other important cities include Sanghar, Sukkur, Shahdadkot, Kamber Ali Khan, Sehwan, Mirpukhas, Larkano,Nawabshah, Shikarpur, Khairpur Mir's, Nawabshah, Kashmor, Dadu, Umerkot, Tharparkar, Jacobabad, Ghotki, Ranipur, Gambat, (Jam Shoro) (Tando Muhammed Khan)(Tando Allah Yar)Sobhodero, Hingorja, Nao shahro Feroz, Moro, Qazi Ahmed and Sehtharja. Dadu (دادو is a district of Sindh Province Pakistan. Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest ShahdadKot is a district of southeren province ( Sindh) of Pakistan Sehwan ( Urdu: سیہون) is located in Sindh province of Pakistan. Mirpur Khas District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Larkana or Larkano ( Urdu: Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province Pakistan Nawabshah ( Urdu: نوابشاہ city (established in 1912 is located in the centre of Sindh, 4 hours drive from Karachi along the left bank of River Indus Shikarpur or Shakkarpur may refer to Shikarpur Pakistan Shikarpur District towns in India Shikarpur Nawabshah ( Urdu: نوابشاہ city (established in 1912 is located in the centre of Sindh, 4 hours drive from Karachi along the left bank of River Indus Kashmore District ( Urdu: کشمور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Kashmore is the capital Dadu (دادو is a district of Sindh Province Pakistan. Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri Tharparkar ( Urdu: تھرپارکر is a town located in the Tharparkar District, which is one of 22 districts located in the Sindh province in Pakistan Jacobabad ( Sindhi: جیکب آباد is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. Ghotki (گھوٹکی Ghotki is a town of Northern Sindh, Pakistan. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ranipur is a town and a Nagar panchayat in Jhansi district in the Indian state
Climate
A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The Southwest Monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.
Sindh lies between the two monsoons - the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by Himalayan mountains — and escapes the influence of both. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18 cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus.
Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections - Siro (upper section centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (middle section centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (lower section centred on Karachi). In upper Sindh,[4] the thermal equator passes through Sindh. Upper Sindh is a town in Sindh province Pakistan. As suggested by its name it is located in the upper part of Sindh The highest temperature ever recorded was 53 °C (127 °F) in 1919. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common.
In central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18 km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than upper Sindh but higher than lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches 43-44°C (110-112°F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower rainfall than central Sindh. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to The maximum temperature reaches about 35-38°C (95-100°F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m7 and higher on the Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snow fall is received in winters. Gorakh Hill is a Hill Station of Sindh, Pakistan on the elevation of 6000 Ft Dadu (دادو is a district of Sindh Province Pakistan. Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation.
Demographics and society
| Sindh Demographic Indicators | |
|---|---|
| Indicator | Statistic |
| Urban population | 48. Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. 75% |
| Rural population | 51. 25% |
| Population growth rate | 2. 80% |
| Gender ratio (male per 100 female) | 112. 24 |
| Economically active population | 22. 75% |
The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30. 4 million, the current population can be estimated to be in the range of 42 to 44 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2. 8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Ubauro and Larkana. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest Mirpur Khas ( Urdu / Sindhi: میرپور خاص; meaning the land of the most high mirs ' is a city located in the province of Sindh Larkana or Larkano ( Urdu: Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province Pakistan Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. The British required all officers posted to Sindh to become fluent in Sindhi upon posting to Sindh. In 1972, the first elected Sindh assembly since the dissolution of the province restored this status but successive governments have failed to implement the law and many officials in the Sindh government cannot speak, read or write the language. Large sections of the population speak Sindhi and Urdu languages with other languages spoken including Siraiki, Kutchi (both dialects of Sindhi), Balochi, Brahui, Punjabi, Pashto, Rajasthani, Persian/Dari, Khowar and Gujarati. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is Kachhi (also spelled Cutchi or Kachchhi) ( Urdu: کچھی) is a Indo-Aryan Language spoken in the Kutch region of the The Brahui (Urdu spelling بروہی or Bravi (براوِ Language, spoken by the Brahui, is a Dravidian language mainly spoken in Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Rajasthani (राजस्थानी is a language or language cluster Bagri: about five million speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of Khowar,(کھوار)also known as Chitrali is a Dardic language spoken by 250000 people in Chitral in Northwest Pakistan, in Yasin Valley Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? The urban areas of Sindh are dominated by Muhajir Urdu as well as by migrant workers from peripheral provinces; and the rural areas consisting of predominantly Sindhi people. See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Panahgir (مہاجر is a diverse term used to describe the Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. Due to this ethnic composition, Sindh has become a highly polarized province. It is estimated that Urdu speaking Muhajirs make up 15% and native Sindhis make up 65% of the total population of Sindh, and Balochis, Pashtuns and Panjabis a significant part of the rest. The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an The chief tribes of Sindh are Jats and Rajputs, while Balochis and Urdu-speaking Muhajirs are more recent immigrants. Both Balochi Sindhi and natives speak Sindhi language as their mother tongue. By language, Sindhi speakers make up 70% and Urdu speakers make up 13%, while 17% of the total population of Sindh speaks Pashto, Panjabi, Balochi, Seraiki, Thari, Persian, Kutchi, Gujarati, and Bengali. The Punjabis and Pashtuns form the third and fourth biggest community in Sindh after the Sindhis and the Muhajirs. The Punjabi people ( Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی also Panjabi people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group from South Asia.
