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Silla (57 BCE – 935 CE), was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Cheonmachong, formerly Tomb No155 is a Tumulus located in Gyeongju, South Korea. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula It began as a chiefdom in the Samhan confederacies. A chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief. Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Allied with China, Silla eventually conquered the other two kingdoms, Baekje "Paekje" in 660 and Goguryeo "Koguryo" in 668. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Thereafter, it is sometimes called Unified Silla or Later Silla, occupying most of the Korean Peninsula, while the northern part re-emerged as Balhae, which was a successor-state of Goguryeo. Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and After nearly a millennium, Silla fragmented into the brief Later Three Kingdoms, and submitted to its successor dynasty Goryeo in 935. The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. [1]
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From its founding until its growth into a full-fledged kingdom, Silla was recorded with various Hanja (Chinese characters) phonetically approximating its native Korean name: 斯盧 (사로, saro), 斯羅 (사라, sara), 徐那(伐) (서나(벌), seona(beol)), 徐耶(伐) (서야(벌), seoya(beol)), 徐羅(伐) (서라(벌), seora(beol)), 徐伐 (서벌, seobeol). The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. This article is about the prehistory of the Korean Peninsula, from circa 500000 BCE through 300 BCE The Jeulmun Pottery Period is an archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 8000-1500 B The Mumun pottery period is an Archaeological era in Korean prehistory that dates to approximately 1500-300 BC Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE bordering the Korean Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into Buyeo, Puyŏ, or Fuyu was an ancient Korean kingdom located from today's Manchuria to northern North Korea, from around the 2nd Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in the northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan North South States Period ( 698 CE - 936 CE refers to the period in Korean history when Silla and Balhae Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon. The Mongol invasions of Korea (1231 - 1273 consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Goryeo, from 1231 to 1259 Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place during the years 1592-1598 The First Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1627 when Hong Taiji led the Manchu army against Korea 's Joseon dynasty. The Korean Empire was a former small empire of Korea that lasted from the Gwangmu Restoration of 1897 until Japan 's annexation of Korea in 1910 Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period between 1910 and 1945 when Korea was forcibly annexed by the Japanese Empire. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a Government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing, during the The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japan For the history of Korea before its division, see History of Korea. For the history of the Korea before its division, see History of Korea. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates This is a Timeline of the History of Korea. Some dates prior to the 6th century CE are speculative or approximate Korea ' s military history spans back thousands of years beginning with the kingdom of Gojoseon and its repulsions of ancient China The naval history of Korea dates back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period when simple fishing ships were used Like most other regions in the world science and technology in Korea has experienced periods of intense growth as well as long periods of stagnation The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Hyeokgeose of Silla (69 BCE - 4 CE r 57 BCE&ndash4 CE commonly called Park Hyeokgeose, was the founding monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea Namhae of Silla (?-24 r 4–24 CE was the second king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Yuri of Silla (?-57 r 24-57 was the third king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Talhae of Silla (?-80 r 57-80 was the fourth king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Pasa Isageum (?-112 r 80-112 was the fifth ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jima of Silla (?-134 r 112-134 was the sixth ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Ilseong of Silla (?-154 r 134-154 was the seventh ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Adalla of Silla (?-184 r 154-184 was the eighth ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Beolhyu of Silla (?-196 r 184-196 was the ninth king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Naehae of Silla (?