Silicones are largely inert compounds with a wide variety of forms and uses. Typically heat-resistant, nonstick, and rubberlike, they are frequently used in cookware, medical applications, sealants, lubricants, and insulation. "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to become solid once applied and is used to prevent the penetration of Air, Gas, Noise, Dust A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving Silicones are polymers that include silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes other chemical elements. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus.

1/2" thickness of silicone firestop sealant being successfully tested to hold a 6-foot head of water to prove water-resistance in new construction applications. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall

Properties

Some of the most useful properties of silicone include:

1. Thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide operating range of −100 to 250 °C).
2. Though not lipophilic, the ability to repel water and form watertight seals. Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or
3. Excellent resistance to oxygen, ozone and sunlight.
4. Flexibility.
5. Good electrical insulation.
6. Nonstick.
7. Low chemical reactivity.
8. Low toxicity.
9. High gas permeability: at room temperature (25 °C) the permeability of silicone rubber for gases like oxygen is approximately 400 times that of butyl rubber, making silicone useful for medical applications (though precluding it from applications where gas-tight seals are necessary).

Technical details

More precisely called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes, silicones are mixed inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R₂SiO]_n, where R = organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A siloxane is any Chemical compound composed of units of the form R2 Si[[Oxygen O]] where R is a Hydrogen atom or a Hydrocarbon group Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 In Organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the Functional group with the formula - These materials consist of an inorganic silicon-oxygen backbone (…-Si-O-Si-O-Si-O-…) with organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms, which are four-coordinate. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

In some cases organic side groups can be used to link two or more of these -Si-O- backbones together. By varying the -Si-O- chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. Cross-links are bonds that link one Polymer chain to another They can be Covalent bonds or Ionic bonds "Polymer chains" can refer They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone oil. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS is the most widely used Silicon -based organic Polymer, and is particularly known for its unusual rheological (or Silicone oils ( polymerized Siloxanes are Silicon analogues of Carbon based Organic compounds, and can form (relatively long and complex The second largest group of silicone materials is based on silicone resins, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes. Silicone resins are a type of Silicone material which is formed by branched cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of RnSiXmOy where

Synthesis

Silicones are synthesized from chlorosilanes, tetraethoxysilane, and related compounds. Chlorosilanes are a group of reactive Chlorine -containing Chemical compounds related to Silane and used in many chemical processes Tetraethyl orthosilicate is the Chemical compound with the formula Si(OC2H54 In the case of PDMS, the starting material is dimethylchlorosilane, which reacts with water as follows:

n [Si(CH₃)₂Cl₂] + n [H₂O] → [Si(CH₃)₂O]_n + 2n HCl

During polymerization, this reaction evolves potentially hazardous hydrogen chloride gas. Chlorosilanes are a group of reactive Chlorine -containing Chemical compounds related to Silane and used in many chemical processes Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting Monomer Molecules together in a Chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks For medical uses, a process was developed where the chlorine atoms in the silane precursor were replaced with acetate groups, so that the reaction product of the final curing process is nontoxic acetic acid (vinegar). Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic chemical compound, giving Vinegar its sour taste As a side effect, the curing process is also much slower in this case. This is the chemistry used in many consumer applications, such as silicone caulk and adhesives. Caulking is a process used to seal the seams in Wooden Boats or ships and riveted iron or steel ships in order to make them watertight Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together

Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, can be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain. Polymer chemistry, branching occurs by the replacement of a Substituent, e Cross-links are bonds that link one Polymer chain to another They can be Covalent bonds or Ionic bonds "Polymer chains" can refer Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Silicone resins are a type of Silicone material which is formed by branched cage-like oligosiloxanes with the general formula of RnSiXmOy where Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

Modern silicone resins are made with tetraethoxysilane, which reacts in a more mild and controllable manner than chlorosilanes. Tetraethyl orthosilicate is the Chemical compound with the formula Si(OC2H54

Chemical terminology

Silicone is often mistakenly referred to as "silicon. " Although silicones contain silicon atoms, they are not made up exclusively of silicon, and have completely different physical characteristics from elemental silicon. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14

The word "silicone" is derived from ketone. A ketone (pronounced as key tone) is either the Functional group characterized by a Carbonyl group (O=C linked to two other Carbon atoms or Dimethylsilicone and dimethyl ketone (a. k. a. acetone) have analogous formulas, thus it was surmised (incorrectly) that they have analogous structures. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable The same terminology is used for compounds such as silane (an analogue of methane). Silane is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula Si[[hydrogen H]]4 Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas.