| Historical populations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Census | Population | Urban |
|
|
||
| 1951 | 6,047,748 | 29. 23% |
| 1961 | 8,367,065 | 37. 85% |
| 1972 | 14,155,909 | 40. 44% |
| 1981 | 19,028,666 | 43. 31% |
| 1998 | 30,439,893 | 48. 75% |
| 2008 | ~43,000,000 | |
Sindh's population is predominantly Muslim, but Sindh is also home to nearly all of Pakistan's Hindus, numbering roughly 1. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical 8 million. However, most Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the Partition. Smaller groups of Christians, Parsis or Zoroastrians, Ahmadis, and a tiny Jewish community (of around 500) can also be found in the province. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Ahmadiyya ( احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) is a movement that arose out of mainstream Islam towards the end of the 19th century PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, various sub-groups related to the Siraiki or Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh. Sammaat are Rajput by race and they are the long dwellers of the region Sarāikī ( Perso-Arabic: سراییکی Gurmukhi: ਸਰਾਇਕੀ Devanagari: सराइकी commonly spelled Seraiki also Siraiki is The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 30% of the total population of Sindh, while immigrant Urdu speaking Muhajirs make up 15% of the total population of the province. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early Muslim settlers including Arabs, Turks, Jews, Afghans and Persians. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Demographics of Afghanistan are ethnically and linguistically mixed layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Most of the urban population of Sindh including Karachi and Hyderabad are descendants of people who migrated to Pakistan in 1947. and are called Muhajirs or Urdu-speaking people.
History
In ancient times, the territory of the modern Sindh province was sometimes known as Sovira (or Souveera) and also as Sindhudesh, Sindhu being the original name for Indus River and the suffix 'desh' roughly corresponding to country or territory. Sindh ( Sind) (سنڌ is one of the provinces of Pakistan. Sindh had one of the world's oldest civilizations the Indus Valley civilization. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd
The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: مﮩرگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin
The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding It is known that the Indus Valley Civilization traded with ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt via established shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the word for cotton was Sindh denoting that the bulk of that civilization's cotton was predominantly imported from the Indus Valley Civilization.
A branch of the Indo-Iranian tribes, called the Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic Civilization that existed between Sarasvati River and Ganges River around 1500 BCE and also influenced Indus Valley Civilization. Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the History of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being The Sarasvati River ( Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती नदी sárasvatī nadī) is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent This civilization helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia.
Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE, and became part of the Persian satrapy (province) of Hindush centred in the Punjab to the north. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of See also the related deity Satrapes. Satrap (Persian ساتراپ was the name given to the governors of the Provinces of ancient Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Persian speech had a tendency to replace 'S' with an 'H' resulting in 'Sindu' being pronounced and written as 'Hindu'. They introduced the Kharoshti script and links to the west in the region. The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient Abugida (an alphasyllabary based on consonants with graphical variations to express
Subsequently conquered by Greeks led by Alexander the Great, the region came under loose Greek control for a few decades. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Sindh was then conquered by the Mauryans led by Chandragupta in 305 BCE. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military Chandragupta may refer to Chandragupta Maurya, Indian king Mauryan Empire 322–293 BCE Chandragupta I, Indian king Gupta Empire 320-335
Later, during the reign of the Buddhist king Ashoka the region would solidly become a Buddhist domain. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Ashoka ( Devanāgarī: अशोकः IAST: Aśokaḥ, aɕoːkə(hə Prakrit Imperial title Devanampriya Priyadarsi Following a century of Mauryan rule which ended by 232 BCE, the region came under the Greco-Bactrians based in what is today Afghanistan. The Gr(aeco-Bactrian Kingdom was the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world covering Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia from 250 Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, These rulers also converted to Buddhism and spread it in the region.
The Scythians shattered the Greco-Bactrians fledgling empire. Subsequently, the Tocharian Kushan Empire annexed Sindh by the 1st century CE. The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 Though the Kushans were Zoroastrian, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
The Huns and remnants of the Kushans, Scythians, and the Sassanid Persians all exercised some degree of control in Sindh until the coming of the Muslim Arabs in 711 CE. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding
During the reign of Rashidun Caliph Umar, an expedition was sent to conquer Makran. Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Makran ( Urdu / Persian: مکران) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along This was first time when Muslim armies had entered Sindh. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The Islamic army defeated the Hindu king of Sindh Raja Rasil on the western bank of the river Indus. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The armies of Raja accordingly retreated to interior Sindh. Caliph Umar, on getting the information about the miserable conditions of Sindh stopped his armies from crossing the river Indus and, instead, ordered them to consolidate their position in Makran and Baluchistan. Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Makran ( Urdu / Persian: مکران) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid Region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Caliph Umar's successor Uthman also sent his agent to investigate the matters of Sindh. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Upon getting the same information of unfavourable geographical conditions and the miserable lives of the people, he forbade his armies from entering Sindh. During the Rashidun Caliphate only the south western part of Sindh around the western bank of river Indus, and some northern parts near the frontiers of Baluchistan remained under the rule of the Islamic empire. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid Region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest [5] It was finally Conquered by Syrian Arabs, led by Muhammad bin Qasim. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (محمد بن قاسم (c 31 December, 695 &ndash 18 July, 715) born Muhammad bin Qasim bin Yusuf Sakifi Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate referred to as Al-Sindh on Arab maps with lands further east known as Hind. A caliphate (from the Arabic خلافة or khilāfa) is the political leadership of the Muslim community in classical and medieval Islamic history Ironically, these resemble the current border between the two nations of Pakistan and India. The defeat of the Brahmin ruler Raja Dahir was made easier by the tension between the Buddhist majority and the ruling Brahmins' fragile base of control. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Raja Dahir ( Sindhi: राजा दाहिर راجا ڏاھر) born 679 AD, died 712 AD, was the last Sindhi Hindu
The Arabs redefined the region and adopted the term budd to refer to the numerous Buddhist idols they encountered, a word that remains in use today. The city of Mansura was established as a regional misr or capital. Mansura (منصورہ was the capital of the Arab empire in Sindh. Arab rule lasted for nearly three centuries, and a fusion of cultures produced much of what is today modern Sindhi society. Arab geographers, historians and travelers also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The meaning of the word Sindhu being water (or ocean) appears to refer to the Indus river. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd
In addition, there is a mythological belief among Muslims that four rivers had sprung from Heaven: Neel (Nile), Furat (Euphrates), Jehoon (Jaxartes) and Sehoon (Sindh or in modern times the Indus). The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Syr Darya (Сырдария Сирдарё Sirdaryoسيردريا also transliterated Syrdarya or Sirdaryo) is a River in Central Asia
Arab rule ended with the ascension of the Soomro dynasty, who were local Sindhi Muslims, and who controlled the province directly and as vassals from 1058 to 1249. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Soomro ( Sindhi: سومرو) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. Turkic invaders conquered the area by 977 CE and the region loosely became part of the Ghaznavid Empire and then the Delhi Sultanate which lasted until 1524. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Ghaznavid Empire was a Khorāṣānian Sunni Muslim state founded by a dynasty of Turkic Mamluk. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए
The Mughals seized the region and their rule lasted for another two centuries, while another local Sindhi Muslim group, the Samma, challenged Mughal rule from their base at Thatta. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most Samma ( Urdu: سما) is a Baloch tribe settled in the provinces of Balochistan and Sind of Pakistan. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near The Muslim Sufi played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to Islam. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.