-230 r 196-230 was the 10th king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jobun of Silla (r 230-247 d 247 also known by his title Jobun Isageum, was the eleventh king of the Korean state of Silla. Cheomhae of Silla (r 247-261 died 261 often known by his title Cheomhae Isageum, was the twelfth ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Michu of Silla was the thirteenth ruler of the Korean state of Silla (262-284 Yurye of Silla (284-298 d 298 also known as Yuri or by his official title Yurye Isageum, was the fourteenth ruler of the Korean state of Silla Girim of Silla (r 298-310 died 310 whose name is sometimes given as Girip and also as Gigu, was the fifteenth king of Silla. Heulhae of Silla (r 310-356 d 356 titled Heulhae Isageum, was the sixteenth ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Naemul of Silla (d 402 r 356-402 was the 17th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Silseong of Silla (d 417 r 402-417 whose name is also given as Silju or Silgeum, was the 18th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla Nulji (reigned 417&ndash458 was the nineteenth king ( Maripgan) of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Jabi of Silla (r 458-479 d 479 also known by his title Jabi Maripgan, was the 20th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Soji of Silla was King of Silla (479-500 He was preceded by Jabi Maripgan (458 – 479 and succeeded by King Jijeung (500 – 514 Jijeung of Silla (r 437-514 d 514 was the 22nd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. King Beopheung (r 514-540 was the 23rd monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Jinheung (540-576 was the 24th Monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Geomryun Kim, whose name as king was Jinji, was the twenty-fifty monarch of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. Jinpyeong of Silla (r 579-632 was king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Seondeok (Sŏndŏk reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647. Queen Jindeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 647 to 654. King Taejong Muyeol (602 &ndash 661 Birth name Kim Chunchu) was the 29th monarch of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and ruled from 654 to 661 The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Munmu of Silla (reigned 661 &ndash 681) was the thirtieth king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Sinmun of Silla (r 681 - 692) was the thirty-first king of Silla, a Korean state that originated in the southwestern Korean peninsula and went Hyoso (r 692-702 was the thirty-second monarch of Silla, a kingdom that flourished on the Korean peninsula from approximately 200 to 927 CE Seongdeok Daewang (reigned 702 &ndash 737) was the thirty-third king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. Hyoseong of Silla (r 737-742 d 742 was the 34th to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. King Gyeongdeok of Silla was the 35th ruler who reigned from 742 to 765 over the kingdom of Silla. Hyegong of Silla (756-780 r 765-780 was the 36th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Seondeok of Silla (r 780-785 d 785 was the successor to King Hyegong and the 37th to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. Soseong of Silla (r 798-800 d 800 was the 39th to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. Aejang of Silla (788-809 r 800-809 was the 40th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Heondeok of Silla (r 809-826 died 826 was the 41st to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. Heungdeok of Silla (r 826-836 r 836 was the 42nd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Huigang of Silla (r 836-838 d 838 was the 43rd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Minae of Silla (d 839 r 838-839 was the 44th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Sinmu of Silla (r 839 d 839 (born Ujingwas the 45th monarch of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Munseong of Silla (d 857 r 839-857 was the 46th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Heonan of Silla (d 861 r 857-861 was the 47th king of the Silla kingdom of Korea. Gyeongmun of Silla (845?-875 r 861-875 was the 48th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Heongang of Silla (d 886 r 875-886 was the 49th to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. Jeonggang of Silla (d 887 r 886-887 was the 50th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Jinseong of Silla (d 897 r 887-897 was the fifty-first to rule the Korean kingdom of Silla. Hyogong of Silla (d 912 r 897-912 was the 52nd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Sindeok of Silla (d 917 r 912-917 was the 53rd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Gyeongmyeong of Silla (d 924 r 917-924 was the 54th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Gyeongae of Silla (d 927 r 924-927 was the 55th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Gyeongsun of Silla (d 978 r 927-935 was the 56th and final ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated In 503, King Jijeung standardized on the characters 新羅(신라), which in Modern Korean are read together as Silla; however, Korean /s/ is often palatalized before /i/, so that the actual phonetic result tends to sound more like "Shilla" to the ear of an English speaker. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Persian-Roman wars continue until 557. Jijeung of Silla (r 437-514 d 514 was the 22nd ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Palatalization or palatalisation (ˌpælətəlɨˈzeɪʃən generally refers to two phenomena As a process or the result of a process
An etymological hypothesis (there are various other speculations) suggests that, the native name “Seora-beol” might have been the origin of the native word “seo'ul” meaning "capital city" and also the name of the present capital of South Korea, a city which was previously known as Hanseong or Hanyang. The name of the Silla capital, might have been changed into, in the Late Middle Korean form Syeobeul (셔블) meaning "royal capital city," which soon might have altered into Syeo'ul (셔울), and finally resulted in Seo'ul (서울) in the Modern Korean language.
The name of either Silla or its capital Seora-beol was also widely used throughout Northeast Asia as the ethnonym for the people of Silla, appearing as "Shiragi" (新羅、しらぎ) or "Shiragi-bito" (新羅人, literally "Silla-people") in the language of the Yamato Japanese and as "Sogol" or "Solho" in the language of the medieval Jurchens and their later descendants, the Manchus respectively.
