47 palladium ← silver → cadmium Cu ↑ Ag ↓ Au Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	silver, Ag, 47
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	11, 5, d
Appearance	lustrous white metal
Standard atomic weight	107. Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic See also A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 8682(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Physical properties
Color	silver
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	10. In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. Silver is the metallic shade resembling Gray, closest to that of polished Silver. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 49  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	9. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 320  g·cm−3
Melting point	1234. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 93 K (961. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 78 °C, 1763. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 2 °F)
Boiling point	2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)
Heat of fusion	11. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 28  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	250. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 58  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 350  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1283 1413 1575 1782 2055 2433
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic
Oxidation states	1 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 93 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies	1st: 731. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 0 kJ/mol
	2nd: 2070 kJ/mol
	3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	160  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	165  pm
Covalent radius	153  pm
Van der Waals radius	172 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 15. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 87 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 429  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal diffusivity	(300 K) 174 mm²/s
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 18. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Heat transfer analysis thermal diffusivity (symbol \alpha\ but note that the symbols \kappa D and k are all commonly The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 9  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) 2680  m·s−1
Young's modulus	83  GPa
Shear modulus	30  GPa
Bulk modulus	100  GPa
Poisson ratio	0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 37
Mohs hardness	2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Vickers hardness	251  MPa
Brinell hardness	24. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece 5  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-22-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of silver iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 105Ag syn 41. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally occurring Silver ( Ag) is composed of the two stable Isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag with 107Ag being the more abundant Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 2 d ε - 105Pd γ 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 344, 0. 280, 0. 644, 0. 443 - 106mAg syn 8. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 28 d ε - 106Pd γ 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 511, 0. 717, 1. 045, 0. 450 - 107Ag 51. 839% 107Ag is stable with 60 neutrons 108mAg syn 418 y ε - 108Pd IT 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Isomeric transition is a Radioactive decay process that occurs in an Atom where the nucleus is in an excited Meta state (e 109 108Ag γ 0. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 433, 0. 614, 0. 722 - 109Ag 48. 161% 109Ag is stable with 62 neutrons 111Ag syn 7. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 45 d β- 1. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 036, 0. 694 111Cd γ 0. Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 342 -
References

Silver (pronounced /ˈsɪlvɚ/) is a chemical element with the symbol "Ag" (Latin: argentum, from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos, gen. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c of ἀργήεις - argēeis, "white, shining" ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in It occurs as a pure free metal (native silver) and alloyed with gold, as well as in various minerals, such as argentite and chlorargyrite. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Argentite was primarily treated as a Mineral belonging to the Galena group cubic Silver Sulfide ( Ag2S) occasionally Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of Silver chloride (AgCl Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the Oxidation of silver mineral deposits Most silver is produced as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and zinc mining. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30

Silver has been known since ancient times and has long been valued as a precious metal, used to make ornaments, jewellery, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term "silverware") and currency coins. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. Today, silver metal is used in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Its compounds are used in photographic film and dilute solutions of silver nitrate and other silver compounds are used as disinfectants. This article is mainly concerned with Still photography film For Motion picture film please see Film stock. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. Although the antimicrobial uses of silver have largely been supplanted by the use of antibiotics, its antiseptic properties are still a useful tool in the prevention and treatment of sepsis and infections caused by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms such as MRSA. An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of Microbes such as Bacteria, Fungi, or Viruses. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS caused An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a Microorganism to withstand the effects of Antibiotics. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually

Contents 1 Occurrence and extraction 2 Notable characteristics 3 Isotopes 4 Silver compounds 5 Applications 5.1 As a precious metal 5.2 In dentistry 5.3 In photography and electronics 5.4 In solder and brazing 5.5 In mirrors and optics 5.6 As a catalyst 5.7 As money 5.8 In medicine 5.8.1 As a medication 5.9 In food 5.10 In clothing 6 History 7 Price 8 Folklore and popular culture 9 Precautions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