A true silicone group with a double bond between oxygen and silicon (see figure) does not exist in nature; chemists find that the silicon atom forms a single bond with each of two oxygen atoms, rather than a double bond to a single atom. Polysiloxanes are called "silicone" due to early mistaken assumptions about their structure.

Uses

Aquarium joints

Aquarium manufacturers have used silicone sealant exclusively from its inception in order to join glass plates, making aquariums of every size and shape. Glass joints made with silicone sealant can withstand hundreds of metric tons of pressure, making obsolete the original aquarium construction method using angle-iron and putty.

Automotive

In the automotive field, silicone grease is typically used as a lubricant for brake components since it is stable at high temperatures, is not water-soluble and is far less likely than other lubricants to foul. A brake is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a Machine or Vehicle, or alternatively a device to restrain it from starting to move again

Automotive spark plug wires are often insulated by multiple layers of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires, causing misfires. The insulation also minimizes RFI, which can interfere with an engine management computer.

Silicone tubing is sometimes used in automotive intake systems (especially for engines with forced-induction) . Forced induction is a term used to describe Internal combustion engines that are not naturally aspirated.

Sheet silicone is used to manufacture gaskets used in automotive engines, transmissions and other applications. A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two objects generally to prevent leakage between the two objects while under compression. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a

Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops must avoid the presence of all silicones, as they may cause "fish eyes," small, circular craters that appear in the finish.

Coatings

Silicone films can be applied to silica-based substrates like glass to form a covalently bonded hydrophobic coating. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of

Cookware

Silicone is becoming an important product in the cookware industry, particularly bakeware and kitchen utensils. "Saucepan" redirects here In Australia "the Saucepan" is sometimes used as an unofficial name for part of the constellation of Pavo, when finding the It is also used as an insulator in heat resistant potholders and similar, however it is more conductive of heat than the less dense fiber-based ones. Silicone oven mitts are able to withstand temperatures up to 675°F (357°C), and allow reaching into boiling water. [6]

Dry cleaning

Liquid silicone can be used as a dry cleaning solvent. Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for Clothing and Textiles using an organic Solvent rather than Water. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. Touted as an "environmentally friendly" alternative to the traditional perchloroethylene (or perc) solvent, the decamethylpentacyclosiloxane (D5) process has been patented by the company GreenEarth Cleaning. Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and as perchloroethylene, perchloroethene, perc, and PCE A siloxane is any Chemical compound composed of units of the form R2 Si[[Oxygen O]] where R is a Hydrogen atom or a Hydrocarbon group GreenEarth Cleaning is a patented process for Drycleaning using liquid Silicone (decamethylpentacyclosiloxane or D5 a clear odorless non-toxic Solvent

The solvent degrades into silica and trace amounts of water and CO2, and waste produced from the D5 drycleaning process is nontoxic and nonhazardous. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single This significantly reduces the environmental impact of a typically high-polluting industry.

Additionally, liquid silicone is chemically inert, meaning it does not react with fabrics or dyes during the cleaning process. This reduces the amount of fading and shrinking that most dry-cleaned garments experience.

Electronic

Electronic components are sometimes protected by enclosing them in silicone to increase stability against mechanical and electrical shock, radiation and vibration. A resin casting system is a technical installation to process Casting resin for the purpose of filling sealing covering or soaking technical parts especially in the field This is often called "potting".

Silicones are used when durability and high performance are demanded of components under hard conditions, as in space (satellite technology). They are selected over polyurethane or epoxy encapsulation when a wide operating temperature range is required (−65 to 315 °C). A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links In Chemistry, epoxy or polyepoxide is a Thermosetting Epoxide Polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks when mixed with a Silicones also have the advantage of little exothermic heat rise during cure, low toxicity, good electrical properties and high purity.

The use of silicones in electronics is not without problems, however. Silicones are relatively expensive and can be attacked by solvents. ^[1] Silicone easily migrates as either a liquid or vapor onto other components.

Silicone contamination of electrical switch contacts can lead to failures by causing an increase in contact resistance, often late in the life of the contact, well after any testing is completed. ^[2] Use of silicone-based spray products in electronic devices during maintenance or repairs can cause later failures.