Silla was also referred to as Gyerim (鷄林, 계림), literally "chicken forest", a name that has its origins in the forest near the Silla capital where by legend the state's founder was hatched from the egg of a cockatrice (kor. The Gyerim is a small Woodland in Gyeongju National Park, Gyeongju, South Korea. A cockatrice is a Legendary creature, resembling a large rooster with a lizard-like tail "an ornament in the drama and poetry of the Elizabethans quot Laurence 계룡, literally chicken-dragon).
History
Scholars have traditionally divided Silla history into three distinct periods: Early (trad. 57 BCE–654 CE), Middle (654–780), and Late (780–935).
Shifting of Power
Silla was ruled by three clans, which were the Bak, Seok, and the Kim. Seok is a Korean family name, held by about 56500 South Koreans and many others in North Korea and around the world Historical records do not mention any bloodshed in these shiftings of power, but historians have come to the conclusion that bloodless power shifts could not have happened. The Bak clan held power for three generations before being faced with a coup by the Seok clan. During the reign of the first Seok ruler, Talhae of Silla, the Kim clan's presence in Silla is mentioned in the form of Kim Alji being born from an egg. Talhae of Silla (?-80 r 57-80 was the fourth king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Kim Alji (김알지 金閼智 was a historical figure in Korean history. The Bak and Seok clans constantly fight each other for power and both are eventually overthrown by the Kim clan. The Kim clan solely rules over Silla for many generations with the Bak and Seok clans as nobility, and the Bak eventually come back to power and ruled for four generations. However, the final ruler of Later Silla, King Gyeongsun, was a member of the Kim Clan. Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Gyeongsun of Silla (d 978 r 927-935 was the 56th and final ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.
Founding
During the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, the city-states of central and southern Korea were grouped into three confederacies called Samhan. Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan in central and southern Korean peninsula Silla began as Saro-guk, a statelet within the 12-member confederacy called Jinhan. Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong Saro-guk consisted of six villages and six clans.
According to Korean records, Silla was founded by King Bak Hyeokgeose in 57 BCE, around present-day Gyeongju. Hyeokgeose of Silla (69 BCE - 4 CE r 57 BCE&ndash4 CE commonly called Park Hyeokgeose, was the founding monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea Gyeongju is an administrative division of South Korea and one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea Hyeokgeose is said to have been hatched from an egg laid from a white horse, and when he turned 13, six clans submitted to him as king and established Saro (or Seona). He is also the progenitor of the Park (박) clan, now one of the most common family names in Korea.
The earliest recording of this date is found in the Samguk Sagi, a 12th century Korean history. Samguk Sagi ( History of the Three Kingdoms) is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Current archeological evidence indicates that while a polity may have been established even earlier than this in the Gyeongju region, it is too early to call it a kingdom. The author of the Samguk Sagi, Kim Bu-sik, probably attempted to legitimize Silla rule by giving it historical seniority over its rival kingdoms Baekje and Goguryeo. Kim Busik (1075-1151 was an official and a scholar during Korea 's Goryeo period Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
Early period
In the early years, leadership rotated among the three strongest clans, Bak, Seok, and Kim. Seok is a Korean family name, held by about 56500 South Koreans and many others in North Korea and around the world Kim is the most common family name in Korea. The name is common in both modern-day North Korea and South Korea.
By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a distinct state in the southeastern area of the Korean peninsula. Physical geography See also Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea Mountains cover 70 percent of the Korean Peninsula and arable plains are It expanded its influence over neighboring Jinhan chiefdoms, but through the 3rd century, it was probably no more than the strongest city-state in a loose federation.