Occurrence and extraction

Main article: Silver mining

Silver is found in native form, alloyed with gold or combined with sulfur, arsenic, antimony or chlorine in ores such as argentite (Ag₂S), horn silver (AgCl), and pyrargyrite (Ag₃SbS₃). Silver mining refers to the Resource extraction of the Precious metal element Silver by Mining. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Antimony (IPA (Received Pronunciation, /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US is a Chemical element with the symbol Sb (stibium meaning "mark" and Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Argentite was primarily treated as a Mineral belonging to the Galena group cubic Silver Sulfide ( Ag2S) occasionally Chlorargyrite is the mineral form of Silver chloride (AgCl Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the Oxidation of silver mineral deposits Pyrargyrite is a sulfosalt Mineral consisting of Silver sulfantimonide Ag3SbS3 The principal sources of silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru, Mexico, China, Australia, Chile and Poland. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Peru and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546 and are still major world producers. Top silver producing mines are Proano / Fresnillo, Cannington, Dukat, Uchucchacua and Greens Creek mine. ^[1].

The metal can also be produced during the electrolytic refining of copper and by the application of the Parkes process on lead metal obtained from lead ores that contain small amounts of silver. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current The Parkes process is a Pyrometallurgical industrial process for removing Silver from Lead, during the production of bullion Commercial-grade fine silver is at least 99. 9% pure silver, and purities greater than 99. 999% are available. In 2007, Peru was the world's top producer of silver, closely followed by Mexico, according to the British Geological Survey. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental

Notable characteristics

Silver is a very ductile and malleable (slightly harder than gold) monovalent coinage metal with a brilliant white metallic luster that can take a high degree of polish. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 See also Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by using rubbing or a chemical action leaving a surface with significant Specular reflection and minimal It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper, but its greater cost and tarnishability have prevented it from being widely used in place of copper for electrical purposes, though it was used in the electromagnets used for enriching uranium during World War II (mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper). Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Tarnish is a layer of Corrosion that develops over Copper, Brass, Silver, Aluminum as well as a degree of semi-reactive metals as An electromagnet is a type of Magnet in which the Magnetic field is produced by the flow of an electric current. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Another notable exception is in high-end audio cables, although the actual benefits of its use in this application are questionable. High-end audio cables are claimed to improve the sound quality of high-fidelity audio systems but whether they actually do is hotly disputed

Among metals, pure silver has the highest thermal conductivity (only the non-metal diamond's is higher), the whitest color, and the highest optical reflectivity (although aluminium slightly outdoes it in parts of the visible spectrum, and it is a poor reflector of ultraviolet light). In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in In photometry and Heat transfer, reflectivity is the fraction of incident radiation reflected by a surface WikipediaNaming Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Silver also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal. The term contact resistance refers to the contribution to the total resistance of a material which comes from the electrical leads and connections as opposed to the intrinsic Silver halides are photosensitive and are remarkable for their ability to record a latent image that can later be developed chemically. A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between Silver and one of the Halogens &mdash Silver bromide (AgBr chloride Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving Photons especially Visible light. A latent image on Photographic film is an invisible image produced by the exposure of the film to Light. In Film developing, photographic developer (or just developer) is a chemical that makes the Latent image on the film or print visible Silver is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when it is exposed to air or water containing ozone or hydrogen sulfide. Tarnish is a layer of Corrosion that develops over Copper, Brass, Silver, Aluminum as well as a degree of semi-reactive metals as OZONE is an object oriented Operating system written in the C programming language. Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. The most common oxidation state of silver is +1 (for example, silver nitrate: AgNO₃); in addition, +2 compounds (for example, silver(II) fluoride: AgF₂) and +3 compounds (for example, potassium tetrafluoroargentate: K[AgF₄]) are known. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Silver(II fluoride is a Chemical compound with the formula AgF2

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of silver

Naturally occurring silver is composed of the two stable isotopes, ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag, with ¹⁰⁷Ag being the more abundant (51. Naturally occurring Silver ( Ag) is composed of the two stable Isotopes 107Ag and 109Ag with 107Ag being the more abundant Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 839% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Silver's standard atomic mass is 107. 8682(2) u. Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised, the most stable being ¹⁰⁵Ag with a half-life of 41. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 29 days, ¹¹¹Ag with a half-life of 7. 45 days, and ¹¹²Ag with a half-life of 3. 13 hours.

