Silicic acid is a general name for a family of chemical compounds of the element silicon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula [SiOx(OH)4-2x]n. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Some simple silicic acids have been identified in very dilute aqueous solution, such as metasilicic acid (H2SiO3), orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4, pKa1=9. 84, pKa2=13. 2 at 25° C), disilicic acid (H2Si2O5), and pyrosilicic acid (H6Si2O7); however in the solid state these probably condense to form polymeric silicic acids of complex structure.
Silicic acids may be formed by acidification of silicate salts (such as sodium silicate) in aqueous solution. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are For the Artificial intelligence Androids of the 1990s Science fiction series Space Above and Beyond, see Silicate (AI Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants E550 redirects here For the Italian locomotive see FS Class E550 Sodium silicate, also known as water glass or liquid glass, available When heated they lose water to form silica gel, an active form of silicon dioxide. Silica gel is a granular porous form of Silica made synthetically from Sodium silicate. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide
In the oceans, silicon exists primarily as orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4), and its biogeochemical cycle is regulated by the group of algae known as the diatoms. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. In Ecology and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle is a circuit or pathway by which a Chemical element or Molecule moves through both biotic Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms Diatoms ( Greek: (dia = "through" + (temnein = "to cut" i These algae polymerise the silicic acid to so-called biogenic silica, used to construct their cell walls (called frustules). A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds A cell wall is a tough flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the Cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural
Continuing research of the correlation of aluminium and Alzheimer's disease has in the last few years included the use of silicic acid in beverages[1][2][3], due to its abilities to both reduce aluminium uptake in the digestive system as well as cause renal excretion of aluminium. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia.
Orthosilicic acid is the form predominantly absorbed by humans and is found in numerous tissues including bone, tendons, aorta, liver and kidney. Compelling data suggest that silica is essential for health although no RDI has been established. However, deficiency induces deformities in skull and peripheral bones, poorly formed joints, reduced contents of cartilage, collagen, and disruption of mineral balance in the femur and vertebrae. [4]
Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid is bioavailable nutritional supplement. Choline is an Organic compound, classified as a water-soluble Essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex It has been shown to stimulate collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro[5], improve hair tensile strength[6], have positive effect on skin surface and skin mechanical properties, and on brittleness of hair and nails[7], abate brittle nail syndrome[8], partially prevent femoral bone loss in the aged ovariectomized rat model[9], and increase collagen concentration in calves [10]. Collagen is the main Protein of Connective tissue in Animals and the most abundant protein in Mammals making up about 50% of the whole-body protein Currently there is no single Animal model that identically represents the stages of Osteoporosis in humans as a whole (Thompson 1995 although there are ones available that
References
- N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed. , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
- R. K. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica, Wiley, New York, 1979.
- ^ Exley C, Korchazhkina O, Job D, Strekopytov S, Polwart A, Crome P (2006). "Non-invasive therapy to reduce the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease". J. Alzheimers Dis. 10 (1): 17–24; discussion 29–31. PMID 16988476.
- ^ González-Muñoz MJ, Peña A, Meseguer I (2008). "Role of beer as a possible protective factor in preventing Alzheimer's disease". Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (1): 49–56. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17697731.
- ^ Gonzalez-Muñoz MJ, Meseguer I, Sanchez-Reus MI, et al (2008). "Beer consumption reduces cerebral oxidation caused by aluminum toxicity by normalizing gene expression of tumor necrotic factor alpha and several antioxidant enzymes". Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (3): 1111–8. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18096288.
- ^ Martin KR (2007). "The chemistry of silica and its potential health benefits". J Nutr Health Aging 11 (2): 94–7. PMID 17435951.
- ^ Reffitt DM, Ogston N, Jugdaohsingh R, et al (2003). "Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro". Bone 32 (2): 127–35. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 12633784.
- ^ Wickett RR, Kossmann E, Barel A, et al (2007). "Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on hair tensile strength and morphology in women with fine hair". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 299 (10): 499–505. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17960402.
- ^ Barel A, Calomme M, Timchenko A, et al (2005). "Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 297 (4): 147–53. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16205932.
- ^ Scheinfeld N, Dahdah MJ, Scher R (2007). "Vitamins and minerals: their role in nail health and disease". J Drugs Dermatol 6 (8): 782–7. PMID 17763607.
- ^ Calomme M, Geusens P, Demeester N, et al (2006). "Partial prevention of long-term femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid". Calcif. Tissue Int. 78 (4): 227–32. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16604283.
- ^ Calomme MR, Vanden Berghe DA (1997). "Supplementation of calves with stabilized orthosilicic acid. Effect on the Si, Ca, Mg, and P concentrations in serum and the collagen concentration in skin and cartilage". Biol Trace Elem Res 56 (2): 153–65. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 9164661.
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