Though part of larger empires, Sindh continued to enjoy a certain autonomy as a loyal Muslim domain and came under the rule of the Arghun Dynasty and the Tarkhan Dynasty from 1519 to 1625. The Arghun Dynasty was a dynasty of either Mongol, Turkish or Turko-Mongol ethnicity that ruled parts of Afghanistan in the late 15th Tarkhan Dynasty or Turkhan ( Urdu: سلسله ترخان) was established by Turkic Tarkhan and they ruled Sindh, Pakistan
Sindh became a vassal-state of the Afghan Durrani Empire by 1747. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire) was a large state based in modern Afghanistan and Pakistan and later included northeastern It was then ruled by Kalhora rulers and later the Balochi Talpurs[6] from 1783. Kalhora or Kalhoro ( Urdu: کلہوڑا Sindhi: ڪلهوڙا is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan.
British forces under General Charles Napier arrived in Sindh in the 19th century and conquered it in 1843. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 For the naval officer of the same name see Charles Napier General Sir Charles James Napier GCB ( August 10 It is said that he sent back to the Governor General a one-word message, "Peccavi" – Latin for "I have sinned". Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In actual fact, this pun first appeared as a cartoon in Punch magazine. Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 The first Aga Khan helped the British in the conquest of Sindh and was granted a pension as a result. Aga Khan I ( آغا خان اوّل; or less commonly but more correctly آقا خان اوّل;) was the title accorded to Hasan Ali Shah .
After 1853, Sindh was divided into provinces, each being assigned a Zamindar or 'Wadara' to collect taxes for the British (a system already used under the Mughals). Zamindar ( Devanagari: ज़मींदार zamīndār, Urdu: زمیندار zamīndār, Eastern Nagari: জমিদার The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British India's Bombay Presidency much to the surprise of the local population who found the decision illogical. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India. Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935. The British ruled the area for a century and Sindh was home to many prominent Muslim leaders including Muhammad Ali Jinnah who strived for greater Muslim autonomy. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan
In 1947, when the British left, Pakistan was created from the partitioning of British India. All of Sindh was allotted to Pakistan. In 1947, 25 per cent of the population of Sindh was Hindu Sindhi. Most of the Hindu Sindhis were city dwellers and were largely occupied with trade and commerce. They were responsible for the export of products made in Sindh and contributed significantly to the economy of Sindh. When the partition of British India occurred the Sindhi Hindus expected to remain in Sindh. Generally, there were good relation between Hindu Sindhis and Muslims Sindhis. When large waves of Indian Muslims started to arive into Sindh, violence erupted on the streets, possibly due to the local population largely being conservative. The Hindu Sindhis fled Sindh, leaving everything behind. Popati Hirandani who was a Sindhi Hindu tells in her autobiography that the Police were merely onlookers when violence erupted and they did not protect the Hindus' community. [7] Many Hindu Sindhis wanted to return to their native Sindh when the violence settled down, but this was not possible as the border between India and Pakistan was sealed. Property belonging to the Hindus was appropriated by the Mohajirs in the same manner that their properties in India were given to Hindu refugees. Hindu Sindhis are scattered throughout the world and many feel like a stateless people and still regard Sindh as their homeland, Sindhis in India have resisted attempts to have the word Sindh removed from the Indian national anthem, though Sindh lies entirely within Pakistan. [8] It should be noted, that many Sindhi Hindus still reside in the province of Sindh and relations have considerably improved.
In later years, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of illegal immigration from South Asian countries, Burma, and Afghanistan, including Bengali, Pashtun and Punjabi immigrants to Karachi. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the Bhutto and Soomro dynasties. Bhutto ( Sindhi: ڀُٽو Urdu:) is a Sindhi samat tribe settled in Sindh, Pakistan. Soomro ( Sindhi: سومرو) is the name of a Sindhi tribe in Sindh, Pakistan.
In recent years native Sindhi dissatisfaction has grown over issues such as illegal immigration, control of the natural resources of gas, petrol and coal, the construction of large dams, perceived discrimination in military/government jobs, provincial autonomy, and admission to educational institutes. Many Sindhis also resent the success of well educated, liberal newcomers, such as entrepreneurial Indian Muslims (racistly referred by natives as mahajirs), and industrialist Punjabis. They may also resent the overwhelming dominance of Pashtuns in security and Karachi's public transportation.
Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly
The Sindh assembly was the first Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan. G. M. Syed, an influential Sindhi activist, revolutionary and Sufi and one of the important leaders to the forefront of the provincial autonomy movement joined the Muslim League in 1938 and presented the Pakistan resolution in the Sindh Assembly. G M Syed ( January 17, 1904 — April 25, 1995) ( جی۔ ایم۔ سید) (abbreviation of Ghulam Murtaza Shah Syed G. M. Syed can rightly be considered as the founder of Sindhi nationalism.
Government
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. Government of Sindh is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. ( Sind) سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and is home
Districts
There are 23 districts in Sindh, Pakistan. ||} See also Local government in Pakistan The Districts of Pakistan form the third tier of government in Pakistan, ranking as subdivisions of the provinces
Major cities
Economy
Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is the backbone of Pakistan's economy. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Larkana or Larkano ( Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو Urdu: لاڑکانہ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan. Jacobabad District ( Urdu: جیکب آباد) is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. Shikarpur district ( Urdu: شڪارپور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Shikarpur is the The official name of Qambar District is Qamber-Shahdad Kot District. Sukkur district ( talqa) in Sindh Province in Pakistan is divided into 5 administrative strata ( tehsils) namely Sukkur City New Sukkur Ghotki District (گھوٽڪي(گھوٹکی is a district of Sindh Province Pakistan. Kashmore District ( Urdu: کشمور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Kashmore is the capital Khairpur district ( Urdu: خیر پور) is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Naushahro Feroze District ( Urdu: نوشہرو فیروز) is a district in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Dadu (دادو is a district of Sindh Province Pakistan. Dadu district was created in 1933 by the British Indian administration by merging Kotri Nawabshah District (or Nawab Shah is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, named after Syed Nawab Shah. Jamshoro District (ڄام شورو ( Urdu: جامشورو is a district of Sindh province Pakistan. Sanghar District (ضلع سانگھڑ is one of the largest districts of Sindh province Pakistan. Matiari District ( Urdu: مٹیاری) is located in Sindh, Pakistan, the city of Matiari is the capital Hyderābād District ( Urdu: حیدر آباد) is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. Tando Muhammad Khan is one of the districts in the province of Sindh province Pakistan. Tando Allah Yar District ( Urdu: ٹنڈو اللہ یار) ( Sindhi: ٽنڊوالهيار) is a district of Sindh province Pakistan Badin District (بدین is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Thatta District ( Urdu: ضلع ٹھٹہ) ( Sindhi: ضلع ٺٽو is located in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Mirpur Khas District is one of the districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Umerkot or Umarkot is a district of Sindh province Pakistan. History After the 1843 invasion by Charles Napier, Sindh Tharparkar (ٿرپارڪر ( تھرپارکر) district is located in Sindh, Pakistan. The following is a list of cities in Sindh, Pakistan. Badin Dadu Daharki Badin (بدین is a town located in Sindh, Pakistan east of the Indus River. Dadu (دادو is town in Sindh, Pakistan. Dadu is the capital of Dadu District. The Daharki is a city in district Ghotki in Province of Sindh in Pakistan Diplo may refer to Ramón Rivero, Puerto Rican actor comedian and composer Diplo (DJ, Wesley Pentz (also variably known as Diplodocus Ghotki (گھوٹکی Ghotki is a town of Northern Sindh, Pakistan. Hala (هـالا is a town in the Pakistani province of Sindh. ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Jacobabad ( Sindhi: جیکب آباد is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. Jamshoro ( Urdu: جامشورو) is a City in Jamshoro District, Sindh, Pakistan. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Kashmore ( Urdu: کشمور) is a city in Kashmore District, Sindh, Pakistan. Khairpur or Khayrpur may refer to Khairpur Pakistan Khayrpur (princely state, a former subdivision of Pakistan extant 1775&ndash1955 Larkana or Larkano ( Urdu: Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province Pakistan Mirpur Mathelo is a town in Ghotki District, Sindh province Pakistan. Mirpur Khas ( Urdu / Sindhi: میرپور خاص; meaning the land of the most high mirs ' is a city located in the province of Sindh Mithi is a town in Tharparker District, Sindh province Pakistan, located 300 kilometers from Karachi. Nawabshah ( Urdu: نوابشاہ city (established in 1912 is located in the centre of Sindh, 4 hours drive from Karachi along the left bank of River Indus Village Raharki a very important town in the Sindh province is 5 kilometers away from the city of Daharki Ratodero is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a sub-division of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, it is located Sadiqabad or Sadiq Abad or Sadik Abad or Sadikabad ( Urdu: صادق آباد) is a City in Punjab, Pakistan Sanghar (سانگھڑ is the district head quarter of Sanghar District, situated in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. Shikarpur or Shakkarpur may refer to Shikarpur Pakistan Shikarpur District towns in India Shikarpur Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest Tando Jam ( Sindhi: ٽنڊوڄام) is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Tando Muhammad Khan ( Sindhi: ٽنڊو محمد خان, Urdu: ٹنڈو محمد خان) is a town in Sindh, Pakistan Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Umarkot may refer to Hyderabad Airport Umerkot, Pakistan It generates almost 30% of the total national tax revenue[9] (26. 8% in the last two years). The federal government, however, spends just 23% of the financial divisible pool there. The Sindh government considers the formula of financial resource distribution (the NFC award) to be unjust and solely population-denominated. The NFC award, National Finance Commission award is the distribution of financial resources among the provinces of Pakistan by the federal government on annual basis But the fact remains that most business is done through Karachi - a major sea port and major revenue collection and banking centre. Because Karachi is a business hub, actual Sindh tax revenue is much higher than its official tax revenue.
Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Pakistan's rapidly growing information technology sector (IT) is also centred in Karachi and manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.
Vegetation
The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western hill region. Tecomella undulata is Tree Species, locally known as Rohida, found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India Tecomella undulata is Tree Species, locally known as Rohida, found in Thar Desert regions of northwest and western India In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more common trees. Neem ( Azadirachta indica, syn Melia azadirachta L Antelaea azadirachta (L Capparis decidua is commonly known as karir, kair, kirir, karril, etc (करीर
Mango, date palms, and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange, and chiku are the typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, and the inshore Indus deltaic islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.
Flora and fauna
Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), wild sheep (urial or gadh) and black bear are found in the western rocky range, where the leopard is now rare. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring The pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped hyena (charakh),jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Hyaenidae is a Mammalian family of order Carnivora. The Hyaenidae family native to both African and Asian continents consists of four A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ) is a member of any of three A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas.
Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur particularly in the central inundation belt. There are a variety of bats, lizards, and reptiles, including the cobra, lundi (viper), and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the victim's breath in his sleep. Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus and the eastern Nara channel. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked dolphin, rorqual or blue whale, and a variety of skates frequent the seas along the Sind coast. The pallo (sable fish), though a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn.
Education
The Narayan Jagannath High School at Karachi was the first government school established in Sindh. The Narayan Jagannath High School at Karachi was the first government school established in Sindh. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million It was opened in October 1855. The province has a high literacy rate compared to other parts of Pakistan, mainly due to the importance of Karachi. The major academic institutions of Sindh include the Aga Khan University, Bahria University, University of Karachi, Sindh University, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Business Administration (Karachi), Dow University of Health Sciences, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (Jamshoro), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology,[10] Quaid e Awam University of Engineering and Technology Nawabshah,[11] Isra University Hyderabad, Hamdard University Karachi, Baqai Medical University Karachi, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur (SALU), Chandka Medical College, Peoples' Medical College Nawabshah, Sindh Madarastul Islam Karachi, D. The Aga Khan University (AKU is a Coeducational Research University spread over three continents Bahria University (بحریہ یونیورسٹی also known as BU, is a multi- Campus University, with its headquarter in Islamabad, The University of Karachi ( Urdu: جامعہ كراچى) is located in the city of Karachi, Province of Sindh, Pakistan. The University of Sindh (سنڌ يونيورسٽي ( Urdu: جامعه سندھ informally known as Sindh University (abbreviated SU or USindh Nadirshaw Edulji Dinshaw University of Engineering and Technology (NED University of Engineering and Technology is the only public-sector Engineering University in Karachi City which The Institute of Business Administration, usually referred to by its Acronym IBA, is a University in Karachi, Pakistan and is Dow Medical College is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Dow Medical College is one of the most respected medical colleges and one of the oldest education National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences ( NUCES or NU) is a University in Pakistan with headquarters at Islamabad The Mehran University of Engineering and Technology (مهراڻ يونيورسٽي آف انجنيرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي informally shortened as Mehran University J. Sindh Government Science College, and the Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture, Shaheed Z. Indus Valley School of Art and Architecture is a not-for-profit degree awarding institution in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan A. Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Karachi, Sindh Agricultural University Tandojam, Iqra University and the Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology,Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Sukkur
This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated[12] by the government in 1998.
| Qualification | Urban | Rural | Total | Enrollment Ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | 14,839,862 | 15,600,031 | 30,439,893 | — |
| Below Primary | 1,984,089 | 3,332,166 | 5,316,255 | 100. 00 |
| Primary | 3,503,691 | 5,687,771 | 9,191,462 | 82. 53 |
| Middle | 3,073,335 | 2,369,644 | 5,442,979 | 52. 33 |
| Matriculation | 2,847,769 | 2,227,684 | 5,075,453 | 34. 45 |
| Intermediate | 1,473,598 | 1,018,682 | 2,492,280 | 17. 78 |
| BA, BSc… degrees | 106,847 | 53,040 | 159,887 | 9. 59 |
| MA, MSc… degrees | 1,320,747 | 552,241 | 1,872,988 | 9. 07 |
| Diploma, Certificate… | 440,743 | 280,800 | 721,543 | 2. 91 |
| Other qualifications | 89,043 | 78,003 | 167,046 | 0. 54 |
There are six Cadet Colleges also. Admission to state run educational institutions in Pakistan is based on the provincial level. The other three provinces have a merit-based intraprovincial admission policy. Sindh is an exception to this general rule, where admissions are allowed on district domiciles of the candidates and their parents. This arrangement discriminates against meritorious students of Sindhi ethnic background, denying them admission to educational institutes and courses of their choice. Currently there is a lot of resentment of this admission policy. Sindhis are demanding intraprovincial merit-based admissions to state run educational institutes, similar to the one existing in other provinces. This will provide equal opportunities to all students of Sindh. Furthermore, the armed forces have also entered the education sector. They are funded by government and operate like private costly education providers.
Arts and crafts
The skill of the Sindhi craftsman continues to exhibit the 5000-year-old artistic tradition. The long span of time, punctuated by fresh and incessant waves of invaders and settlers, provided various exotic modes of arts which, with the passage of time, got naturalized on the soil. The perfected surface decorations of objects of everyday use - clay, metal, wood, stone or fabrics, with the floral and geometrical designs - can be traced back to the Muslim influence.
Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for 'Ajrak', pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloth which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi) camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and Khes. The earthenware of Johi, metal vessels of Shikarpur, relli, embroidery, and leather articles of Tharparkar, and lacquered work of Kandhkot are some of the other popular crafts.
The pre-historic finds from different archaeological sites such as Mohenjo-daro, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs provide ample evidence of the people in their literary and musical traditions. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization One of the largest necropolises in the world with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125000 Sufi saints
Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times and some young trained men have taken up commercial art collections.
