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Not to be confused with Sillycone Valley.
A view of downtown San Jose, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Silicon Valley."
A view of downtown San Jose, the self-proclaimed "Capital of Silicon Valley. Downtown San José is the Central business district of San José, California, United States. "

Silicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The South Bay is a subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States and is roughly synonymous with Silicon Valley and the The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the high-tech sector. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available In Rhetoric, metonymy (mɨˈtɒnɨmi is the use of a word for a concept or object associated with the concept/object originally denoted by the word Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading high-tech hub because of its large number of engineers and venture capitalists. Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies Geographically, Silicon Valley encompasses the northern part of Santa Clara Valley and adjacent communities. See Silicon Valley for a discussion of the technological aspects of the Santa Clara Valley

Contents

Origin of the term

The term Silicon Valley was coined by Ralph Vaerst, a Northern California entrepreneur. Its first published use is credited to Don Hoefler, a friend of Vaerst's, who used the phrase as the title of a series of articles in the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News. Don C Hoefler (c 1922 - April 15, 1986) is an American Journalist who coined the term " Silicon Valley " A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. Electronic News is an online publication that currently covers just the semiconductor production equipment industry The series, entitled "Silicon Valley USA," began in the paper's issue dated January 11, 1971. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of companies involved in the semiconductor and computer industries that were concentrated in the area. See Silicon Valley for a discussion of the technological aspects of the Santa Clara Valley San Francisco Bay is a shallow productive Estuary through which water draining from approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. These firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight. An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production.

History

Perhaps the strongest thread that runs through the Valley’s past and present is the drive to “play” with novel technology, which, when bolstered by an advanced engineering degree and channeled by astute management, has done much to create the industrial powerhouse we see in the Valley today. [1]

Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley
Looking west over northern San Jose (downtown is at far left) and other parts of Silicon Valley

Since the early twentieth century, Silicon Valley has been home to a vibrant, growing electronics industry. The industry began through experimentation and innovation in the fields of radio, television, and military electronics. Stanford University, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the evolution of this area. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in

Roots in radio and military technology

The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of U.S. Navy research and technology. The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose. Charles David 'Doc' Herrold, ( November 16, 1875 – July 1, 1948) was an American Radio broadcasting Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto. The arc converter, sometimes called the arc transmitter or Poulsen arc after its inventor Valdemar Poulsen, is a device used to convert DC energy Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the U. S. Navy in 1912. [1]

In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale, California was commissioned by the United States Government for the use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One. Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Macon, named in honor of the city of Macon Georgia. The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field, and between 1933 and 1947, US Navy blimps were based here. Moffett Federal Airfield, also known as Moffett Field, is a joint civil-military Airport located 3 miles (5 km north of Mountain View, in Santa [2] A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its West Coast operations to San Diego, NACA (the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, forerunner of NASA) took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Aeronautics (from Greek aero which means air or sky and nautis which means sailor i Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms such as Lockheed. This article is about the field of research and industry for the corporation see The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace comprises the The Lockheed Corporation (originally Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company was an American aerospace company founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta

Stanford Industrial Park

After World War II, universities were experiencing enormous demand due to returning students. To address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed the leasing of Stanford's lands for use as an office park, named the Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park). Frederick Emmons Terman (June 7 1900 in English, Indiana – December 19 1982 was an American academic Stanford Research Park is a Technology park located in Palo Alto California on land owned by Stanford University. Stanford Research Park is a Technology park located in Palo Alto California on land owned by Stanford University. Leases were limited to high technology companies. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military radar components. Varian Associates was a company founded in 1948 by Russell H and Sigurd F However, Terman also found venture capital for civilian technology start-ups . Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies One of the major success stories was Hewlett-Packard. Founded in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates William Hewlett and David Packard, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park slightly after 1953. Packard's garage, is a Museum where Hewlett-Packard was founded William Redington Hewlett ( May 20, 1913 &ndash January 12, 2001) was the co-founder with David Packard, of the Hewlett-Packard David Packard (September 7 1912 &ndash March 26 1996 was a co-founder of Hewlett-Packard (1939 serving as president (1947-1964 CEO (1964-1968 and Chairman of the In 1954, Stanford created the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the University on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home printing market when it released the first ink jet printer in 1984. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page In addition, the tenancy of Eastman Kodak and General Electric undoubtedly made Stanford Industrial Park a center of technology in the mid-1990's. [3][4]