Firestops

Silicone foams have been used in North American buildings in an attempt to firestop openings within fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies to prevent the spread of flames and smoke from one room to another. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall

Israeli installations switched to an "elastomer" version, which avoids most safety concerns associated with the foams. An elastomer is a Polymer with the property of Elasticity. The term which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term

Silicone foam firestops have been the subject of controversy and press attention due to smoke development from pyrolysis of combustible components within the foam, hydrogen gas escape, shrinkage and cracking. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 These problems have been exposed by whistleblower Gerald W. Brown and have led to a large number or reportable events among licensees (operators of nuclear power plants) of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). This is an article about a term For the 2008 RTÉ drama see Whistleblower (TV series. Gerald W Brown is an American Whistleblower, who concerned himself with deficiencies in Passive fire protection Systems in Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions Nuclear Regulatory Commission (or NRC) is a United States government agency that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act in 1974 and was first

When properly installed, silicone-foam firestops can be fabricated for building code compliance. Advantages include flexibility and high dielectric strength. A dielectric is a nonconducting substance ie an insulator. The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday. Disadvantages include combustibility (hard to extinguish) and significant smoke development.

Lubricants

Silicone greases are used for many purposes, such as bicycle chains. Although the word grease originally described the rendered fat of animals the term is now applied more broadly to mean a Lubricant of higher initial Viscosity A dry-set lubricant is delivered with a solvent carrier to penetrate the chain. The solvent evaporates, leaving a clear film that lubricates but does not attract dirt and grit as much as a traditional "wet" lubricant.

Silicone spray is one lubricant well suited for a Rubik's Cube. The Rubik's Cube is a Mechanical puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian Sculptor and Professor of Architecture Ernő Rubik

Medicine

Silicone, particularly the gel form, is used in bandages and dressings, in breast implants and a variety of other medical uses. A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body A breast implant is a Prosthesis used to enlarge the size of a woman's Breasts (known as breast augmentation, breast enlargement, mammoplasty

Moldmaking

Two-part silicone systems are used to create rubber molds which can be used for production casting of resins, foams, rubber and low-temp alloys.

A mold made of silicone generally requires little or no mold release or surface preparation as most materials do not adhere to moldmaking silicone.

For experimental uses, ordinary one-part silicone can also be used, either to make molds, or to mold into shapes. Common vegetable cooking oils and petroleum jelly can be used on mating surfaces as a mold release agent. Silicone Caulk Molds RTV SILICONE RUBBER MOLD

Personal care

Silicones are ingredients in some leave-in hair conditioner products. Hair conditioner is a Hair care product that alters the Texture and appearance of human Hair. These lessen frizz by using silicone's water resistance to prevent humidity from entering a dry hair shaft.

Silicones are also used in some shaving products ^[3] and personal lubricants. Shaving is the removal of hair by using Razor or any other kind of bladed implement to slice it down to the level of the skin Personal lubricants are specialized Lubricants which serve during sexual intercourse to reduce Friction with the Vagina, the Anus, or other Menstrual cups are often made of silicone for its durability and reusability. A menstrual cup is a type of cup or barrier worn inside the Vagina during Menstruation to collect menstrual Silicone is also material of choice for soft sex toys, due to its durability, cleanability and lack of pthalates, chemicals suspected of having carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on the skin and mucus membranes. A sex toy is an object or device that is primarily used in facilitating human sexual pleasure. Phthalates, or phthalate esters, are esters of Phthalic acid and are mainly used as Plasticizers (substances added to Plastics to increase their ^[4][5][6] One review of the health risks of phthalates advocated moving away from medical devices containing phthalates because of their toxicity. ^[7]

Plumbing and building construction

The strength and reliability of silicone rubber is widely acknowledged in the construction industry. Silicone rubber is a Polymer that has a "backbone" of Silicon - Oxygen linkages the same bond that is found in Quartz, Glass

One-part silicone sealants and caulks are in common use to seal gaps, joints and crevices in buildings. A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to become solid once applied and is used to prevent the penetration of Air, Gas, Noise, Dust Caulking is a process used to seal the seams in Wooden Boats or ships and riveted iron or steel ships in order to make them watertight One-part silicones cure by absorbing atmospheric moisture, which helps in the professional installation.

In plumbing, silicone grease is typically applied to O-rings in faucets and valves. Whist the film is extant it prevents lime from sticking to the brasswork.

Toys

Silicone balls have become a juggler's favorite due to the high bounce back, and are used as a response system in many low response yo-yos. Juggling is a physical human skill involving the movement of objects usually through the air for entertainment (see Object manipulation)

Versatile applications

Silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealant against water and air penetration.	Chemical structure of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).	A hypothetical silicone group. Such species do not exist, see text.	Self-leveling silicone firestop system used around copper pipe through-penetrations in a two-hour fire-resistance rated concrete floor assembly. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder used to convey materials or as a structural component A fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for which a Passive fire protection System can withstand a standard fire resistance test. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag
Self-levelling silicone firestop installation in mechanical service penetration in 2 hour rated concrete floor. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall A fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for which a Passive fire protection System can withstand a standard fire resistance test. Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag	Faulty Sakno Silicone Foam Firestop Installation in Calgary Sewage Treatment Plant in the 1980s, to seal opening above a fire door in a cast concrete fire separation. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada A fire door is a type of Door, or barrier used as a Passive fire protection item within Buildings to prevent the spread of Fire or Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction.	Silicone "foamfixer" pump used to apply silicone foam firestop materials. The most general definition of foam is a substance that is formed by trapping many gas Bubbles in a Liquid or Solid. A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall	Silicon dioxide (silica) used in the manufacture of all silicones. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide This is what remains when one burns silicone; burning silicone caulking or foam produces silica (as well as char) as a white powder – silica fume.

Silicone Industry Trade Organizations

The leading global manufacturers of silicone base materials belong to three regional organizations: the European Silicone Center(CES) in Brussels, Belgium; the Silicone Environment Health and Safety Council(SEHSC) in Washington, USA; and the Silicone Industry Association of Japan (SIAJ) in Tokyo, Japan. A fourth organization, the Global Silicone Council (GSC) acts as an umbrella structure over the regional organizations. All four are nonprofit making and have no commercial role. Their primary mission is to promote the safety of silicones from a health, safety and environmental perspective. As the European chemical industry is getting prepared to implement the REACH legislation, CES is leading the formation of a consortium^[8] of silicones, silanes and siloxanes producers and importers to facilitate data and cost sharing. Registration Evaluation Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals ( REACH) is a new European Union Regulation, EC/2006/1907 of 18 December 2006

See also

References

1. ^ See Resin casting for how silicones can be dispensed in circuit board production. Gerald W Brown is an American Whistleblower, who concerned himself with deficiencies in Passive fire protection Systems in A breast implant is a Prosthesis used to enlarge the size of a woman's Breasts (known as breast augmentation, breast enlargement, mammoplasty Breast prostheses are breast forms intended to simulate Breasts There are a number of materials and designs A firestop is a Passive fire protection System of various components used to seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to become solid once applied and is used to prevent the penetration of Air, Gas, Noise, Dust Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber (LSR is a process to produce pliable durable parts in high volume The Negev Nuclear Research Center is an Israeli nuclear installation located in the Negev Desert, about ten kilometers to the south of the city of Dimona Neuticles are prosthetic testicular implants for neutered Dogs and other domestic animals This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled Nuclear Regulatory Commission (or NRC) is a United States government agency that was established by the Energy Reorganization Act in 1974 and was first Parchment is a thin material made from Calfskin, Sheepskin or goatskin. Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for Clothing and Textiles using an organic Solvent rather than Water. Dental dams or rubber dams are rectangular sheets of Latex used in Dentistry, specifically Endodontic therapy. A resin casting system is a technical installation to process Casting resin for the purpose of filling sealing covering or soaking technical parts especially in the field
2. ^ See chapter 16. 4. 1 of Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications By Paul G. Slade (image available online via GoogleBooks). Also, "A Comparison for the Effects of Various Forms of Silicon Contamination on Contact Performance" by Witter, G. (Published in "Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, IEEE Transactions on" Mar 1979).
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ [2] W. M. Kluwe, "Carcinogenic potential of phthalic acid esters and related compounds: structure-activity relationships", Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 65: pp. 271–278 (March 1986).
5. ^ [3] Norbert H. Kleinsasser, Ernst R. Kastenbauer, Herbert Weissacher, Ruth K. Muenzenrieder, Ulrich A. Harréus, "Phthalates demonstrate genotoxicity on human mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract", Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 9-12 (2000)
6. ^ [4] Walter J. Kozumbo, Rosanna Kroll, Robert J. Rubin, "Assessment of the Mutagenicity of Phthalate Esters", Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 45, pp. 103-109 (Nov. 1982)
7. ^ [5] Joel A. Tickner, Ted Schettler, Tee Guidotti, Michael McCally, Mark Rossi "Health risks posed by use of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in PVC medical devices: A critical review", American Journal of Industrial Medicine Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 100-111 (2001)
8. ^ REACH consortium

External links

• Proceedings Of The Select Committee On Ontario Hydro Nuclear Affairs
• NIRS Reactorwatch
• ccnr.org Representative Ed Markey's Statements concerning flammable firestops
• USNRC Information Notice 88-56
• Silicone Polymers (Virtual Chembook, Elmhurst College)
• Science of Silicone Polymers (Silicone Science On-line, Centre Européen des Silicones - CES)
• Silicon Chemistry (Silicon Chemistry Basics, Dow Corning)
• Types of silicone