Cultural heritage
Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. The 30th century BC is a Century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala’s artisans are manufacturing high quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, blue pottery, etc. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including Khadi, Susi, and Ajrak are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala’s handicraft. Khādī ( IAST) or khaddar ( Devnagri: खादी or खद्दर Nastaliq: کھڈی کھدر simply means cotton This list contains persons named in The Bible of minor notability about whom either nothing or very little is known aside from any family connections Ajrak is a name given to a unique form of Shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan.
The artisans of Hala rarely get the justified price of their labour. The middlemen have been exploiting the artisans for decades selling the handicrafts at exorbitant profit margins at tourist hot spots of Karachi Lahore and Islamabad and even abroad. There is a dire need of patronizing the handicraft cluster of Hala, provide the artisans a platform to sell their products in cities and export markets so as to enable them earn handsome amount of their produced goods.
The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.
The diverse Sindhi cultures, lifestyles, traditions as well as geographical conditions have influenced Sindhi art, and for over a century handicrafts have been a source of pride and a livelihood for the people of Hala. Kashi woodwork and other products made by the artisan community of Hala have established a position in the domestic and international markets. Jandi woodwork of Hala gives a glimpse of the richness of Pakistani culture and tradition has been followed through generations.
Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Armenia, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten an English traveller who visited Sindh in early 19th century said, the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China.
Jandi is famous all over the world due to its delicacy, durability and the natural beauty of the wood. Jandi is rendered on lamps, candle stands, flower vases, jewelry boxes, cigarette boxes, ash trays, pots, swings, cots, dressing tables, chairs & tables, bedroom sets, sofa sets, and telephone stands. The Jandi work also has its drawbacks. The persons associated with the business said that lacquer furniture and items have a long life but acid, alcohol, and oil will damage the colour. Moreover, direct sunshine and water can destroy the life of the products. Hala has also preserved the extraordinary traditional ceramic techniques.
The village potters known as kumhaar across the Indian sub continent are still producing exquisite earthenware in Hala. In Pakistan the finest examples of Kashi work are in the Sindh province. Kashi work consisted of two kinds: (a) Enamel-faced tiles and bricks of strongly fired red earthenware, or terracotta; (b) Enamel faced tiles and tesserae of lightly fired lime-mortar, or sandstone. Some authorities describe tile-mosaic work as the true Kashi.
Hala’s apparel tradition is one of the world’s oldest with handlooms and power looms dating back to the Indus valley civilization. The hand-spun and hand-woven cloth called "Khadi" was being exported to various countries since time immemorial.
Since Khadi deals in natural fibres viz. cotton, silk and wool only, spun and woven in natural environment, it can boast of being 100 percent natural, unlike handloom and mills which receive cotton yarn, blended with some regenerated cellulose fibres. Khadi cloth has found its place in haute couture and on the ramps of most eminent fashion devas.
Over a period of time cotton was mixed with silk to create Mashru, a double layered material with a thick cotton base and a silken warp woven in satin weave, a purely Indian innovation. It was woven specially for the ladies. In the Susi weave the cotton weft lay against the skin; hence it was permissible to wear it. In the Ain-i-Akbari, it is mentioned that Susi, a reputed silken fabric from Shush, a town in Persia, was originally brought to the Deccan via Alexandria during the 11th century. The Ain-i-Akbari or the "Institutes of Akbar" is a 16th century detailed document recording the administration of emperor Akbar 's empire written by his Vizier Susi lost its silken character somewhere along the line and reappeared as a cotton fabric in Lahore in the 1620’s. Susi later became synonymous with Sindh, the primary production centres being Hala and Hyderabad.
Technological improvements were gradually introduced such as the spinning wheel [charkha] and treadle [pai-chah] in the weavers’ loom, to increase refinement in designing, dyeing and printing by block. Painting process amounted for a much higher volume of output. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to only woollens and linens of the age.
Ajrak has been in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. Ajrak is a name given to a unique form of Shawls and tiles found in Sindh, Pakistan. Blue colour is dominantly used in Ajrak. Also, Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. Ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured quest, friend or woman. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions - like homecoming.
Along with Ajrak the Rilli or patchwork sheet, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Every Sindhi home will have set of Rillis - one for each member of the family and few spare for guests. Rilli is made with different small pieces of different geometrical shapes of cloths sewn together to create intricate designs.
Rilhi is also given as a gift to friends and visitors. It is used as a bedspread as well as a blanket. A beautifully sewn Rilli can also become part of a bride or grooms gifts. Rural women in Sindh are skilful in producing Sindhi caps.
Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places and these manufacturing units have very limited production due to lack of marketing facilities.
The Sindhi Language
Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी) is spoken by about 15 million people in the province of Sind. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is Hyderabad, Pakistan. ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-European language, related to Urdu and other Indo-European language prevalent in the region with substantial Arabic, Turkish and Persian loan words. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised In Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu.
Places of interest
Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Larkana or Larkano ( Urdu: Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province Pakistan Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Jama Masjid in Thatta built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born Sufi and the beautiful mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah known as the Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (1177- Sehwan Sharif 1274 (لال شھباز قلندر a Sufi Saint, Philosopher, Poet Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Mazar-e-Quaid ( Urdu: مزار قائد) or the National Mausoleum refers to the tomb of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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Places of historical interest
Gorakh Hill
The Gorakh Hill is Highest Hill Point In Sindh among the Kerthar Mountain Range. Umarkot may refer to Hyderabad Airport Umerkot, Pakistan A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys Gorkah Hill Is located in North-west of District Dadu along with Balochistan Border. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان Gorakh Hill is under Develop Project. You reach Gorkah Hill Top from Dadu City with 4x4 Vehicles, which are available from Dadu and Johi. Gorakh Hill Top is 93Km From Dadu City, at the milestone of 17Km you reach the small city of Johi which is the Taluka of District Dadu, and Starting Point Of kacho Area and the milestone of 41Km you reach the last small town Before Gorakh Hill Wahi pandi which is the settled in the lap of Kerthar Mountain Range. A mountain range is a chain of Mountains bordered by highlands or separated from other mountains by passes or valleys After Wahi Pandi the Road is Towered Slowly at the milestone of 53Km you are Enter in Yaroo Pass (Yaroo Sain Jo Luck) after Crossing Yaroo Pass 2500ft Above See Laval and the journey continue in Mountains and at the milestone of 76Km you reach the Base camp of another Highest Pass of Kerthar Mountain Range it is Khanwal Pass the base camp is on elevation of 3000ft and the Top of Khanwal pass on the Elevation of 5000ft Above See Level. PASS (the Proof of Age Standards Scheme) is a government-backed scheme in the UK that gives young people a valid and accepted form of Proof of Age identification The Distance Between Khanwal Pass Base Camp To Khanwal Pass Top Is 4Km. The 4Km Journey is too zigzag. After reach the Top of Khanwal Pass Drive continue to Gorakh Hill Top which is the 13Km. At the Top Of Gorakh Hill you can stay in Rest House or Camping at top Because the Gorakh Hill Is Under Development Sindh Govt. have some project Like Hotel, Restaurants, and a chair lift at Top.
Ranikot
It is the largest fort of its kind in the region and in the world, It is situated in the of the Kirthar Range about 30 km southwest of Sann, Jamshoro district of Sindh, approximately 90 km north of Hyderabad, in Pakistan. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for Kirthar Mountains (كوه کیر تھر are a Mountain range located in Balochistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan. Jamshoro ( Urdu: جامشورو) is a City in Jamshoro District, Sindh, Pakistan. ( Urdu, Sindhi:; Haidarābād is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and It has an approximate diameter of 9 km. Its walls are on the average 6 meters high and are made of gypsum and lime cut sandstone and its total circumference is about 29 km of which 8 km walls are man-made. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. While originally constructed for bow and arrow warfare it was later expanded to withstand firearms.
Bhambore
About 64 km east of Karachi, on the National Highway, is an interesting archaeological site, Bhambore, originally the sea-port of Debal where the young Arab warrior Mohammad Bin Qasim landed his armies in 711 AD. Bhambore (بھنبور are the ruins of an ancient port city of Debal from 7th century located at the base of River Indus. Three different periods in Sindh history coincide here: the Scytho-Parthians, the Hindu-Buddhist and the early Islamic. There is a museum and a rest house at the site.
Chaukundi Tombs
The Chaukundi Tombs are attributed to Jokhio and Baloch tribes and were build between 15th and 18th centuries. Chaukhandi (چوکنڈی tombs are attributed to Jokhio and Baloch tribes and were build between 15th and 18th centuries Jokhio is the Samma tribe settle in Sindh and Balochistan, Pakistan. The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting It is situated 20km east of Karachi. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million
Thatta
Once a famous center of learning, arts and commerce and provisional capital for about four centuries in the past, Thatta is situated 98 km east of Karachi. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Today, it is notable for the Jamia Masjid built by the Moghal Emperor Shah Jehan, and the Makli Tombs (15th - 17th centuries), a vast necropolis spread over 15. One of the largest necropolises in the world with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125000 Sufi saints 5 km², depicting exquisite specimens of architecture, stone carvings and glazed tile decorations.
Keenjhar Lake
Some 24 km north of Thatta, is the large man-made Keenjhar Lake, which is 30 km long and 10 km wide. Thatta or Thatto ( Urdu: ٹھٹہ Sindhi:ٺٽو is an historic town of 22000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near The lake has facilities for angling and boating. Angling is a method of Fishing by means of an "angle" ( hook) PTDC motels offer food and accommodation.
Makli Hill|Makli Tombs
One of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, the Makli Tombs are supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" One of the largest necropolises in the world with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125000 Sufi saints Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern province of present-day Pakistan. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis.
Kirthar National Park
Located about 48 km from Karachi in the midst of the barren rocks of the Kirthar Range in Dadu district, near Thano Boola Khan is Kirthar National Park. Designed and planned with the help of the research and planning group of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the park is approved and recognized by international wildlife bodies. It is the last bastion of a wide variety of the region's wildlife that includes Sindh ibex, urial, deer, leopard, gray partridges and Houbara bustard. The Sindh Wildlife Management Board plans tours and provides transport from Karachi.
Hyderabad
Situated at about 164 km northeast of Karachi, Hyderabad was the capital of Sindh during the reign of the Talpur Mirs in the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, it is known for Mehran University of Engineering & Technology(MUET) and Sindh University, Jamshoro; the provincial museum; the Institute of Sindhology and the Sindhi Adabi Board and also for colourful handicrafts such as glass bangles, glazed tiles, lacquered wood furniture, handloom cloth called 'soosi', block-printed 'Ajrak', leather shoes, etc. Historic monuments include old Mud Fort, Sheikh Makai Fort, Kalhoro Monuments, Talpur Monuments and Miani Forest.
Mir Shahdad jo Qubo
Tomb of Mir Shahdad Talpur (who is regarded as one of the finest military commanders of Sindh) one of the historical heritages of Sindh is at Shahpur Chakar Distt: Sanghar. This is a graveyard of the family members of Mir Shahdad Talpur. Shahdadpur a big city of Province Sindh is named behind Mir Shahdad Talpur, whereas Shahpur Chakar is named behind his son Mir Chakar Talpur. yes
Hala
Hala is famous for its glazed pottery and enameled wood work. Situated on the National Highway about 56 km from Hyderabad, it is frequently visited by hundreds of devotees of Hazrat Makhdoom Noah (10th century Hijra), a contemporary of Mughal Emperor Akbar and a religious divine, who converted a large number of people of Islam and also translated the Quran into Persian which is one of its earliest Persian translations in South Asia.