Silicon transistor

In 1953, William Shockley left Bell Labs in a disagreement over the handling of the invention of the transistor. William Bradford Shockley ( February 13, 1910 &ndash August 12, 1989) was a British -born American Physicist Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization In Electronics, a transistor is a Semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals After returning to California Institute of Technology for a short while, Shockley moved to Mountain View, California in 1956, and founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. The California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech) is a private, Coeducational research university located in Pasadena Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory was the first company to work on silicon semiconductor devices in what came to be known as Silicon Valley. Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the Shockley diode), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor. The Traitorous Eight, as they would become known are eight men who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to form Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957. Present day Fairchild Semiconductor International Inc is a spin-off company resulting from reconstitution of assets in National Semiconductor Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, would go on to found Intel. Robert Norton Noyce ( December 12, 1927 &ndash June 3, 1990) nicknamed " the Mayor of Silicon Valley " co-founded Gordon Earle Moore (born 3 January 1929 in San Francisco, California) is the co-founder and Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation and the author [5]

Venture capital firms

By the early 1970s there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. The growth was fueled by the emergence of the venture capital industry on Sand Hill Road, beginning with Kleiner Perkins in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1. Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies Sand Hill Road is a Road in Menlo Park California, notable for the concentration of Venture capital companies there Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB is a Venture capital firm located on Sand Hill Road in Silicon Valley. 3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980. Initial public offering (IPO, also referred to simply as a "public offering" is when a company issues Common stock or shares to the public for the first Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics

The rise of software

Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software, and user interfaces.

Using money from NASA and the U.S. Air Force, Doug Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s, while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International). Dr Douglas C Engelbart (born January 30 1925 is an American Inventor. In Computing, a mouse (plural mice, mouse devices, or mouses) SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. When Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center declined in influence due to personal conflicts and the loss of government funding, Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers. Stanford Research Institute 's Augmentation Research Center (ARC was founded by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools Xerox Corporation ( (name ˈziːrɒks is a global document management company which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet, PostScript, and laser printers. PARC (Palo Alto Research Center Inc formerly Xerox PARC, is a Research and development company in Palo Alto California that began as a division of Object-oriented programming (OOP is a Programming paradigm that uses " objects " and their interactions to design applications and computer programs Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs PostScript ( PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative Programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982 A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper

While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems, and indirectly to Cisco, Apple Computer and Microsoft. Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Apple's Macintosh GUI was largely a result of Steve Jobs' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel. Macintosh, commonly nicknamed Mac is a Brand name which covers several lines of Personal computers designed developed and marketed by Apple Inc Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24 1955 is the Co-founder, Chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc and former CEO of Pixar Animation Microsoft's Windows GUI is based on Apple's work, more or less directly. [6] Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford's campus Ethernet.

Internet bubble

Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble which started from the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April of 2000. The " dot-com bubble " (or sometimes the " IT bubble " was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2001 (with a climax on March 10 The NASDAQ (acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) is an American Stock exchange. A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion. Sand Hill Road is a Road in Menlo Park California, notable for the concentration of Venture capital companies there

Even after the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 Wall Street Journal story found that 13 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley. [7] San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents. [8]

Economy

Notable companies

See also: Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered either in or near Silicon Valley; among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000:

Adobe Systems
Adobe Systems
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Apple Inc.
Apple Inc. High tech is Technology that is at the cutting edge —the most advanced technology currently available Please do not add the complete list of fortune 1000 companies
eBay
eBay
Google
Google
Hewlett Packard
Hewlett Packard
Intel
Intel
Intuit
Intuit
Nvidia
Nvidia
Oracle
Oracle
Seagate Technology
Seagate Technology
Yahoo!
Yahoo!

Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant presence) in Silicon Valley include (some defunct or subsumed):

Silicon Valley is also home to the high-tech superstore retail chain Fry's Electronics. Adobe Systems Incorporated (pronounced a-DOE-bee əˈdoʊbiː ( is an American Computer software company headquartered in San Jose California Agilent Technologies ( or Agilent, is a measurement and instrument company headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Applied Materials Inc ( is a major capital equipment producer serving the Semiconductor TFT LCD Display Glass WEB and Solar manufacturing industries eBay Inc is an American Internet company that manages eBaycom an Online auction and shopping Website in which people and businesses buy and Google Inc is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online Intuit Inc ( is an American Software company that develops financial and Tax preparation software and related services for Small LSI Corporation is an electronics company based in Milpitas California that designs ASICs Host bus adapters RAID adapters Storage Maxtor Corporation was an American manufacturer of computer Hard disk drives founded in 1982 and acquired by Seagate in 2006 National Semiconductor ( is a Semiconductor manufacturer specializing in analog devices and subsystems headquartered in Santa Clara, California, NetApp Inc ( formerly Network Appliance Inc, is a proprietary Computer storage and Data management company headquartered in Sunnyvale California The multinational NVIDIA Corporation ( (ɪnˈvɪdiə specializes in the manufacture of graphics-processor technologies for Workstations Oracle Corporation ( specializes in developing and marketing Enterprise software products — particularly Database management systems In 2007 Oracle ranked SanDisk Corporation ( is an American Multinational corporation which designs and markets Flash memory card products Seagate ( is the world's largest manufacturer of hard drives and storage solutions Solectron Corporation was a global electronics manufacturing company for Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs Symantec Corporation, founded in 1982 is an International Corporation which sells Computer Software, particularly in the realms of security Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services Actel Corporation ( is a manufacturer of single-chip FPGA solutions Actuate Corporation develops Business Intelligence, Performance Management and Java Reporting software Adaptec is a Computer hardware company based in Milpitas California that primarily produces Host adapters for connecting storage devices Amdahl Corporation was founded by Dr Gene Amdahl, a former IBM employee in 1970 and specializes in IBM mainframe -compatible computer products Aricent is a communications innovation technology and Outsourcing company offering a portfolio of services and Products for the communications ASUSTeK Computer Incorporated (Asus () ( is a Taiwan -based multinational company that produces Motherboards Graphics cards Optical drives Atari is a corporate and brand name owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. } Atmel Corporation ( is a manufacturer of Semiconductors, founded in 1984. Cypress Semiconductor Corporation ( is a Silicon Valley -based semiconductor design and manufacturing company founded by T History The first Computer Literacy Bookshop was opened in March 1983 on Lawrence Expressway between Lakeside Drive and Titan Way in Sunnyvale California by Facebook is a social networking Website launched on February 4 2004 Foundry Networks Inc is a Networking hardware vendor selling high-end Ethernet switches and Routers The company was founded in 1996 is a Japanese company specializing in Semiconductors Computers ( Supercomputers Personal computers, servers, Telecommunications Gaia Online is an English-language, Anime -themed social networking and forums -based Website. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hitachi Ltd Juniper Networks, Inc ( is an Information technology company based in Sunnyvale California and founded in 1996 For the unrelated television series see Knight Rider. For other articles see Knight Rider (disambiguation Knight Ridder The McClatchy Company is an American Publishing company based in Sacramento California, that operates a number of Newspapers and Websites Logitech International SA ( SWX: LOGN,) headquartered in Romanel-sur-Morges, Switzerland, is the Holding company for Logitech McAfee Inc ( is an Antivirus software and Computer security company headquartered in Santa Clara California. Established in 1961 in Silicon Valley, Memorex is today a Consumer electronics brand of Imation specializing in disk Recordable media (CD & DVD Imation is a US based multi-national Corporation that designs manufactures sources or markets a wide range of recordable data storage media and consumer electronics products Cerritos (formerly known as Dairy Valley) is a Charter city in Los Angeles County California, United States, and is one of several cities that Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Redmond is a city in King County, Washington, According to the Washington State Office of Financial Management's April 1 2008 estimate the city has a population Netflix ( is the largest Online DVD rental service offering Flat rate rental-by-mail and online streaming to customers in the United States Netscape Communications (formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape) is an American computer services company NeXT Computer Inc (later NeXT Software Inc) was an American Computer company headquartered in Redwood City, California that Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on Opera Software ( is a Norwegian corporation primarily known for its Opera family of web browsers OPPO Digital Inc, is a United States electronics manufacturer Palm Inc is a Personal digital assistant and Smartphone manufacturer headquartered in Sunnyvale, California that is responsible for popular PalmSource, now known as ACCESS Systems Americas Inc is a subsidiary of ACCESS which develops the Palm OS PDA Operating system. ( founded in April 1979 and incorporated in February 1984 in Tokyo Japan by Arakawa Toru and Kamada Tomihisa is a company providing a variety of software for connected and mobile devices such PayPal is an E-commerce business allowing payments and Money transfers to be made through the Internet. eBay Inc is an American Internet company that manages eBaycom an Online auction and shopping Website in which people and businesses buy and Rambus Incorporated ( founded in 1990, is a provider of high-speed interface technology most notably their Rambus Dynamic RAM memory technology, which Redback Networks is a telecommunications equipment company History Redback Networks was founded in August 1996 by Gaurav Garg and Asher Waldfogel. SAP AG (,) is the largest European Software enterprise and the fourth largest in the world with headquarters in Walldorf, Germany Silicon Graphics Inc (commonly initialised to SGI, historically sometimes referred to as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) is a company Silicon Image is an American Semiconductor design company The company manufactures a variety of integrated circuits commonly used in modern computers and consumer is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with SRI International, based in the United States is one of the world's largest contract Research institutes. Tellme Networks is a company founded in 1999 by Mike McCue and Angus Davis, based out of Mountain View California, in the United States Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer TiVo (pronounced ˈtiːvoʊ is a brand of Digital video recorder (DVR in the United States, Canada, and Australia created by TiVo SourceForge Inc ( formerly VA Software Corporation, VA Linux Systems, and VA Research, is the provider of the SourceForge Development Slashdot, often abbreviated as /, is a technology-related news Website owned by SourceForge Inc WebEx Communications Inc is a Cisco company that provides on-demand collaboration online meeting Web conferencing and Video conferencing applications VeriSign Inc ( is an American company based in Mountain View California that operates a diverse array of network infrastructure including two of the Veritas Software Corp was an international Software company that was founded in 1983 as Tolerant Systems, renamed Veritas Software Corp Symantec Corporation, founded in 1982 is an International Corporation which sells Computer Software, particularly in the realms of security VMware Inc ( is a Software developer and a global leader in the Virtualization market EMC Corporation ( is a US Fortune 500 and S&P 500 Provider of information infrastructure systems software and services Xilinx Inc ( is the world's largest developer and fabless manufacturer of a class of reconfigurable hardware chips known as Field-programmable gate arrays Big-box store is a term that refers to a style of physically large Chain store, and by extension to the company behind the store Fry's Electronics is a specialty Retailer of Software, Consumer electronics, Computer hardware and household appliances with a chain of