To the west, Baekje had centralized into a kingdom by about 250, by overtaking the Mahan confederacy. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong To the southwest, Byeonhan was being replaced by the Gaya confederacy. Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan In northern Korea, Goguryeo, a kingdom by about 50 CE, destroyed the last Chinese commandery in 313, and had grown into a threatening regional power. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
Growth into a kingdom
King Naemul (356–402) of the Kim clan established a hereditary monarchy, eliminating the rotating power-sharing scheme, and the leader's now truly royal title became Maripgan (from the native Korean root Han or Gan, "leader" or "great", which was previously used for ruling princes in southern Korea, and which may have some relationship with the Mongol/Turkic title Khan). Naemul of Silla (d 402 r 356-402 was the 17th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. In 377, it sent emissaries to China and established relations with Goguryeo. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and
Facing pressure from Baekje in the west and Japan in the south[1], in the later part of the 4th century, Silla allied with Goguryeo. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and However, when Goguryeo began to expand its territory southward, moving its capital to Pyongyang in 427, Nulji was forced to ally with Baekje. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. Nulji (reigned 417&ndash458 was the nineteenth king ( Maripgan) of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
By the time of King Beopheung (514–540), Silla was a full-fledged kingdom, with Buddhism as state religion, and its own era name systems. King Beopheung (r 514-540 was the 23rd monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Korean Era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and Silla absorbed the Gaya confederacy during the Gaya–Silla Wars, annexing Geumgwan Gaya in 532 and conquering Daegaya in 562, thereby expanding its borders to the Nakdong River basin. The Gaya-Silla Wars were a series of conflicts between the ancient Korean Kingdom of Silla and the Gaya confederacy. Geumgwan Gaya (43 - 532 or " Crown Gaya" also known as Bon-Gaya (본가야 本伽倻 "origin Gaya" or Garakguk (가락국 "Garak Daegaya was a city-state in the Gaya confederacy during the Korean Three Kingdoms period The Nakdong River ( Rakdong in North Korean is the longest River in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and
King Jinheung (540–576) established a strong military force. King Jinheung (540-576 was the 24th Monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Silla helped Baekje drive Goguryeo out of the Han River (Seoul) territory, and then wrested control of the entire strategic region from Baekje in 553, breaching the 120-year Baekje-Silla alliance. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. also King Jinheung was establishment Hwarang. The Hwarang were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century
The early period ended with the demise of the “hallowed bone” (seonggol) rank with the death of Queen Jindeok. The bone rank system was the system of aristocratic rank used in the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. Queen Jindeok of Silla reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 647 to 654.
Later Silla
In the 7th century Silla allied itself with the Chinese Tang dynasty. Unified Silla ( 668 CE - 935 CE or Later Silla is the name often applied to the kingdom of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by In 660, under King Muyeol (654-661), Silla subjugated Baekje. King Taejong Muyeol (602 &ndash 661 Birth name Kim Chunchu) was the 29th monarch of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and ruled from 654 to 661 In 668, under King Munmu (King Muyeol's successor) and the General Kim Yu-shin, Silla conquered Goguryeo to its north. Munmu of Silla (reigned 661 &ndash 681) was the thirtieth king of the Korean kingdom of Silla. Kim Yusin (595-673 was a General in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Silla then fought for nearly a decade to expel Chinese forces on the peninsula intent on creating Tang colonies there to finally establish a unified kingdom as far north as modern Pyongyang. The northern region of the defunct Goguryeo state later reemerged as Balhae. Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an
Silla's middle period is characterized by the rising power of the monarchy at the expense of the jingol nobility. The bone rank system was the system of aristocratic rank used in the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. This was made possible by the new wealth and prestige garnered as a result of Silla's unification of the peninsula, as well as the monarchy's successful suppression of several armed aristocratic revolts following early upon unification, which afforded the king the opportunity of purging the most powerful families and rivals to central authority. Further, for a brief period of about a century from the late 7th to late 8th centuries the monarchy made an attempt to divest aristocratic officialdom of their landed base by instituting a system of salary payments, or office land (jikjeon 직전, 職田), in lieu of the former system whereby aristocratic officials were given grants of land to exploit as salary (the so–called tax villages, or nogeup 녹읍, 祿邑).
By the late 8th century, however, these royal initiatives had failed to check the power of the entrenched aristocracy. The mid to late 8th century saw renewed revolts led by branches of the Kim clan which effectively limited royal authority. Most prominent of these was a revolt led by Kim Daegong that persisted for three years. One key evidence of the erosion of kingly authority was the rescinding of the office land system and the reinstitution of the former tax village system as salary land for aristocratic officialdom in 757.
The middle period of Silla came to an end with the assassination of King Hyegong in 780, terminating the kingly line of succession of King Muyeol, the architect of Silla's unification of the peninsula. Hyegong of Silla (756-780 r 765-780 was the 36th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla. King Taejong Muyeol (602 &ndash 661 Birth name Kim Chunchu) was the 29th monarch of the southern Korean kingdom of Silla and ruled from 654 to 661 Hyegong‘s demise was a bloody one, the culmination of an extended civil war involving most of the kingdom‘s high–ranking noble families. With Hyegong‘s death, during the remaining years of Silla the king was reduced to little more than a figurehead as powerful aristocratic families became increasingly independent of central control.
Thereafter the Silla kingship was fixed in the house of King Wonseong (785–798), though the office itself was continually contested among various branches of the Kim lineage.