Bhitshah
Situated at about 56 km from Hyderabad on the National Highway, Bhitshah is the resting place of Sindh's renowned saint and mystic poet Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (1689 - 1752). He is remembered for the compendium of his poetry called 'Risalo', a treasure house of wisdom as well as romantic folklore and fine pottery. He also founded a musical tradition of his own which is still popular. Devotees sing with fervor and frenzy his love-intoxicated Kafis to the strains of ek-tara (single string instrument) mainly on the occasion of his "Urs" held every year between 13th and 15th of Safar, the second Islamic lunar month.
Sehwan
Situated on the right bank of River Indus at a distance of 135 km from Hyderabad, Sehwan is an old town of pre-Islamic period. Here are the remains of Kafir-Qila, a fort reported to have been constructed by Alexander the Great. Sehwan is famous for the resting place of the great mystic poet, saint and scholar Shaikh Usman Marvandvi (1117 - 1274), popularly known as Shahbaz Qalandar whose mausoleum is visited by thousands of the devotees throughout the year. During the Urs celebrations (18th Shahban - the eighth Islamic lunar month), devotees dance rhythmically and with total abandon to the beat of drums (Naqqara Dhamal), finally ending in a spiritual trance.
Manchar Lake
About 16 km from Sehwan, Manchar, the largest fresh water lake in Asia, is as old as the Indus River. Spread over 254 km², it is a perfect spot for relaxing and the best location for duck-shooting during winter.
Daraza Sharif
Daraza Sharif, a small village, some 52 km from Khairpur, is known for the tomb of Sachal Sarmast who was a great master of Islamic learning, lived a pious life and composed poetry in Sindhi, Seraiki, Persian and Urdu. Sachal Sarmast's Urs is celebrated on 14th of Ramzan (9th month of Islamic lunar calendar).
Kot Deji
Kot Deji is regarded as one of the world's most important archaeological sites, dating back to 3000 BC, older than Moen-jo-daro and Harappa. Excavations made in 1955 unearthed an astoundingly well-organized city with a citadel that testifies to its being the finest fortified town in South Asian subcontinent.
Moen-jo-Daro
About 563 km from Karachi off the Indus Highway lie the world-famous ruins of Moen-jo-Daro (the Mound of the Dead), now being preserved with UNESCO's help. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 The museum at Moen-jo-Daro is unique and a visit takes you back centuries back when the location was a civilized city and a busy river Port. Air and train services from Karachi and an air-conditioned rest house have been built there.
Other places
Among other historical sites are Amri, Umerkot (the birthplace of Emperor Akbar) and the legendary Arab city of Mansura near Shahdadpur in Sanghar district. Other interesting places include Matiari, town of old beautiful mosques and one of the centers of 'Ajrak'. On its outskirts lie the ruins of a Buddhist stupa. Nasarpur is famous for 'Khes', exquisite embroidery, decorative pottery, and wood work. It is also a holy place for the Hindu community.
Famous people
Note: Regarding those personalities who were born before 1947 and lived until after independence, the criteria used for judging which list to put them under is when did this person first make a name for themselves, e. g. , Mohammad Ali Jinnah before 1947.
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Historical personalities |
Pre-Independence (pre-1947)
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Post-Independence (post-1947)
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Entertainment
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Sports |
Sindhi literature
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Famous poets
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Famous PHDs in Computing Engineering
- Dr. Shams-ul-Ulama Mirza Kalich Baig ( Sindhi: مرزا قليچ بيگ (b Shaikh Ayaz ( Sindhi: شيخ اياز was one of the major Sindhi poets of Pakistan. Sachal Sarmast ( 1739 - 1829) ( Sindhi: سچلُ سرمستُ) ( Urdu: سچل سرمست) was a renowned Sindhi Sufi Abdul Ahad Siddiqi
- Dr. Zubair Ahmed Sheikh
- Dr. Imdad Ali Ismaili
- Dr. Qurban Memon
- Dr. Roshan Sheikh
Famous Women Sindhi poets
- Markhan Shaikhan
- Jadal Jatni
- Mai Niamat
- Shah Shujah
- Mai Ghulam Fatima Lal
- Hasu Bai
- Roshan Mughal
First Muslim Lady Doctor of Sub-Continent
- Dr. Sarah Siddiqi
See also
References
- ^ Government of Sindh
- ^ http://vedabase.net/sb/2/4/18/en
- ^ P. Sateen Jo Aastan ( Sindhi: ستين جوآستان) is located on the left bank of the Indus River. 391 The Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism By Benjamin Walker
- ^ http://www.app.com.pk
- ^ Tarikh al Khulfa vol: 1 pg:197
- ^ Unofficial website on the Talpurs - URL accessed March 4, 2006
- ^ The Library of Congress
- ^ Sindhis in India - India Daily
- ^ http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/02/
- ^ M.U.E.T
- ^ Q.U.E.S.T
- ^ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics
External links
- Government of Sindh
- 'Come on Sindh !' - A blog dedicated to the province of Sindh
- Map of the districts of Sindh
- Popular Sindhi Personalities
- Sindh Attractions
- http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics
- Sindh at the Open Directory Project
- Sindh travel guide from Wikitravel
Dictionary
Sindh
-proper noun
- One of the southern provinces of Pakistan, whose capital is Karachi. It is also the area in which the Indus Valley Civilization flourished.
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