Simulacrum (plural: -crums, -cra), from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness, similarity",^[1] is first recorded in the English language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation of another thing, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god; by the late 19th century, it had gathered a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. ^[2] Philosopher Frederic Jameson offers photorealism as an example of artistic simulacrum, where a painting is created by copying a photograph that is itself a copy of the real. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Fredric Jameson (born April 14, 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist. Photorealism is the genre of painting based on making a painting of a Photograph. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic ^[3] Other art forms that play with simulacra include Trompe l'oeil,^[4] Pop Art, Italian neorealism and the French New Wave. Trompe-l'œil, which can also be spelled without the hyphen in English ( French: "trick the eye" tʁɔ̃p lœj is an Art technique involving extremely Pop Art is a visual Art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. Italian neorealism is a style of film characterized by stories set amongst the poor and Working class, filmed on location frequently using nonprofessional Actors "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band. ^[5]

Contents 1 Simulacrum in philosophy 2 Simulacrum in literature, film, and television 3 Simulacrum and recreation 4 Simulacra in caricature 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Simulacrum in philosophy

The simulacrum has long been of interest to philosophers. In his Sophist, Plato speaks of two kinds of image-making. The Sophist ( Greek: Σοφιστής) is one of the late Dialogues of Plato, which was written much later than the Parmenides Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece The first is a faithful reproduction, attempted to copy precisely the original. The second is distorted intentionally in order to make the copy appear correct to viewers. He gives an example of Greek statuary, which was crafted larger on top than bottom so that viewers from the ground would see it correctly. The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present particularly in the areas of Sculpture If they could view it in scale, they would realize it was malformed. This example from visual arts serves as a metaphor for philosophical arts and the tendency of some philosophers to distort truth in such a way that it appeared accurate unless viewed from the proper angle. Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects ^[6] Nietzsche addresses the concept of simulacrum in The Twilight of the Idols, suggesting that most philosophers, by ignoring the reliable input of their senses and resorting to the constructs of language and reason, arrive at a distorted copy of reality. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Twilight of the Idols ( Götzen-Dämmerung) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in 1888 and published in 1889 ^[7] Modern French social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Jean Baudrillard ( July 29, 1929   – March 6, 2007) (ʒɑ̃ bo In Semiotics and Postmodern philosophy, the term hyperreality characterizes the inability of Consciousness to distinguish Reality from Fantasy Where Plato saw two steps of reproduction — faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum) — Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which “bears no relation to any reality whatever. ” Baudrillard uses the concept of god as an example of simulacrum. ^[8] In Baudrillard’s concept, like Nietzsche’s, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which accepted ideals or “privileged position” could be “challenged and overturned. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century ”^[9]

Simulacrum in literature, film, and television

Simulacra often make appearances in speculative fiction. Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of Fiction Genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in Examples of simulacra in the sense of artificial or supernaturally created life forms include Ovid’s ivory statue from Metamorphoses, the medieval golem of Jewish folklore, Mary Shelley’s creature from Frankenstein, Carlo Collodi’s Pinocchio and the synthetic life in Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (later adapted for film by Ridley Scott as Blade Runner). Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including The Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid is a narrative poem In Jewish folklore, a golem (גולם sometimes as in Yiddish, pronounced goilem) is an animated being created entirely from inanimate matter Jewish Mythology is generally the sacred and traditional narratives that help explain and symbolize the Jewish religion whereas Jewish folklore consists of the Mary Shelley ( Née Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin; 30 August Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, generally known as Frankenstein, is a Novel written by the British author Mary Shelley Carlo Lorenzini ( November 24, 1826 &ndash October 26, 1890) better known by the Pen name C Pinocchio (piˈnɔkːjo in Italian is a fictional character that first appeared in 1883, in The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi, and Synthetic life and artificial life (not to be confused with the field of Artificial Life) are terms used for attempts to recreate life from non-alive ( Abiotic Philip Kindred Dick (December 16 – March 2) was an American Science fiction Novelist and Short story Writer. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968 by Philip K Dick, is a Science fiction Novel about Rick Deckard, a Bounty hunter Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning Blade Runner is a 1982 American Science fiction Film, directed by Ridley Scott. Simulacra of worlds or environments may also appear: author Michael Crichton visited this theme several times, in Westworld and in Jurassic Park; other examples include the elaborately staged worlds of The Truman Show, The Matrix and Equilibrium. John Michael Crichton, ˈkraɪtən, (born October 23 1942 is an American author Film producer, Film director, Medical doctor, and Television producer WestWorld of Scottsdale popularly shortened to WestWorld is a sports and convention complex located in Scottsdale Arizona. Jurassic Park is a Science fiction Novel that was written by Michael Crichton and published in 1990. The Truman Show is a 1998 fantasy Comedy-drama film directed by Peter Weir and written by Andrew Niccol. The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction - martial arts - Action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and Some stories focus on simulacra as objects. One example would be Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published Novel written by Oscar Wilde, first appearing as the lead story in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine The term also appears in Vladmimir Nabokov's "Lolita". Lolita (1955 is a Novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author

Simulacrum and recreation

Recreational simulacra include reenactments of historical events or replicas of landmarks, such as Colonial Williamsburg, and constructions of fictional or cultural ideas, such as Fantasyland at Disney’s Magic Kingdom. "Reenactment" redirects here For the 1968 Romanian film see The Reenactment. Originally a landmark literally meant a Geographic Feature used by explorers and Colonial Williamsburg' is the historic district of the Independent city of Williamsburg Virginia. This is an article about a themed land at Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, Disneyland Paris, Tokyo Disneyland, and Hong Kong Disneyland This article is about the Theme park at Walt Disney World Resort. The various Disney parks have by some philosophers been regarded as the ultimate recreational simulacra, with Baudrillard noting that Walt Disney World Resort is a copy of a copy, “a simulacrum to the second power. Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited and largest recreational resort in the world containing four Theme parks two Water parks twenty-three themed hotels ”^[10] In 1975, Italian author Umberto Eco expressed his belief that at Disney’s parks, “we not only enjoy a perfect imitation, we also enjoy the conviction that imitation has reached its apex and afterwards reality will always be inferior to it. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best "^[11] This is for some an ongoing concern. Examining the impact of Disney’s simulacrum of national parks, Disney's Wilderness Lodge, environmentalist Jennifer Cypher and anthropologist Eric Higgs expressed worry that “the boundary between artificiality and reality will become so thin that the artificial will become the centre of moral value. A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution Disney's Wilderness Lodge is a resort hotel located at the Walt Disney World Resort. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of ”^[12]

Simulacra in caricature

An interesting example of simulacra is caricature. Where an artist draws a line drawing that closely approximates the facial features of a real person, the sketch cannot be easily identified by a random observer; the sketch could just as easily be a resemblance of any person, rather than the particular subject. However, a caricaturist will exaggerate prominent facial features far beyond their actuality, and a viewer will pick up on these features and be able to identify the subject, even though the caricature bears far less actual resemblance to the subject.

See also

• Thoughtform
• Jean Baudrillard
• Pareidolia
• Pastiche
• Doppelgänger
• Look-alike
• Body double
• Songlines
• Gilles Deleuze

References

External links

• "Two Essays: Simulacra and Science Fiction; Ballard’s Crash" Baudrillard, Jean
• "The Simulacrum's Revenge," sec 3.2 of Flatline Constructs: Gothic and Cybernetic-Theory Fiction Fisher, Mark
• "Simulacra and Simulation: Baudrillard and The Matrix Hanley, Richard

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