Nevertheless, the middle period of Silla witnessed the state at its zenith, the brief consolidation of royal power, and the attempt to institute a Chinese style bureaucratic system.
Decline and fall
The final century and a half of the Silla state was one of nearly constant upheaval and civil war as the king was reduced to little more than figurehead and powerful aristocratic families rose to dominance in the countryside.
The tail end of this period, called the Later Three Kingdoms, saw the emergence of the kingdoms of Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo and Silla's submission to the Goryeo dynasty. The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892 - 936 consisted of Silla, Hubaekje ("Later Baekje " and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo Hubaekje, or Later Baekje, was one of the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Hugoguryeo and Silla. Taebong or Later Goguryeo was a state established by Gung Ye (궁예 弓裔 on the Korean peninsula in 901, during the Later Three Kingdoms The Goryeo Dynasty ( 918 - 1392) (also spelled Koryŏ was a Sovereign state established in 918 by Taejo Wang Kon.
Silla Society and Politics
From at least the 6th century, when Silla acquired a detailed system of law and governance, social status and official advancement were dictated by the bone rank system. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The bone rank system was the system of aristocratic rank used in the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. This rigid lineage-based system also dictated clothing, house size and the permitted range of marriage.
Since its emergence as a centralized polity Silla society had been characterized by its strict aristocratic makeup. Silla had two royal classes: "sacred bone" (seonggol 성골 聖骨) and "true bone" (jingol 진골 眞骨). Up until the reign of King Muyeol this aristocracy had been divided into "sacred bone" and "true bone" aristocrats, with the former differentiated by their eligibility to attain the kingship. This duality had ended when Queen Jindeok, the last ruler from the "sacred bone" class, died in 654. [2] The numbers of "sacred bone" aristocrats had been decreasing, as the title was only conferred to those whose parents were both "sacred bones", whereas children of a "sacred" and a "true bone" parent were considered as "true bones".
Following unification Silla began to rely more upon Chinese models of bureaucracy to administer its greatly expanded territory. This was a marked change from pre-unification days when the Silla monarchy stressed Buddhism, and the Silla monarch's role as a "Buddha-king". Another salient factor in post-unification politics were the increasing tensions between the Korean monarchy and aristocracy.
Culture
The capital of the Silla kingdom was Gyeongju. Gyeongju is an administrative division of South Korea and one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea A great number of Silla tombs can still be found in the centre of Gyeongju. Silla tombs took the form of a stone chamber which was surrounded by a soil mound. A great number of remains from the Silla period can be found all over Gyeongju. The historic area around Gyeongju was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2000. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex [3] Much of it is also protected as part of Gyeongju National Park. Gyeongju National Park is one of 20 national parks in South Korea. Additionally, two villages near Gyeongju area names of which are Hahoe and Yangdong would be submitted for UNESCO heritages in 2008 or later by related cities and South Korean government. [4]
The Bronze Bell of King Seongdeok the Great attracts a large number of tourists. Seongdeok Daewang (reigned 702 &ndash 737) was the thirty-third king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. The bell produces a distinctive sound, about which there is a legend. Cheomseongdae near Gyeongju is the oldest extant astronomical observatory in East Asia, while some disagree on its exact functions. Cheomseongdae is an Astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, South Korea. An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events It was built during the reign of Queen Seondeok (623-647). Seondeok (Sŏndŏk reigned as Queen of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, from 632 to 647.