All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 3 minutes. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element has numerous meta states, the most stable being ^108mAg (t_* 418 years), ^110mAg (t_* 249. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 79 days) and ^106mAg (t_* 8. 28 days).

Isotopes of silver range in atomic weight from 93. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 943 u (⁹⁴Ag) to 123. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 929 u (¹²⁴Ag). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁰⁷Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before ¹⁰⁷Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes, and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48

The pallace isotope ¹⁰⁷Pd decays by beta emission to ¹⁰⁷Ag with a half-life of 6. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 5 million years. Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high-enough palladium-to-silver ratio to yield measurable variations in ¹⁰⁷Ag abundance. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface Radiogenic ¹⁰⁷Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978. A radiogenic Nuclide is one that is produced by a process of Radioactive decay. Santa Clara California (ˌsæntəˈklærə founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852 is a city in Santa Clara County, in the U The discoverers suggest that the coalescence and differentiation of iron-cored small planets may have occurred 10 million years after a nucleosynthetic event. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting Nucleons (protons and neutrons ¹⁰⁷Pd–¹⁰⁷Ag correlations observed in bodies that have clearly been melted since the accretion of the solar system must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early solar system. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity.

Silver compounds

Silver metal dissolves readily in nitric acid HNO₃ to produce silver nitrate AgNO₃ a transparent crystalline solid that is photosensitive and readily soluble in water. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Silver nitrate is used as the starting point for the synthesis of many other silver compounds, as an antiseptic, and as a yellow stain for glass in stained glass. Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial For the Blackford Oakes novel see Stained Glass (novel The term stained glass refers either to the material of coloured Glass or to the art Silver metal does not react with sulfuric acid, which is used in jewellery-making to clean and remove copper oxide firescale from silver articles after silver soldering or annealing. Firescale, also known as firestain is a red or purple stain that appears on mixtures of Silver and Copper, such as Sterling silver. Brazing is a joining process whereby a Filler metal or Alloy is heated to melting temperature above - or by the traditional definition in the United States Annealing, in Metallurgy and Materials science, is a Heat treatment wherein a material is altered causing changes in its properties such as strength However, silver reacts readily with sulfur or hydrogen sulfide H₂S to produce silver sulfide, a dark-coloured compound familiar as the tarnish on silver coins and other objects. Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Silver sulfide (or Silver sulphide in British English Ag2S is the Sulfide of Silver. Silver coins are possibly the oldest mass form of Coinage Silver has been used as a coinage Metal since the times of the Greeks Their silver drachmas Silver sulfide also forms silver whiskers when silver electrical contacts are used in an atmosphere rich in hydrogen sulfide. Metal whiskering is a Crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny filiform hairs from a Metallic surface An electrical connector is a conductive device for joining Electrical circuits together Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. Silver chloride AgCl is precipitated from solutions of silver nitrate in the presence of chloride ions, and the other silver halides used in the manufacture of photographic emulsions are made in the same way using bromide or iodide salts. Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus A silver halide is one of the compounds formed between Silver and one of the Halogens &mdash Silver bromide (AgBr chloride Photographic emulsion is a layer of light-sensitive material coated onto a substrate A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Silver chloride is used in glass electrodes for pH testing and potentiometric measurement, and as a transparent cement for glass. Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] A glass electrode is a type of Ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. A potentiometer is a three-terminal Resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable Voltage divider. In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together Silver iodide has been used in attempts to seed clouds to produce rain. Silver iodide ( Ag[[Iodine I]] is a Chemical compound used in Photography and as an Antiseptic in medicine Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is the attempt to change the amount or type of precipitation that falls from Clouds by dispersing substances Silver oxide, Ag₂O, produced when silver nitrate solutions are treated with a base, is used as a positive electrode (cathode) in watch [[battery (electricity)|batteries. Silver oxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Ag2O It is a fine black or dark brown powder that is used to prepare other silver compounds A cathode is an Electrode through which (positive Electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device Silver carbonate Ag₂CO₃ is precipitated when silver nitrate is treated with sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃. Silver carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula Ag2CO3 Silver fulminate AgONC, a powerful, touch-sensitive explosive used in percussion caps, is made by reaction of silver metal with nitric acid in the presence of ethanol C₂H₅OH. Silver fulminate (AgCNO is an explosive Ionic compound of Silver and the Fulminate Anion. An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied The percussion cap, introduced around 1830, was the crucial invention that enabled muzzle-loading firearms to fire reliably in any weather Another dangerously explosive silver compound is silver azide AgN₃, formed by reaction of silver nitrate with sodium azide, NaN₃. Silver azide is the Chemical compound with the formula AgN3 This colourless solid is a well known Explosive. Latent images formed in silver halide crystals are developed by treatment with alkaline solutions of reducing agents such as hydroquinone, metol (4-(methylamino)phenol sulfate) or ascorbate which reduce the exposed halide to silver metal. A latent image on Photographic film is an invisible image produced by the exposure of the film to Light. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a compound in a Redox (reduction-oxidation reaction (see Electrochemistry Hydroquinone, also benzene-14-diol or quinol, is an Aromatic Organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the Chemical Metol is a developing agent used in b&w Photographic developers In its pure form it is a Solid rather light-sensitive Chemical which is the half Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Alkaline solutions of silver nitrate can be reduced to silver metal by reducing sugars such as glucose, and this reaction is used to silver glass mirrors and the interior of glass Christmas ornaments. A reducing sugar is any sugar that in basic solution forms some Aldehyde or Ketone. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. Christmas ornaments are Decorations (usually made of Glass, Metal, Wood or Ceramics that are used to festoon a Christmas Silver halides are soluble in solutions of sodium thiosulfate Na₂S₂O₃ which is used as a photographic fixer, to remove excess silver halide from photographic emulsions after image development. Sodium thiosulfate ( Na 2 S 2 O 3 is a colorless Crystalline compound that is more familiar as the Pentahydrate Photographic fixer is a chemical used in the final step in the Photographic processing of film or paper Silver metal is attacked by strong oxidisers such as potassium permanganate KMnO₄and potassium dichromate K₂Cr₂O₇, and in the presence of potassium bromide KBr these compounds are used in photography to bleach silver images, converting them to silver halides that can either be fixed with thiosulfate or re-developed to intensify the original image. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is a common inorganic chemical reagent most commonly used as an Oxidizing agent in various laboratory Potassium bromide ( K[[Bromine Br]] is a salt, widely used as an Anticonvulsant and a Sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Thiosulfate (S2O32&minus is an Oxyanion of Sulfur produced by the reaction of Sulfite ions with elemental sulfur Silver forms cyanide complexes silver cyanide that are soluble in water in the presence of an excess of cyanide ions. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Silver cyanide is the Chemical compound with the formula AgCN Silver cyanide solutions are used in electroplating of silver. Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object

Applications

As a precious metal

A major use of silver is as a precious metal and it has long been used for making high-value objects reflecting the wealth and status of the owner. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by Gilding is the art of applying a thin layer of gold simulated gold or other metal to a surface Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. Jewellery and silverware are traditionally made from sterling silver (standard silver), an alloy of 92. Sterling silver is an Alloy of Silver containing 925% pure silver and 7 5% silver with 7. 5% copper. Sterling silver is harder than pure silver and has a lower melting point (893 °C) than either pure silver or pure copper. Britannia silver is an alternative hallmark-quality standard containing 95. Britannia silver is an Alloy of Silver containing 9584% silver with the balance usually Copper. 8% silver, often used to make silver tableware and wrought plate. With the addition of germanium, the patented modified alloy Argentium Sterling Silver is formed, with improved properties including resistance to firescale. Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Argentium Sterling Silver is a modern Sterling silver alloy which modifies the traditional sterling silver alloy (92 Firescale, also known as firestain is a red or purple stain that appears on mixtures of Silver and Copper, such as Sterling silver.

Silver is used in medals, denoting second place. Some high-end musical instruments are made from sterling silver, such as the flute. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its

In dentistry

Silver dissolves in mercury to make amalgams that are widely used for dental fillings. To make dental amalgam, a mixture of powdered silver and other metals is mixed with mercury to make a stiff paste that can be moulded into shape in a cavity, but which sets hard within a few hours.

In photography and electronics

Photography used 24% of the silver consumed in 2001 in the form of silver nitrate and silver halides, while 33% was used in jewellery, 40% for industrial uses, and only 3% for coins and medals. Silver nitrate also known as lunar caustic is a soluble Chemical compound with Chemical formula Ag[[Nitrogen N]] O 3 Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions ^[2]

Some electrical and electronic products use silver for its superior conductivity, even when tarnished. For example, printed circuits are made using silver paints,^[3] and computer keyboards use silver electrical contacts. A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electronic components using conductive pathways or traces Some high-end audio hardware (DACs, preamplifiers, etc. In Electronics, a digital-to-analog converter ( DAC or D-to-A) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary code to an Analog signal A preamplifier (preamp or control amp in some parts of the world is an Electronic amplifier which precedes another amplifier to prepare an electronic ) are fully silver-wired, which is believed to cause the least loss of quality in the signal. Silver cadmium oxide is used in high voltage contacts because it can withstand arcing. An electric arc is an Electrical breakdown of a gas which produces an ongoing plasma discharge, resulting from a current flowing through normally nonconductive

In solder and brazing

Silver is also used to make solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high-capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called Brazing is a joining process whereby a Filler metal or Alloy is heated to melting temperature above - or by the traditional definition in the United States An electrical connector is a conductive device for joining Electrical circuits together A silver oxide battery (IEC code S also known as a silver–zinc battery, is a Primary cell (although it may be used as a Secondary cell with an In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy Silver in a thin layer on top of a bearing material can provide a significant increase in galling resistance and reduce wear under heavy load, particularly against steel.

In mirrors and optics

Mirrors which need superior reflectivity for visible light are made with silver as the reflecting material in a process called silvering, though common mirrors are backed with aluminium. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. Silvering is the chemical process of coating Glass with a reflective substance Using a process called sputtering, silver (and sometimes gold) can be applied to glass at various thicknesses, allowing different amounts of light to penetrate. Sputtering is a process whereby Atoms are Ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic Ions It is commonly used for Silver is usually reserved for coatings of specialised optics, and the silvering most often seen in architectural glass and tinted windows on vehicles is produced by sputtered aluminium, which is cheaper and less susceptible to tarnishing and corrosion.

As a catalyst

Silver's catalytic properties make it ideal for use as a catalyst in oxidation reactions, for example, the production of formaldehyde from methanol and air by means of silver screens or crystallites containing a minimum 99. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound A crystallite is a domain of solid-state matter that has the same structure as a single Crystal. 95 weight-percent silver. Silver (upon some suitable support) is probably the only catalyst available today to convert ethylene to ethylene oxide (later hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol, used for making polyesters)—a very important industrial reaction. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Ethylene glycol ( monoethylene glycol ( MEG) 12-ethanediol, IUPAC name: ethane-12-diol) is an Alcohol with two -OH Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain

Oxygen dissolves in silver relatively easily compared to other gases present in air. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Attempts have been made to construct silver membranes of only a few monolayers thickness. An artificial membrane, also called a synthetic membrane, is a membrane prepared for separation tasks in Laboratory and industry A monolayer is a single closely packed layer of atoms molecules or cells Such a membrane could be used to filter pure oxygen from air.

As money

Silver, in the form of electrum, was coined to produce money in around 700 BCE by the Lydians. Electrum is a naturally occurring Alloy of Gold and Silver, with trace amounts of Copper and other metals Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Later, silver was refined and coined in its pure form (see silver coin). Silver coins are possibly the oldest mass form of Coinage Silver has been used as a coinage Metal since the times of the Greeks Their silver drachmas Many nations used silver as the basic unit of monetary value (see Silver standard). The silver standard is a Monetary system in which the standard economic Unit of account is a fixed weight of Silver. The words for "silver" and "money" are the same in at least 14 languages. In the modern world, silver bullion has the ISO currency code XAG. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established

The name of the United Kingdom monetary unit "pound" reflects the fact that it originally represented the value of one troy pound of sterling silver. Troy weight is a system of units of Mass customarily used for Precious metals Black powder, and Gemstones Named after Troyes

In the 1800s, many nations, such as the United States and Great Britain, switched from silver to a gold standard of monetary value, then in the 20th century to fiat currency. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold The terms fiat currency and fiat money relate to types of currency or Money whose usefulness results not from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be

In medicine

Silver ions and silver compounds show a toxic effect on some bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi, typical for heavy metals like lead or mercury, but without the high toxicity to humans that is normally associated with them. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Its germicidal effects kill many microbial organisms in vitro. In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism

Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, wrote that silver had beneficial healing and anti-disease properties, and the Phoenicians used to store water, wine, and vinegar in silver bottles to prevent spoiling. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid In the early 1900s people would put silver dollars in milk bottles to prolong the milk's freshness. Its germicidal effects increase its value in utensils and as jewellery. The exact process of silver's germicidal effect is still not well understood, although theories exist. One of these is the oligodynamic effect, which explains the effect on microbial lifeforms but does not explain certain antiviral effects. The' oligodynamic effect' (Greek oligos = few dynamis = force was discovered in 1893 by the Swiss KW Nägeli as a toxic effect of metal-ions on living cells

Silver compounds were used successfully to prevent infection in World War I before the advent of antibiotics. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Silver nitrate solution was a standard of care but was largely replaced by silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD Cream)^[4] which was generally the "standard of care" for the antibacterial and antibiotic treatment of serious burns until the late 1990s. Silver sulfadiazine is a sulfa derivative Topical Antibacterial used primarily as a topical burn cream on second- and third-degree burns. Now, other options, such as silver-coated dressings (activated silver dressings), are used in addition to SSD cream and may present advantages such as pain reduction and capacity for treatment at home.

The widespread use of silver went out of fashion with the development of modern antibiotics. However, recently there has been renewed interest in silver as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. In particular, silver is being used with alginate, a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from seaweed, in a range of products designed to prevent infections as part of wound management procedures, particularly applicable to burn victims. Alginic acid ( algin, alginate) is a viscous gum that is abundant in the cell walls of Brown algae. Biopolymers are a class of Polymers produced by living organisms In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or In 2007, AGC Flat Glass Europe introduced the first antibacterial glass to fight hospital-caught infection: it is covered with a thin layer of silver. ( is a Japanese manufacturing company It is one of the core Mitsubishi companies ^[5] In addition, Samsung has introduced washing machines with a final rinse containing silver ions to provide several days of antibacterial protection in the clothes. The Samsung Group ( Korean:, Samsung Guerup) is South Korea 's largest company or Chaebol and the world's largest conglomerate A washing machine, or washer, is a machine designed to clean Laundry, such as Clothing, Towels and sheets The term is mostly applied ^[6] Kohler has introduced a line of toilet seats that have silver ions embedded to kill germs. The Kohler Company is a manufacturing company in Kohler Wisconsin A toilet seat is the seat and lid of a Toilet bowl. It consists of the seat itself which is contoured for the user to sit on the toilet and the lid which covers A company called Thomson Research Associates has begun treating products with Ultra Fresh, an anti-microbial technology involving "proprietary nano-technology to produce the ultra-fine silver particles essential to ease of application and long-term protection. "^[7] The FDA has recently approved an endotracheal breathing tube with a fine coat of silver for use in mechanical ventilation, after studies found it reduced the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In Medicine, mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing when patients cannot do so on their own Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal ^[8]

As a medication

Today, various kinds of silver compounds, or devices to make solutions or colloids containing silver, are sold as remedies for a wide variety of diseases. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another Although most colloidal silver preparations are harmless, some people using these home-made solutions excessively have developed argyria over a period of months or years. Colloidal silver is a Liquid suspension of Microscopic particles of Silver. Argyria (ISV from Greek: ἄργυρος argyros Silver + -ia is a Condition caused by the ingestion of elemental Silver, silver Several cases have been documented in medical literature, including one case of coma associated with high intake of silver. It is strongly advised to consult a doctor before embarking on such treatment.

Silver is widely used in topical gels and impregnated into bandages because of its wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The anti-microbial properties of silver stem from the chemical properties of its ionized form, Ag⁺. This ion forms strong molecular bonds with other substances used by bacteria to respire, such as molecules containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the ^[9] Once the Ag⁺ ion complexes with these molecules, they are rendered unusable by the bacteria, depriving it of necessary compounds and eventually leading to the bacteria's death.

In food

In India, foods, especially sweets, can be found decorated with a thin layer of silver known as vark. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This page is about the Indian confectionery garnish VARK may also refer to NLP modalities or to an hypothetical particle the dark matter equivalent of a quark (refer Silver as a food additive is given the E number E174 and is classed as a food coloring. E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen A food coloring is any substance that is added to Food or Drink to change its Color. It is used solely for external decoration, such as on chocolate confectionery, in the covering of dragées and the decoration of sugar-coated flour confectionery. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree thumb|Another form of dragée „Liebesperlen“ sweets (love pearls A dragée (dræˈʒeɪ dra-ZHAY from Greek tragêmata "sweets treats" In Australia, it is banned as a food additive. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

In clothing

Silver inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi. The MInisterial NEtwoRk for Valorising Activities in digitisation, or MINERVA, is a European Union organization concerned with the digitisation of cultural and The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ It keeps odour to a minimum and reduces the risk of bacterial and fungal infection. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. In clothing, the combination of silver and moisture movement (wicking) may help to reduce the harmful effects of prolonged use in active and humid conditions.

Silver is used in clothing in two main forms:

• A form in which silver ions are integrated into the polymer from which yarns are made (a form of nanotechnology)
• A form in which the silver is physically coated onto the yarns. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular

In both cases the silver prevents the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi.

Recorded use of silver to prevent infection dates to ancient Greece and Rome. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC It was rediscovered in the Middle Ages, where it was used for several purposes, such as to disinfect water and food during storage, and also for the treatment of burns and wounds as wound dressing. In the 19th century, sailors on long ocean voyages would put silver coins in barrels of water and wine to keep the liquid pure. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Pioneers in America used the same idea as they made their journey from coast to coast. Silver solutions were approved in the 1920s by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as antibacterial agents. Today, wound dressings containing silver are well established for clinical wound care and have recently been introduced in consumer products such as sticking plasters.

History

The word "silver" appears in Anglo-Saxon in various spellings such as seolfor and siolfor. A similar form is seen throughout the Teutonic languages (compare Old High German silabar and silbir). The symbol "Ag" is from the Latin for "silver", argentum (compare Greek αργυρος (argyros)), from the Indo-European root arg- meaning "white" or "shining".

Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in the book of Genesis, and slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on the islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BC. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture It marks the beginning of the Bronze Age and of Writing.

In the Gospels, Jesus' disciple Judas Iscariot is infamous for having taken a bribe of silver from religious leaders in Jerusalem to turn Jesus Christ over to the Romans. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE)

Set aside certain circumstances, Islam permits the wearing of silver jewellery for Muslim men. The Prophet Muhammad (S. A. W. ) wore a silver signet ring himself.

Price

Main articles: Silver as an investment and Silver standard

Silver is currently about 1/50th the price of gold by mass and approximately 70 times more valuable than copper. Silver like other Precious metals may be used as an investment The silver standard is a Monetary system in which the standard economic Unit of account is a fixed weight of Silver. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Silver once traded at 1/6th to 1/12th the price of gold, prior to the Age of Discovery and the discovery of great silver deposits in the Americas, most notably the vast Comstock Lode in Virginia City, Nevada, USA. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Comstock Lode was the first major US deposit of Silver Ore, discovered under what is now Virginia City Nevada on the eastern slope of Mt Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. This then resulted in the debate over cheap Free Silver to benefit the agricultural sector, which was among the most prolonged and difficult in that country's history and dominated public discourse during the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Free Silver was an important political issue in the late 19th century United States.

Over the last 100 years the price of silver and the gold/silver price ratio have fluctuated greatly due to competing industrial and store-of-value demands. To act as a store of value, a Commodity, a form of Money, or Financial capital must be able to be reliably saved stored and retrieved - and be predictably In 1980 the silver price rose to an all-time high of US$49. 45 per troy ounce. Troy weight is a system of units of Mass customarily used for Precious metals Black powder, and Gemstones Named after Troyes By December 2001 the price had dropped to US$4. 15 per ounce, and in May 2006 it had risen back as high as US$15. 21 per ounce. As of 2006, silver prices (and most other metal prices) have been rather volatile, for example, quickly dropping from the May high of US$15. 21 per ounce to a June low of US$9. 60 per ounce before rising back above US$12. 00 per ounce by August. In March 2008 silver reached US$21. 34 per ounce. ^[10]

The price of silver is important in Judaic Law. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law The lowest fiscal amount that a Jewish court, or Beth Din, can convene to adjudicate a case over is a shova pruta (value of a Babylonian prutra coin). A beth din, beit din or beis din ( Hebrew: בית דין "house of judgment" plural battei din) is a Rabbinical This is fixed at 1/8 of a gram of pure, unrefined silver, at market price.

Folklore and popular culture

Silver in European folklore has long been traditionally believed to be an antidote to various maladies and mythical monsters. A monster is any of a large number of Legendary creatures which usually appear in Mythology, Legend, or Horror fiction. Notably, silver was believed to be a repellent against vampires (this primarily originates from its holy connotations; also, mirrors were originally polished silver, and as such, vampires allegedly cannot be seen in them because they have no soul) and it was also believed that a werewolf, in his bestial form, could only be killed by a weapon or bullet made of silver. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living See also Lycanthropy (disambiguation Werewolves, also known as lycanthropes, are mythological or folkloric humans with the ability to This has given rise to the term "silver bullet", which is used to describe things that very effectively deal with one specific problem. The Metaphor of the Silver Bullet applies to any straightforward solution perceived to have extreme effectiveness

In heraldry, the tincture argent, in addition to being shown as silver (this has been shown at times with real silver in official representations), can also be shown as white. Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of officers of arms. In Heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to Emblazon a Coat of arms. Occasionally, the word "silver" is used rather than argent; sometimes this is done across-the-board, sometimes to avoid repetition of the word "argent" in blazon.

Precautions

Silver plays no known natural biological role in humans, and possible health effects of silver are a subject of dispute. Silver itself is not toxic but most silver salts are, and some may be carcinogenic. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

Silver and compounds containing silver (like colloidal silver) can be absorbed into the circulatory system and become deposited in various body tissues leading to a condition called argyria which results in a blue-grayish pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Colloidal silver is a Liquid suspension of Microscopic particles of Silver. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Argyria (ISV from Greek: ἄργυρος argyros Silver + -ia is a Condition caused by the ingestion of elemental Silver, silver The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Although this condition does not harm a person's health, it is disfiguring and usually permanent. Argyria is rare, and mild forms are sometimes mistaken for cyanosis. Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the Skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of deoxygenated Hemoglobin in Blood vessels near the skin surface

See also

• Silver as an investment
• Silver coin
• Silver standard
• Silver mining
• Silver compounds
• Silver Nano

References

External links

• WebElements.com – Silver
• Silver Statistics and Information, USGS publications on the worldwide production of silver
• The Silver Institute A silver industry website
• A collection of silver items Samples of silver
• Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment
• Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok
• Silver Ion Water Treatment Technology - AquaLyse®

The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government.

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