Universities

Cities

A number of cities are located in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):

Cities sometimes associated with the region:

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ a b Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Timothy J. Sturgeon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology SV GlobalizationPDF (90. 0 KiB)
  2. ^ moffettfieldmuseum
  3. ^ 1984 printer
  4. ^ SV History
  5. ^ Goodheart July 2, 2006
  6. ^ [http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa043099.htm Inventors of the Modern Computer: The History of the Graphical User Interface or GUI - The Apple Lisa] by Mary Bellis
  7. ^ Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America," Wall Street Journal, 22-23 July 2006, P1. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
  8. ^ Ibid.
  9. ^ UC Santa Cruz. UC Santa Cruz Silicon Valley Initiatives. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
  10. ^ NASA Ames, University of California, Santa Cruz. University Affiliated Research Center. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
  11. ^ University of California, Santa Cruz, Extension in Silicon Valley. UCSC Extension in Silicon Valley. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
  12. ^ Sillicon Valley. Sillicon Valley Online. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare

External links


A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The San Jose Mercury News is the major daily Newspaper in San Jose California and Silicon Valley.

Dictionary

Silicon Valley

-proper noun

  1. A nickname originally for the region of San Francisco in which there are a high number of industries producing silicon chips and later extended to mean the entire concentration of high-tech businesses in this area.
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