Muslim traders brought the name "Silla" to the world outside the traditional East Asian sphere through the Silk Road. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Geographers of the Arab and Persian world, including ibn Khurdadhbih, al-Masudi, Dimashiki, al-Nuwairi, and al-Maqrizi, left records about Silla. Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh ( Persian: fa ابوالقاسم عبیدالله ابن خردادبه) (c TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn íbn Ali al-Mas'udi (transl) (born c Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad al-Maqrizi (1364 &ndash 1442 Arabic: ar تقى الدين أحمد بن على بن عبد القادر بن محمد
Buddhism
Buddhism was formally adopted by Silla in 527 under King Beopheung, though it had been exposed to the religion for over a century during which the faith had certainly made inroads into the native populace. Bulguksa is a Buddhist temple in the North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. For the political lobbying groups see 527 groups Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 1 — Byzantine King Beopheung (r 514-540 was the 23rd monarch of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It was the Buddhist monk Ado who first exposed Silla to Buddhism when he arrived to proselytize from Goguryeo in the mid 5th century. Jikjisa is a head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. [5] However, according to legend, the Silla monarchy was convinced to adopt the faith by the martyrdom of the Silla court noble Ichadon, who was executed for his Buddhist faith by the Silla king in 527 only to have his blood flow the color of milk. Ichadon (501-527 also known as Geochadon (거차돈 or by his Courtesy name Yeomchok (염촉 or Yeomdo, was a Buddhist monk and advisor
The importance of Buddhism in Silla society of the late early period is difficult to exaggerate. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices From King Beopheung and for the following six reigns Silla kings adopted Buddhist names and came to portray themselves as Buddha–kings. [6] Buddhism in Silla was, more so than in the case of Baekje and Goguryeo, an officially sponsored faith. Its state–protection aspects were emphasized. The Hwarang corps, an elite corps of youthful warriors that would play a central role in Silla unification of the peninsula, had strong connections to Buddhism, particularly the worship of the Maitreya Buddha. The Hwarang were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century Maitreya ( Sanskrit) or Metteyya ( Pāli) is a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. The late early period of Silla saw Buddhism‘s apogee there. A great number of temples were built, often financed and sponsored by high ranking nobility, the most notable being Hwangyongsa, Bulguksa and Seokguram. Bulguksa is a Buddhist temple in the North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. The Seokguram Grotto is a hermitage and part of the Bulguksa temple complex Hwangyongsa (Imperial Dragon) temple in particular emphasized the power of the monarchy and Buddhism‘s role in state protection and aggrandizement. The nine stories of its wooden pagoda, perhaps the tallest manmade structure in East Asia of the period, were said to symbolize the nine nations destined to submit to Silla rule. Silla attached great importance to the pagoda, building them of stone as well as wood.
With Silla unification Buddhism came to play a less perceptible role in politics as the monarchy attempted to adopt Chinese Confucian institutions of statecraft to govern an enlarged state and to curb the power of the aristocratic families. Nevertheless, Buddhism still enjoyed a central place in larger Silla society. Hundreds of Silla monks traveled to Tang China in search of education and for the procurement of much needed Buddhism sutras.
Silla‘s strong Buddhist nature is also reflected by the thousands of remnant Buddhist stone figures and carvings, mostly importantly on Namsan. Namsan (남산 "South Mountain" is a 494-meter peak in the heart of Gyeongju National Park, just south of Gyeongju, South Korea.
Gallery
 A Crown of Silla, 5-6th century |
 A Silla dagger, 5th century |
 The Bronze Bell of King Seongdeok the Great |
 Stone pagoda on Mt. Namsan near Gyeongju |
 Buddha relief carved into stone on Mt. The crowns of Silla were made in the Korean kingdom of Silla approximately in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Common Era Namsan (남산 "South Mountain" is a 494-meter peak in the heart of Gyeongju National Park, just south of Gyeongju, South Korea. Namsan near Gyeongju |
 Buddhist temple showing ancient jumonji at Gyeongju |
 gold ornament from early Silla |
 reliquary from 7th century |
 A monkey warrior statue of Silla at the National Museum of Korea. The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea. |
 Dragon figure tile in Unified Silla period. |
 Decorated brick, 8th century, Silla kingdom. |
 Decorated slab, 8th century, Silla kingdom. |
Notes
- ^ http://www.shilla.or.kr/shilla_culture/ Retrieved on 2008-03-08
- ^ 성골 [聖骨]. Empas Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708)
- ^ 매일신문
- ^ '하회마을·양동마을 세계문화유산 추진
- ^ Buddhism of Silla http://www.shilla.or.kr/shilla_culture/shilla_bulgeo.asp
- ^ http://www.koreandb.net/Buddhism/buddhist1-main2.htm Retrieved on 2008-03-08
See also
- List of Korea-related topics
- History of Korea
- Three Kingdoms of Korea
- Rulers of Korea
- Hwarang
- Crown of Silla
- List of monarchies
- Silla language
External links
This is a list of articles on Korea -related people places things and concepts The history of Korea stretches from Lower Paleolithic times to the present The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates The Hwarang were an elite group of male youth in Silla, an ancient Korean kingdom that lasted until the 10th century The crowns of Silla were made in the Korean kingdom of Silla approximately in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Common Era There are and were a very large number of monarchies in the world The Silla language was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Silla (57 BC - AD 935 one of the Three Kingdoms of KoreaDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic